Gait and Glasgow Coma Scale scores can predict functional recovery in patients with traumatic brain injury

Fifty-one patients with mild （n -- 14）, moderate （n = 10） and severe traumatic brain injury （n = 27） received early rehabilitation. Level of consciousness was evaluated using the Glasgow Coma Score Functional level was determined using the Glasgow Outcome Score, whilst mobility was evaluated using the Mobility Scale for Acute Stroke. Activities of daily living were assessed using the Barthel Index. Following Bobath neurodevelopmental therapy, the level of consciousness was significantly improved in patients with moderate and severe traumatic brain injury, but was not greatly influenced in patients with mild traumatic brain injury. Mobility and functional level were significantly improved in patients with mild, moderate and severe traumatic brain injury. Gait recovery was more obvious in patients with mild traumatic brain injury than in patients with moderate and severe traumatic brain injury. Activities of daily living showed an improvement but this was insignificant except for patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Nevertheless, complete recovery was not acquired at discharge. Multiple regression analysis showed that gait and Glasgow Coma Scale scores can be considered predictors of functional outcomes following traumatic brain injury.

Calculation of Scale of Fluctuation and Variance Reduction Function

The scale of fluctuation is one of the vital parameters for the application of random field theory to the reliability analysis of geotechnical engineering. In the present study, the fluctuation function method and weighted curve fitting method were presented to make the calculation more simple and accurate. The vertical scales of fluctuation of typical layers of Tianjin Port were calculated based on a number of engineering geotechnical investigation data, which can be guidance to other projects in this area. Meanwhile, the influences of sample interval and type of soil index on the scale of fluctuation were analyzed, according to which, the principle of determining the scale of fluctuation when the sample interval changes was defined. It can be obtained that the scale of fluctuation is the basic attribute reflecting spatial variability of soil, therefore, the scales of fluctuation calculated according to different soil indexes should be basically the same. The non-correlation distance method was improved, and the principle of determining the variance reduction function was also discussed.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging study of group independent components underpinning item responses to paranoid-depressive scale

BACKGROUND Our study expand upon a large body of evidence in the field of neuropsychiatric imaging with cognitive,affective and behavioral tasks,adapted for the functional magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)(fMRI)experimental environment.There is sufficient evidence that common networks underpin activations in task-based fMRI across different mental disorders.AIM To investigate whether there exist specific neural circuits which underpin differ-ential item responses to depressive,paranoid and neutral items(DN)in patients respectively with schizophrenia(SCZ)and major depressive disorder(MDD).METHODS 60 patients were recruited with SCZ and MDD.All patients have been scanned on 3T magnetic resonance tomography platform with functional MRI paradigm,comprised of block design,including blocks with items from diagnostic paranoid(DP),depression specific(DS)and DN from general interest scale.We performed a two-sample t-test between the two groups-SCZ patients and depressive patients.Our purpose was to observe different brain networks which were activated during a specific condition of the task,respectively DS,DP,DN.RESULTS Several significant results are demonstrated in the comparison between SCZ and depressive groups while performing this task.We identified one component that is task-related and independent of condition(shared between all three conditions),composed by regions within the temporal(right superior and middle temporal gyri),frontal(left middle and inferior frontal gyri)and limbic/salience system(right anterior insula).Another com-ponent is related to both diagnostic specific conditions(DS and DP)e.g.It is shared between DEP and SCZ,and includes frontal motor/language and parietal areas.One specific component is modulated preferentially by to the DP condition,and is related mainly to prefrontal regions,whereas other two components are significantly modulated with the DS condition and include clusters within the default mode network such as posterior cingulate and precuneus,several occipital areas,including lingual and fusiform gyrus,as well as parahippocampal gyrus.Finally,component 12 appeared to be unique for the neutral condition.In addition,there have been determined circuits across components,which are either common,or distinct in the preferential processing of the sub-scales of the task.CONCLUSION This study has delivers further evidence in support of the model of trans-disciplinary cross-validation in psychiatry.

Assessment of Stress Cognitive Control and Executive Function with Stress Control Rating Scale (ECOSTRESS) and Low Resolution Brain Electromagnetic Tomography (LORETA) (In Portuguese People in Situations of Unemployment and Economic Insufficiency)

This article reviews the constructs of stress, appraisal, coping, according to a transactional perspective, and executive function, and presents a stress control rating scale (ECOSTRESS), which design is founded in these constructs. This psychometric tool is useful in the assessment of cognitive control of stress, correlated with the function of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. It has been validated for its use in the assessment of Portuguese people in situations of stress related to unemployment and economic insufficiency. Also, within the context of the cognitive control of stress, it is highlighted the usefulness of low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA).

Construction theory of dyadic scale function and dyadic wavelet function

We derive the conditions for the existence of the unique solution of the two scale integral equation and the form of the solution, according to the method of the construction of the dyadic scale function. We give the construction of the dyadic wavelet and its necessary and sufficient condition. As an application, we also develop a pyramid algorithm of the dyadic wavelet decomposition.

GU'S FUNCTION SCALE OF ION HYDRATION FORCE AND CHARGE SIZE

Water Vapor Chemistry" as a new science was discovered and established from trace analysis in Gu’s laboratory(Gu, 1991; Gu et al., 1991). Gu’s Function shows that the trace metal ion concentration in water vapor has positive correlation to"specific electron affinity constant"last ionization potential Iz/ion valence Z and negative correlation to ion volume V and coordination number N(Gu, 1994). Gu’s Func-tion C=f[(Iz/Z)/VN]of the bond parameter in water vapor chemistry corresponds to the potential energy function Z’ e2/r in the Schrodinger Equation of quantum chemistry. In different ions with the same 2+ charge, the ion concentration of water-water vapor transfer may be much different. This shows that the 2+ charge of different ions has different attractive force (hydration force). This different attractive force of the charge can be scaled with the relative energy or charge size from Gu’s Function.

Quadratic Lyapunov Function and Exponential Dichotomy on Time Scales

In this paper, we study the relationship between exponential dichotomy and quadratic Lyapunov function for the linear equation x△=A（t）x on time scales. Moreover, for the nonlinear perturbed equation x△= A（t）x ＋ f（t, x） we give the instability of the zero solution when f is sufficiently small.

Positively Worded Subscale Score of the Perceived Stress Scale Is Associated with Cognitive Domain Function

Objectives: To examine the cross-sectional associations of the separate subscales of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and tests measuring cognitive domains in older adults. Methods: 897 adults over the age of 70 free of amnestic mild cognitive impairment and dementia and enrolled in the Einstein Aging Study made up the study sample. The PSS-14 was used to measure stress. Three cognitive domains (language, episodic memory, and frontal-executive) had previously been found using principle component analysis. Linear regression analyses were used to determine the relationship between the PSS subscales and cognitive domain function. Results: The study sample had a mean age of 79.1 years and 62.8% were female. Bivariate correlations show that the PSS-14 positively worded subscale of the PSS (PSS-PW) was significantly associated with all three cognitive domains (language: r = -0.15, p < 0.001;episodic memory: r = -0.16, p < 0.001;frontal-executive: r = -0.21, p <0.001) while the negatively worded subscale of the PSS (PSS-NW) was not significantly associated with any cognitive domain. In linear regression analyses adjusted for age, white race, gender, years of education, and depressive symptoms, the PSS-PW remained significantly associated with each of the cognitive domains. The PSS-NW was not associated with any cognitive domains in any model. The PSS-14 was significantly associated with language and episodic memory, but not the frontal-executive domain. Conclusion: Worse PSS-PW scores are associated with reduced cognitive function in the executive, memory, and language domains in nondemented older adults. The PSS-PW subscale correlated better with cognitive function than the overall PSS-14. Future research should evaluate the temporality of the association and if stress reduction therapies improve cognitive performance.

EXISTENCE OF PERIODIC SOLUTIONS TO A SYSTEM WITH FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE ON TIME SCALES

This paper investigates the existence of periodic solutions of a three-species food-chain diffusive system with Beddington-DeAngelis functional responses and time delays in a two-patch environment on time scales. By using a continuation theorem based on coincidence degree theory, we obtain sufficient criteria for the existence of periodic solutions for the system. Moreover, when the time scale T is chosen as R or Z, the existence of the periodic solutions of the corresponding continuous and discrete models follows. Therefore, the method is unified to provide the existence of the desired solutions for continuous differential equations and discrete difference equations.

POLY-SCALE REFINABLE FUNCTION AND THEIR PROPERTIES

Poly-scale refinable function with dilation factor a is introduced. The existence of solution of poly-scale refinable equation is investigated. Specially, necessary and sufficient conditions for the orthonormality of solution function Ф of poly-scale refinable equation with integer dilation factor a are established. Some properties of poly-scale refinable function are discussed. Several examples illustrating how to use the method to construct poly-scale refinable function are given.

下肢重复蹬伸至力竭过程中肌肉功能网络拓扑特性

背景:表面肌电已经被广泛用于监测肌肉疲劳,但传统肌电指标通常针对于单块肌肉,无法评价一组肌肉在疲劳过程中的变化。目的:建立肌肉功能网络,提取复杂网络参数,研究不同疲劳程度下的肌肉功能网络拓扑特性变化,为疲劳的监测、预防提供理论和方法依据。方法:11名受试者进行直到力竭的50%1RM单腿下肢蹬伸运动,同步采集股直肌、股外侧肌、股内侧肌、股二头肌长头、胫骨前肌、腓肠肌外侧肌、腓肠肌内侧肌7块肌肉的肌电信号,以及心电信号和Borg CR-10量表评分;根据Borg CR-10量表评分划分为轻度、中度和重度三个疲劳阶段,采用心率和心率变异性验证疲劳阶段划分的有效性;以7块肌肉为节点,使用肌肉信号的相干性构建肌肉功能网络,提取聚类系数、平均加权度、全局效率、特征向量中心性4个复杂网络参数;提取肌电信号的均方值振幅、中位频率、瞬时平均频率和共激活比4种指标,并在3种疲劳程度下进行比较。结果与结论:①3种疲劳阶段在心率及心率变异性上产生显著性差异,证明了疲劳阶段划分的有效性;②对于不同肌肉在3种疲劳程度下的肌电指标:均方值振幅和共激活比未表现出差异,中位频率在股外侧肌、股内侧肌和股二头肌长头表现出稳健的疲劳趋势,瞬时平均频率则在股直肌、股外侧肌、股内侧肌和股二头肌长头表现出稳健的疲劳趋势;瞬时平均频率的性能优于中位频率和均方值振幅,但三者仅在主要工作肌群能够获得较好的稳健趋势,共激活比不受疲劳因素的影响;③股外侧肌-股内侧肌、股外侧肌-股二头肌长头、股外侧肌-腓肠肌内侧肌和股内侧肌-股二头肌长头连接强度逐渐增加,平均加权度、聚类系数和全局效率在疲劳后表现出显著差异,并且与疲劳程度之间显著相关。结果表明:肌肉功能网络内的连通强度变化能够反映疲劳过程中肌肉间的协同性和互补性;聚类系数、平均加权度、全局效率可作为一组肌肉疲劳的监测指标。

基于加权Ripley's K-function的多尺度景观格局分析——以江苏盐城滨海湿地为例

以1987,1992,1997,2002,2007年的遥感影像为例,首次尝试使用加权Ripley's K-function的多尺度格局分析方法,计算了20年来景观异质性在江苏盐城滨海湿地的时间变化和空间分布趋势。通过对研究区的样带划分以及景观类型的点状化处理,建立滨海湿地样带图层和1987—2007年间各类型景观的点格局数据库,从而分析滨海湿地不同类型景观的空间聚集特征变化。基于加权Ripley's K-function的计算表明,在各级空间尺度和时间变化上,各类型湿地的斑块都呈现出空间聚集分布状态,且1987年以来,不同湿地类型的聚集空间特征尺度和空间分布强度均出现了大幅的增减变化,除互花米草滩之外的自然湿地的聚集空间特征尺度和强度都有明显下降甚至少到无法被检测到,而人工湿地却呈现聚集特征尺度和强度的双增长,且该聚集程度有逐渐增强的趋势。分析表明,既考虑样点的空间位置信息又考虑样点分布范围的加权Ripley's K-function方法能很好地表征湿地景观在多尺度上的变异,且与传统空间景观指数等分析方法的结论在一定程度上保持一致。

PNF联合下肢机器人训练对脑卒中患者姿势及步行功能的影响

目的:探讨PNF联合下肢机器人训练对脑卒中患者姿势及步行功能的影响。方法:采用随机数字表法将44例脑卒中患者分成观察组和对照组各22例,两组患者均给予常规康复治疗及PNF训练,观察组在此基础上增加下肢机器人训练,分别于治疗前及治疗4周后采用脑卒中姿势量表(PASS)、功能性步行分级量表(FAC)、Berg平衡量表、肌张力改良Ashworth量表(MAS)评估患者的姿势及平衡步行功能。结果:治疗前,两组患者各量表评分差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗4周后,两组患者PASS、FAC功能性步行分级、Berg量表评分较治疗前差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001),且观察组较对照组差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),两组患者MAS分级差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:PNF联合下肢机器人训练,有助于改善脑卒中患者姿势及平衡功能,提高其步行能力。

A Systemic-Functional Approach to English Ambiguity

This thesis chooses the theory of rank scale and the theory of meta-function in the framework of Systemic-Functional Grammar(SFG)to study ambiguity.It firstly analyzes ambiguities occurring at the rank of morpheme,word or phrase.Then it studies ambiguities at the rank of clause,from ideational ambiguity to textual ambiguity.This study shows that SFG can give a systematic and comprehensive interpretation of English ambiguity.

Effects of professional rehabilitation training on the recovery of neurological function in young stroke patients

Young stroke patients have a strong desire to return to the society, but few studies have been conducted on their rehabilitation training items, intensity, and prognosis. We analyzed clinical data of young and middle-aged/older stroke patients hospitalized in the Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Capital Medical University, China from February 2014 to May 2015. Results demonstrated that hemorrhagic stroke （59.6%） was the primary stroke type found in the young group, while ischemic stroke （60.0%） was the main type detected in the middle-aged/older group. Compared with older stroke patients, education level and incidence of hyperhomocysteinemia were higher in younger stroke patients, whereas, incidences of hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease were lower. The average length of hospital stay was longer in the young group than in the middle-aged/older group. The main risk factors observed in the young stroke patients were hypertension, drinking, smoking, hyperlipidemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, diabetes, previous history of stroke, and heart disease. The most accepted rehabilitation program consisted of physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, acupuncture and moxibustion. Average rehabilitation training time was 2.5 hours/day. Barthel Index and modified Rankin Scale scores were increased at discharge. Six months after discharge, the degree of occupational and economic satisfaction declined, and there were no changes in family life satisfaction. The degrees of other life satisfaction （such as friendship） improved. The degree of disability and functional status improved significantly in young stroke patients after professional rehabilitation, but the number of patients who returned to society within 6 months after stroke was still small.

Generalized canonical transformation for second-order Birkhoffian systems on time scales

The theory of time scales,which unifies continuous and discrete analysis,provides a powerful mathematical tool for the study of complex dynamic systems.It enables us to understand more clearly the essential problems of continuous systems and discrete systems as well as other complex systems.In this paper,the theory of generalized canonical transformation for second-order Birkhoffian systems on time scales is proposed and studied,which extends the canonical transformation theory of Hamilton canonical equations.First,the condition of generalized canonical transformation for the second-order Birkhoffian system on time scales is established.Second,based on this condition,six basic forms of generalized canonical transformation for the second-order Birkhoffian system on time scales are given.Also,the relationships between new variables and old variables for each of these cases are derived.In the end,an example is given to show the application of the results.

Three Types of Spatial Function Zoning in Key Ecological Function Areas Based on Ecological and Economic Coordinated Development: A Case Study of Tacheng Basin, China

Three types of spatial function zoning is an effective measure for regional environmental protection and orderly development.For ecological and economic coordinated development, spatial function zones should be divided scientifically to clear its direction of development and protection. Therefore, based on ecological constraints, a beneficial discussion would be about the key ecological function areas adopting the concept of ecological protection restriction and supporting socioeconomic development for spatial function zoning. In this paper, the researchers, taking Tacheng Basin, Xinjiang of China as an example, choose township as basic research unit and set up an evaluation index system from three aspects, namely, ecological protection suitability, agricultural production suitability, and urban development suitability, which are analyzed by using spatial analysis functions and exclusive matrix method. The results showed that: 1) This paper formed a set of multilevel evaluation index systems for three types of spatial function zoning of the key ecological function areas based on a novel perspective by scientifically dividing Tacheng Basin into ecological space, agricultural space, and urban space,which realized the integration and scientific orientation for spatial function at the township scale. 2) Under the guidance of three types of spatial pattern, the functional orientation and suggestions of development and protection was clearly defined for ecological protection zones,ecological economic zones, agricultural production zones, and urban development zones. 3) A new idea of space governance is provided to promote the coordinated and sustainable development between ecology and economy, which can break the traditional mode of thinking about regional economic development, and offers a scientific basis and reference for macro decision-making.

Electroacupuncture promotes the recovery of motor neuron function in the anterior horn of the injured spinal cord

Acupuncture has been shown to lessen the inflammatory reaction after acute spinal cord injury and reduce secondary injury.However,the mechanism of action remains unclear.In this study,a rat model of spinal cord injury was established by compressing the T8-9 segments using a modified Nystrom method.Twenty-four hours after injury,Zusanli（ST36）,Xuanzhong（GB39）,Futu（ST32）and Sanyinjiao（SP6）were stimulated with electroacupuncture.Rats with spinal cord injury alone were used as controls.At 2,4 and 6 weeks after injury,acetylcholinesterase（ACh E）activity at the site of injury,the number of medium and large neurons in the spinal cord anterior horn,glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor（GDNF）m RNA expression,and Basso,Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor rating scale scores were greater in the electroacupuncture group compared with the control group.These results demonstrate that electroacupuncture increases ACh E activity,up-regulates GDNF m RNA expression,and promotes the recovery of motor neuron function in the anterior horn after spinal cord injury.

Constraint-induced movement therapy promotes brain functional reorganization in stroke patients with hemiplegia

Stroke patients with hemiplegia exhibit flexor spasms in the upper limb and extensor spasms in the lower limb, and their movement patterns vary greatly. Constraint-induced movement therapy is an upper limb rehabilitation technique used in stroke patients with hemiplegia; however, studies of lower extremity rehabilitation are scarce. In this study, stroke patients with lower limb hemiplegia underwent conventional Bobath therapy for 4 weeks as baseline treatment, followed by constraint-induced movement therapy for an additional 4 weeks. The 10-m maximum walking speed and Berg balance scale scores significantly improved following treatment, and lower extremity motor function also improved. The results of functional MRI showed that constraint-induced movement therapy alleviates the reduction in cerebral functional activation in patients, which indicates activation of functional brain regions and a significant increase in cerebral blood perfusJon. These results demonstrate that constraint-induced movement therapy promotes brain functional reorganization in stroke patients with lower limb hemiplegia.