THROUGHPUT ANALYSIS OF TWO-HOP WIRELESS NETWORKS WITH NETWORK CODING

A Two-hop Wireless Network (TWN) is the basic topology structure that provides network coding opportunity for improving throughput. Network coding on a homogeneous TWN, in which all the data flows have the same packet size and all the links have the same transmission rate, has been extensively investigated. In this paper, network coding on more practical heterogeneous TWNs, featured by various packet sizes and transmission rates, is studied. Based on the Markov model, the throughput of the proposed network coding scheme, together with the throughput gain, is derived, which matches the simulation results very well. Numerical analyses indicate that, encoding the packets with close size and close transmission rate and enlarging buffer size at the relay node help in improving the throughput gain.

Optimal Positions of Relay Stations for Cluster-Based Two-Hop Cellular Network

Multihop cellular networks is an exciting and a fledgling area of wireless communication which offers huge potential in terms of coverage enhancement, data-rates, power reduction, and various other quality of service improvements. However, resource allocation in MCN is an NP-hard problem. Hence, significant research needs to be done in this field in order to efficiently design the radio network. In this paper, optimal position of relay stations in a hierarchical cluster-based two-hop cellular network is investigated. Vector algebra has been used to derive general equation for carrier-to-interference ratio (C/I) of a mobile station. It has been observed that when the transmit power of base station (BS) and the gateway (GTW)/relay station (RS) are same, the RSs should be located close to mid-point of BS and the edge of the cell. However, significantly, when the transmit power of the BS is greater than that of the GTW, then the RSs should be placed closer to the edge of the cell, in order to maximize the minimum C/I at any point in the cell. This in turn results in higher modulation technique at the physical layer, and hence, a higher data-rate to all the users in the system.

Performance Evaluation of Two-Hop Wireless Network under Asymmetric Fading Environment

To enhance the reliability of long wireless link, a relay is placed between transmitter and receiver which break the link into two parts: transmitter to relay called 1st hop and relay to receiver called 2nd hop;such arrangement is called two hop wireless links. In two-hop wireless communication sometimes 1st and 2nd hops are affected by different types of fading called asymmetric fading environment. In this paper we consider four different combinations of Rayleigh and Nakagami-m fading on 1st and 2nd hop to observe the profile of combined pdf (probability density function) and cdf (cumulative distribution function). With the help of cdf we determine the variation of outage probability of mixed fading. Finally we plot the SER (symbol error rate) against the SNR (signal to noise ratio) of the 2nd hop for all possible combinations of the two fading taking the SNR of 1st hop as a parameter. Although recent literature deals with asymmetric fading environment but in this paper instead of details statistical model of such fading we provide the relative scenario of mixed fading on 2-hop wireless link.

Two-Hop Gaussian Relay Channel with Linear Relaying： Achievable Rate and Optimization Design

The relay node with linear relaying transmits the linear combination of its past received signals.The optimization of two-hop relay channel with linear relaying is discussed in this paper.The capacity for the two-hop Gaussian relay channel with linear relaying is derived,which can be formulated as an optimization problem over the relaying matrix and the covariance matrix of the signals transmitted at the source.It is proved that the solution to this optimization problem is equivalent to a "single-letter" optimization problem.We also show that the solution to this "single-letter" optimization problem has the same form as the expression of the rate achieved by Time-Sharing Amplify and Forward(TSAF).In order to solve this equivalent problem,we proposed an iterative algorithm.Simulation results show that if channel gain of one hop is relatively smaller,the achievable rate with TSAF is closer to the max-flow min-cut capacity bound,but at a lower complexity.

Interference and Spectral Efficiency Analysis in Two-hop Cellular Network with Fixed Relays in FDD Mode

This paper presented a scheme of two-hop cellular network with fixed relay nodes (FRN). Based on this scheme, co-channel interference and signal interference ratio(SIR) received by base station(BS) and FRN were analyzed. Both the theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the SIR can be improved significantly when relays are employed in the network. The higher spectral efficiency can be obtained due to the improved two-hop link quality through the use of adaptive modulation and coding (AMC). The antenna height of FRN and the cell radius of BS and that of FRN influence SIR received by BS and FRN and the system spectral efficiency greatly. The proper antenna height of FRN and cell radius of BS and that of FRN were also given to get the highest spectral efficiency.

Analysis of the call blocking rate of two-hop-relay cellular system in the dead spots

In a traditional cellular system, the call requests initiated by mobile stations （MSs） must be carded through a base station （BS） via the cellular interface, but when MSs are located in the dead spots, their call requests will be blocked because the MSs cannot communicate with the BS. It is considered to relay these blocked calls requested using Ad-hoc network, which will improve the performance of the system as a whole. This article first introduces a novel architecture of the two-hop-relay cellular system in the dead spots, and then analyzes and compares the call blocking rate of the traditional cellular and the two-hop-relay cellular system respectively under three different conditions. The first and second conditions are the traditional cellular system without and with taking account of the effect of the dead spots. The third condition is the two-hop-relay cellular system with taking account of the effect of the dead spots. Numerical analytical result shows that the two-hop-relay cellular system can obtain lower call blocking rate than the traditional cellular system when considering the effect of dead spots. Consequently, this novel architecture can resolve the problem of coverage limitation of a traditional cellular system effectively.

Cooperative Proactive Eavesdropping over Two-Hop Suspicious Communication Based on Reinforcement Learning

Legitimate surveillance has attracted more and more concern,and effective proactive intervention can eavesdrop the illegitimate information.In this paper,we propose legitimate eavesdropping over a two-hop suspicious communication link by two full-duplex legitimate monitors(LMs)based on multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient(MADDPG)algorithm in two phases.In phase 1,the suspicious transmitter sends information to the suspicious assistant relay,and the assistant relay decodes and forwards the received message to the suspicious receiver in phase 2.Meanwhile,two LMs cooperatively emit jamming to suspicious relay and receiver during each phase.Particularly,each LM is considered to be an energy-limited device,and eavesdropping is a long-term process,so we adopt expected eavesdropping energy efficiency(EEE)over a period of time to evaluate eavesdropping performance.However,for two LMs,how to cooperatively make jamming power decision at each hop in a dynamic environment is a huge challenge.Therefore,MADDPG algorithm,as a multi-agent reinforcement learning approach with the advantage of dynamic decision-making,is utilized to solve the issue of jamming power decision for each LM.In the simulation,the results show that our proposed cooperative jamming scheme can obtain higher expected EEE.

Joint relay station deployment and frequency reuse scheme for two-hop cellular networks

To fully exploit the performance benefits of relay station （RS）, in the two-hop cellular networks covering hotspots, when the number of RSs is predetermined, both RS deployment and frequency reuse scheme are jointly optimized for the purpose of maximizing the system capacity based on the constraints of system demand of capacity and the maximum number of outage demand nodes （MNDN）. Further, considering the overhead of increasing RSs, it is desired to use minimum number of RSs. The joint RS deployment and frequency reuse scheme （JRDFR） problem is formulated into a mixed integer nonlinear programming, which is non-deterministic polynomial-time hard in general. A heuristic approach based on genetic algorithm is proposed to tackle the JRDFR problem. The computational experiment of the heuristic approach is achieved and optimized RS deployment and frequency reuse scheme is obtained. Finally, we discuss the impacts of MNDN and the number of RSs on the system performance.

延迟容忍网络能量受限的路由控制策略

延迟容忍网络节点之间的连接模式可以用Edge-Markovian模型描述,该模型优于传统的负指数模型。该文基于Edge-Markovian模型研究有限能量约束下two-hop算法的最优控制问题。为了降低能量消耗,采用概率two-hop算法,信息源在每个通信机会以一定概率决定是否发送信息,问题转化为选择合适的概率在满足能量约束的前提下最大化传输成功率。利用离散时间Markov过程对问题进行建模,并从理论上证明最优概率是阈值形式。仿真及数值结果证明了模型的有效性。

面向两层小区网络的两级跳频多址接入技术研究

为了抑制异构多层通信网络的多层干扰并保证多级服务质量(Quality of Service,QoS)需求,提出了一种新型跳频多址接入(Frequency Hpping Multiple Access,FHMA)技术。首先基于传统伪随机FH序列和数学变换给出了一类具有两级汉明相关的FH图案(FH序列集)设计方法,然后在两层小区上行链路中对采用这类FH序列的OFDM/FHMA系统的抗干扰性能和频谱效率进行了研究。信号分析和仿真结果表明,所提出的FHMA方案可以缓解两层小区的用户干扰,降低系统传输误码率(Bit Error Rate,BER),同时保证两层用户的差异化传输质量(两级BER性能和频谱效率)。该FHMA技术能够满足两层干扰抑制和多级服务质量的设计目标,这是传统伪随机FH技术难以实现的。

跳频序列的时频二维汉明相关理论界

在高速移动环境中,传输时延和频率偏移是影响跳频信号的2大因素.因此,研究在传输时延和频率偏移同时存在下的时频二维跳频序列具有重大实用价值.时频二维汉明相关函数满足的理论界是判定跳频序列性能优劣的重要准则.因此,对时频二维汉明相关函数进行了研究,并给出了关于时频二维汉明相关函数、序列个数、频隙个数、序列长度和频移范围的新理论界,证明了刘元慧的理论界以及Peng-Fan界为新理论界的特殊情况.

无人飞行器中继双跳无线链路中的优化设计及性能分析

基于无人飞行器(unmanned aerial vehicle,UAV)的中继传输系统为远距离数据传递提供可靠高效的无线链路,是当前通信领域的一个研究热点。本文首先建立基于UAV的双跳放大转发(amplify-and-forward,AF)中继链路传输模型,得到等效的输出信噪比(signal-to-noise ratio,SNR)表达式;接着提出最大化互信息量准则下的最优波束形成及功率分配方案,并进一步推导出双跳中继系统中断概率和遍历容量的解析表达式;最后计算机仿真不仅验证了所提出的优化方案和性能分析的有效性,而且证明了UAV中继平台配置多天线和优化设计所具有的优越性。

基于负载均衡的OFDMA双跳中继网络资源分配策略

为适应蜂窝小区内不同的用户分布,针对基于正交频分多址接入技术的双跳中继网络,提出了一种基于负载均衡的资源分配策略.考虑难以得到联合分配的最优解,在降低计算复杂度的前提下,采用分步式次优化分配.采用比例公平算法对子载波进行分配,并用数学建模的方法解决功率分配问题;根据凸规划和注水算法确定功率分配最优解需满足的条件,在逼近最优解的目标下,求得基站和中继站的发射功率.仿真分析结果表明,与传统的静态资源分配策略相比,提出的基于负载均衡的资源分配策略可以适应不同的用户分布和信道条件,系统吞吐率提高7.8%以上.

基于成对用户大规模MIMO两跳中继系统的最优能效设计

该文针对成对用户大规模MIMO中继系统,研究了最优能效准则下的系统参数设计。在中继采用最大比合并/最大比发射(MRC/MRT)预编码方案下,借助于大数定律,推导出能效函数关于用户发射功率、中继发射功率和中继天线数的解析表达式。根据能效函数性质,分别证明了全局最优发射向量和最优天线数的存在性和唯一性。为了求解最优发射功率,利用分数规划,将原优化问题转换为等价的减法形式,进而提出一种新的低复杂度迭代优化算法,并求得最优发射功率的闭合解。对于最优天线数,则利用Lambert W函数,得到了能效最大时的最优天线数闭合解。通过数值仿真,验证了所提功率优化算法以极少迭代次数取得了接近最优算法的性能,并验证了所给出的最优天线数闭合解的精确性。

无线传感器网络中基于邻居节点监听的虚假数据过滤策略

提出了一种基于邻居节点监听的虚假数据过滤策略(false reports filtering scheme based on neighbor watch,NWFFS).在NWFFS策略中,每个节点保存两跳邻居节点信息,每个数据包必须包含T个来自不同密钥分区节点的ID及其生成的MAC.除生成数据包的簇头节点外,每个中间节点向其下游节点转发数据包后,还需向自己的上游节点发送ACK包,通过对ACK包的监听,恶意节点利用其他区域俘获节点信息伪造的虚假数据包将被其一跳邻居识别出来,同时中间节点和Sink节点利用自身携带的密钥对少部分逃脱的虚假数据包进行进一步验证.理论分析和实验表明,该策略有效地避免了恶意节点利用任意区域已被其俘获的节点伪造虚假数据而不被识别出来,提高了途中过滤效率,从而降低了恶意节点对网络的影响,延长了网络生存期.

多中继协作通信系统容量分析及中继选择协作分集策略

本文针对多中继辅助通信系统,将系统建模为一个两跳通信链路,并进行了系统容量分析。针对两种特殊情况:用户端接收噪声方差远小于中继端接收噪声方差和中继端接收噪声方差远小于用户端接收噪声方差的情况,本文具体给出了系统传输容量上限与协作中继个数之间的关系。基于容量的分析,本文设计了两种中继选择策略。在第一种情况下,根据中继与用户间的信道特征值对多路数据流分别选取不同的中继子信道进行传输;在第二种情况下,选择一个信道条件最好的中继完成多路数据流的并行传输。仿真分析表明,不同的信道环境需要选择不同的中继选择策略。

基于量子纠错码的小型量子网络路由通信协议

在小型量子网络中采用量子隐形传态通信从物理机制上保证通信信息的绝对安全,但是由于量子信道存在噪声,干扰信息的正确性从而产生误码.为保证通信信息的可靠性,本文提出基于量子纠错码的小型量子网络路由通信协议.根据小型量子网络的路由特点构建路由表;依据路由表实现源量子节点到一跳、两跳目的量子节点的量子隐形传态;利用量子纠错码纠正因噪声产生的误码信息;对该协议的安全性进行理论证明.

快速跳频通信系统同步技术研究

同步技术是跳频通信系统的关键技术之一,尤其是在快速跳频通信系统中,常规跳频通信通过同步字头携带相关码的方法来实现同步,但对于快跳频来说,由于是一跳或者多跳传输一个调制符号,难以携带相关码。对此引入双跳频图案方法,提出了一种适用于快速跳频通信系统的同步方案。采用短码携带同步信息,克服了快速跳频难以携带相关码的困难。分析了同步性能,仿真结果表明该方案同步时间短、虚警概率低、捕获概率高,同步性能可靠。

两跳MIMO中继系统通信性能分析的研究进展

描述了两跳MIMO(Multiple-input and Multiple-output)中继系统模型,概述了中继通用的转发策略以及系统性能分析常涉及到的信道模型和信源发射方案,详细介绍了两跳MIMO中继系统通信性能分析国内外的研究进展,通过一个具体的例子比较了不同发射策略系统的性能,最后探讨和展望了两跳MIMO中继系统下一步的研究方向。MIMO中继系统的性能分析为MIMO中继系统的工程应用提供了有价值的理论参考。

基于两跳邻居的ZigBee网络借地址分配算法

针对标准DAAM算法可能产生网络深度折回问题及父节点可分配的地址空间分布不均,提出一种基于两跳邻居的ZigBee网络借地址分配算法。通过控制子节点发送地址请求信息的监测范围设为两跳通信距离内的邻居节点,并改进实时路由,实现优化网络拓扑结构,减少孤立节点。理论和仿真分析表明改进算法在地址分配成功率,地址分配平均耗时等方面优于DAAM算法。