Using Automation Controller System and Simulation Program for Testing Closed Circuits of Mini-Sprinkler Irrigation System

The field experiments were conducted at the experimental farm of Faculty of agricultural, southern Illinois University SIUC, USA. The project makes the irrigation automated. With the use of low cost sensors and the simple circuitry makes currently project a low cost product, which can be bought even by a poor farmer. This research work is best suited for places where water is scares and has to be used in limited quantity and this proposal is a model to modernize the agriculture industries at a mass scale with optimum expenditure. In the field of agricultural engineering, use of sensor method of irrigation operation is important and it is well known that closed circuits of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system are very economical and efficient. Closed circuits are considered one of the modifications of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system, and added advantages to Mini-sprinkler irrigation system because it can relieve low operating pressures problem at the end of the lateral lines. In the conventional closed circuits of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system, the farmer has to keep watch on irrigation timetable, which is different for different crops. Using this system, one can save manpower, water to improve production and ultimately profit. The data could be summarized in following: Irrigation methods under study when using lateral length 60 mcould be ranked in the following ascending order according the values of the predicted and measured head losses CM1M-SIS CM2M-SIS.The correlation (Corr.) coefficients were used to compare the predicted and measured head losses along the lateral lines of all the closed circuits designs. Generally, the values of correlation analysis were (>0.90) were obtained with 0% field slope60 mlength (experimental conditions) for all closed circuits.The interaction between irrigation methods: at the start there are significant differences between CM2M-SIS and CM1M-SIS.

Energy and water saving by using modified closed circuits of drip irrigation system

The aim of this research was determine the en- ergy and water use efficiencies under the modification of closed circuit drip irrigation systems designs. Field experiments carried out on transgenic maize (GDH, LL3), (Zea Mays crop) under two types of closed circuits: a) One manifold for lateral lines or Closed circuits with One Manifold of Drip Irrigation System (CM1DIS);b) Closed circuits with Two Manifolds of Drip Irrigation System (CM2DIS), and c) Traditional Drip Irrigation System (TDIS) as a control. Three lengths of lateral lines were used, 40, 60, and 80 meters. PE tubes lateral lines: 16 mm diameter;30 cm emitters distance, and GR built-in emitters 4 lph when operating pressure 1 bar under Two levels slope conditions 0% and 2%. Experiments were conducted at the Agric. Res. Fields., Soil and Plant & Agric. System Dept., Agric. Faculty, Southern Illinois University, Car- bondale (SIUC), Illinois, USA. Under 0% level slope when using CM2DIS the increase percent of Energy Use Efficiency (EUE) were 32.27, 33.21, and 34.37% whereas with CM1DIS were 30.84, 28.96, and 27.45% On the other hand when level slope 2% were with CM2DIS 31.57, 33.14, and 34.25 while CM1DIS were 30.15, 28.98, and 27.53 under lateral lengths 40, 60 and 80 m respectively relative to TDIS. Water Use Efficiency (WUE) when level slope 0% under CM2DIS were 1.67, 1.18, and 0.87 kg/m3 compared to 1.65, 1.16, and 0.86 kg/m3 with CM1DIS and 1.35, 1.04, and 0.75 kg/m3 with TDIS whereas with level slope 2% when using CM2DIS were 1.76, 1.29, and 0.84 kg/m3 compared to 1.77, 1.30, and 0.87 kg/m3 with CM1DIS and 1.41, 1.12, and 0.76 kg/m3 (for lateral lengths 40, 60, and 80 meters respectively). Water saving percent varied widely within individual lateral lengths and between circuit types relative to TDIS. Under slope 0% level CM2DIS water saving percent values were 19.26, 12.48, and 14.03%;with CM1DIS they were 18.51, 10.50, and 12.78%;and under slope level 2% with CM2DIS they were 19.93, 13.26, and 10.38% and CM1DIS were 20.49, 13.96, and 13.23% (for lateral lengths 40, 60, 80 meters respectively). The energy use efficiency and water saving were observed under CM2DIS and CM1DIS when using the shortest lateral length 40 meters, then lateral length 60 meters, while the lowest value was observed when using lateral length 80 meters this result depends on the physical and hydraulic characteristics of the emitters, lateral line uniformity, and friction losses. CM2DIS was more energy use efficiency, EUE, water saving, and WUE than either CM1DIS or TDIS.

Effect of closed circuits drip irrigation system and lateral lines length on growth, yield, quality and water use efficiency of soybean crop

Field experiment was conducted for one growing season (2012) in clay loam soil at the Experimental Farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (SIUC), USA on soybean crop to study the effect of: 1) the closed drip irrigation system: closed circuits with one and two a manifolds for lateral lines (CM1DIS;CM2DIS) and traditional drip irrigation system (TDIS) as a control;and 2) lateral lines length (LLL): LLL1, LLL2 and LLL3 (40, 60,80 m) on soybean growth, yield, oil, protein content and water use efficiency. Plants were drip irrigated every 4 days. N, K2O and P2O5 fertilizers were added via irrigation water. Data obtained could be outlined as follows: 1) According to the mean values of soybean crop growth (leaf area;plant height), yield (grain and straw), both oil and protein content and water use efficiency, the treatment used could be ranked in the following ascending orders: TDIS < CM1DIS < CM2DIS and LLL3 < LLL2 < LLL1;2) Differences in the means of the studied data among treatments used were significant at the 1% level;3) The effects of the DIC × LLL on the data obtained were significant at the 1 % level;And 4) the highest values of the obtained data and the lowest ones were achieved in the following interactions: CM2DIS × LLL1;TDIS × LLL3, respectively.

Closed circle DNA algorithm of change positive-weighted Hamilton circuit problem

Chain length of closed circle DNA is equal. The same closed circle DNA＇s position corresponds to different recognition sequence, and the same recognition sequence corresponds to different foreign DNA segment, so closed circle DNA computing model is generalized. For change positive-weighted Hamilton circuit problem, closed circle DNA algorithm is put forward. First, three groups of DNA encoding are encoded for all arcs, and deck groups are designed for all vertices. All possible solutions are composed. Then, the feasible solutions are filtered out by using group detect experiment, and the optimization solutions are obtained by using group insert experiment and electrophoresis experiment. Finally, all optimization solutions are found by using detect experiment. Complexity of algorithm is concluded and validity of DNA algorithm is explained by an example. Three dominances of the closed circle DNA algorithm are analyzed, and characteristics and dominances of group delete experiment are discussed.

Modification of water application uniformity among closed circuit trickle irrigation systems

The aim of this research was determine the ma- ximum application uniformity of closed circuit trickle irrigation systems designs. Laboratory tests carried out for Two types of closed circuits: a) One manifold for lateral lines or Closed circuits with One Manifold of Trikle Irrigation System (COMTIS);b) Closed circuits with Two Manifolds of Trikle Irrigation System (CTMTIS), and c) Traditional Trikle Irrigation System (TTIS) as a control. Three lengths of lateral lines were used, 40, 60, and 80 meters. PE tubes lateral lines: 16 mm diameter;30 cm emitters distance, and GR built-in emitters 4 lph when operating pressure 1 bar. Experiments were conducted at the Agric. Eng. Res. Inst., ARC, MALR, Egypt. With COMTIS the emitter flow rate was 4.07, 3.51, and 3.59 lph compared to 4.18, 3.72, and 3.71 lph with CTMTIS and 3.21, 2.6, and 2.16 lph with TTIS (lateral lengths 40, 60, and 80 meters respectively). Uniformity varied widely within individual lateral lengths and between circuit types. Under CTMTIS uniformity values were 97.74, 95.14, and 92.03 %;with COMTIS they were 95.73, 89.45, and 83.25 %;and with TTIS they were 88.27, 84.73, and 80.53 % (for lateral lengths 40, 60, 80 meters respectively). The greatest uniformity was observed under CTMTIS and COMTIS when using the shortest lateral length 40 meters, then lateral length 60 meters, while the lowest value was observed when using lateral length 80 meters this result depends on the physical and hydraulic characteristics of the emitter and lateral line. CTMTIS was more uniform than either COMTIS or TTIS. Friction losses were decreased with CTMTIS in the emitter laterals at lengths 40 meters compared to TTIS and COMTIS. Therefore, differences may be related to increased friction losses when using TDIS and COMDIS.

An Insight into the Second-Harmonic Current Reduction Control Strategies in Two-Stage Converters

Due to the components at twice the fundamental frequency of output voltage in the instantaneous output power of a two-stage single-phase inverter(TSI),the second harmonic current(SHC)is generated in the frontend dc-dc converter(FDC).To reduce the SHC,optimizing the control strategy of the FDC is an effective and costless approach.Fromthe view of visual impedance,this paper conducts an intensive study on the SHC reduction strategies.Origin of the SHC is illustrated first.Then,the equivalent circuit models of the FDC under different control strategies are proposed to analyse the SHC propagation characteristic.The derived model can offer a better insight into how the inductor SHC is affected by the control parameters.According to the derived models,a synthesis of different control strategies is presented and the relevant parameters are listed for control design to achieve better suppression effect.The benefits and limitations of these control strategies are also discussed.Based on the proposed equivalent circuit models,several optimization methods are proposed to enhance the effect.A 1500 VA TSI prototype is built and simulated on MATLAB/Simulink,verifying the effectiveness of the proposed optimization methods.This paper is aimed to provide a guideline for the control design and control optimization of the TSIs.

Dynamic modeling and analysis of the closed-circuit grinding-classification process

Mathematical models of the grinding process are the basis of analysis, simulation and control. Most existent models in- cluding theoretical models and identification models are, however, inconvenient for direct analysis. In addition, many models pay much attention to the local details in the closed-circuit grinding process while overlooking the systematic behavior of the process as a whole. From the systematic perspective, the dynamic behavior of the whole closed-circuit grinding-classification process is consid- ered and a first-order transfer function model describing the dynamic relation between the raw material and the product is established. The model proves that the time constant of the closed-circuit process is lager than that of the open-circuit process and reveals how physical parameters affect the process dynamic behavior. These are very helpful to understand, design and control the closed-circuit grinding-classification process.

SF_(6)断路器触头劣化过程合闸预击穿特性研究

电容器组投切断路器触头烧蚀劣化后会改变合闸预击穿时间,这不仅会影响选相合闸效果,同时也说明预击穿电弧持续时间可作为衡量触头烧蚀状态的指标之一。建立了126 kV SF_(6)断路器灭弧室内合闸预击穿过程电—流体耦合仿真模型,研究了触头劣化过程中合闸预击穿特性,并提出了预击穿时间带电检测方法。结果表明:合闸过程中场强最大点总是出现在静弧触头表面;灭弧室内SF_(6)气体密度几乎保持不变;110 kV电压等级相电压下,触头预击穿电弧持续时间随烧蚀程度变化的试验值与仿真值吻合良好。从电场畸变角度解释了随着触头的表面烧蚀劣化程度增大对应预击穿时间的变化规律,结果可为断路器选相合闸策略和触头状态评估提供理论指导。

关于取消新疆电网750 kV断路器合闸电阻可行性的仿真研究

目前,超、特高压输电线路常用合闸电阻吸收能量,并将其作为限制合闸过电压的主要手段,但是带有合闸电阻的断路器不仅造价昂贵,而且还存在运行可靠性差、故障率高等缺点,如果能利用低残压、保护性能优异的金属氧化物避雷器替代合闸电阻来限制操作过电压,不仅可以降低成本,还能简化断路器操纵机构以提高电力系统运行的可靠性。文中以新疆电网最长距离的750 kV线路为研究对象,通过沿线安装多组避雷器的方式,将沿线最大2%合闸过电压限制到规程规定的1.8 p.u.以内,为新疆电网所有750 kV长距离线路取消断路器合闸电阻的可行性提供了理论依据。

具备限流能力的混合式高压直流断路器拓扑

直流断路器(DCCB)是解决直流系统短路故障的重要手段,针对现有DCCB存在的限流效果差、避雷器使用寿命短和故障隔离速度慢等一系列缺陷,文中提出一种具备限流能力的混合式高压直流断路器拓扑(CLC-HDCCB)方案。CLC-HDCCB载流支路和转移支路采用双桥式结构,具备双向通断能力;限流部分采用限流电阻和限流电感并联限流方式,显著降低了故障电流峰值及上升率;设计泄能电阻在断路过程中将限流电感旁路,减少了避雷器单次开断吸收的能量;对所提CLC-HDCCB方案分断故障电流、正常合闸和分断小电流等直流系统出现的各种工况进行了详细分析,并给出参数选定的方法。最后在PSCAD/EMTDC平台进行仿真验证,结果表明所提CLC-HDCCB方案与现有DCCB方案相比在故障限流、避雷器吸能和故障清除时间等方面具有一定的优势。

用于纳米压电定位平台的电容传感器设计

针对纳米压电定位平台中电阻应变片式传感器无法满足定位精度的问题,设计了一种非接触式测量的双极板电容式位移传感器。首先,详细分析了电容传感器的基本测量原理和闭环控制原理。对电容传感器固有的边缘效应问题进行理论分析,并通过保护环措施消除其影响。在建立电磁仿真参数模型的基础上,带保护环结构的电容仿真值与理想值误差小于1.8%。改进了一种基于有源电桥的高灵敏度运算放大器式电容检测电路,使电路具有更高的分辨率和线性度。通过对该传感器进行标定,其测量范围在0~30μm内,线性度为0.05%,分辨力优于0.01μm。

硫化铅锌矿“优先选铅—选铅尾矿选锌”回收铅锌

内蒙古某硫化铅锌矿主要有价元素为Pb和Zn,含量分别为0.90%和3.23%。采用化学分析、XRD分析和MLA等分析手段对该矿进行详细的工艺矿物研究,并在工艺矿物学研究的基础上开展条件试验和闭路试验。工艺矿物学分析结果表明:在该矿中,方铅矿和闪锌矿为主要目的矿物,二者主要呈稀疏-稠密浸染状分布于脉石矿物间,且嵌布特征较为复杂,局部富集程度不高,嵌布粒度不均,部分方铅矿包裹于闪锌矿中,会对后续浮选作业产生不利影响。脉石矿物主要为钙铁辉石、石英、方解石、绿帘石、钙铝榴石、斜长石和钾长石,另含有少量的绿泥石、白云母和黑云母。采用优先选铅-选铅尾矿选锌—中矿依次返回上一作业的闭路浮选流程进行浮选,最终可获得Pb品位为66.83%、Pb回收率为85.42%的合格铅精矿产品,以及Zn品位为53.26%、Zn回收率为91.53%的合格锌精矿产品,可实现对该硫化铅锌矿的有效利用。

基于动态灰色关联分析法的高压断路器机械故障诊断

高压断路器机械故障成因复杂,机械故障与分合闸线圈电流之间难以找到解析的映射关系。因此引入灰色关联分析法,建立一种高压断路器机械故障诊断模型,进一步通过计算参考数列与比较数列的距离来选择分辨系数,提出一种基于动态分辨系数的灰色关联分析法。该方法不需要大量样本数据,且算法精度不受信号干扰的影响。研究表明,选取铁心卡涩运动的时间参量相关度作为故障诊断特征量能有效诊断出高压断路器机械故障。

1100 kV GIS断路器合闸电阻故障检测及分析

断路器的合闸电阻能够有效抑制合闸涌流以及操作过电压,对电网的稳定运行起着重要作用,合闸电阻一旦出现故障,无法正确投入或退出,将会造成巨大的设备和安全事故。由于1100 k V GIS断路器为多断口结构,断口间的配合时序偏差以及各触头弹跳因素的干扰,经常导致合闸电阻特性无法测量,或者测试结果误差较大。针对一起1100 kV GIS断路器合闸电阻预投入时间及阻值无法检测事件展开研究,分析其结构与测试原理,通过提高测试频率获取完整测试波形,推断得出合闸电阻的预投入时间及其阻值无法检测的原因是其中一侧的合闸电阻断口失效。解体检查,发现该断路器其中一侧合闸电阻动触头因固定螺栓断裂而导致该侧动触头脱落,验证了电阻断口失效导致动作特性无法检测的推断。最后从制作工艺、试验项目、试验仪器、检测手段等方面提出相应的建议及改进措施,为同类型设备的工艺管控和故障诊断提供参考。

真空断路器弹簧操动机构的优化

真空断路器触头弹簧压力增大会导致断路器无法可靠合闸,四连杆结构在一定程度上会影响机构的出力特性和机械效益,进而影响断路器合闸的可靠与稳定。文中分析了真空断路器的动作原理,建立弹簧操动机构的数学模型;对机构中的凸轮轮廓、传动拐臂的角度和尺寸、连板与合闸滚子的尺寸参数进行优化,建立弹簧操动机构的仿真模型。动力学仿真表明,优化后的触头弹簧压力增大了58%(从1 700 N提升到2 686 N),仍能保证断路器操动机构可靠合闸。试验结果显示,触头弹簧压力为2 500 N时断路器触头能够可靠吸合,平均合闸速度降至0.68 m/s,弹跳时间缩短了18.4%,整体优化后的方案满足设计要求并具有良好的可靠性与稳定性。

甘肃某金矿选矿试验研究

针对甘肃某金矿进行了浮选试验。试验采用碳酸钠为调整剂,硫酸铜为活化剂,丁基黄药+丁铵黑药为混合捕收剂,2号油为起泡剂,经过两次粗选、两次扫选、三次精选闭路试验,可获得金品位为251.27 g/t、金回收率为96.67%的精矿产品。该技术指标优异,为该类型金矿的选别提供技术依据。

复杂难选锂矿浮选试验研究

某锂矿矿石成分复杂,锂矿物种类多,主要为锂辉石,其次为透锂长石,含有微量锂绿泥石、锂霞石和锂白云母。每种锂矿物的矿石特性各有不同,所采用的回收方法也有所差异,重点讨论了采用浮选法回收锂辉石的研究成果。试验研究结果表明,经氢氧化钠和碳酸钠调浆后,利用氯化钙活化锂辉石矿物,并采用氧化石蜡皂、磺化皂和柴油作锂辉石的组合捕收剂,在不脱泥的条件下采用“一次粗选—一次扫选—三次精选”的工艺流程可实现锂辉石的回收。闭路试验可获得Li_(2)O品位5.08%、Li_(2)O回收率62.03%的锂辉石精矿,结果为下一步该矿锂辉石资源的回收提供技术参考。

基于非对称贴近度的电网短路电流限制方案决策方法

为了有效治理电网短路电流超标问题,设计了基于非对称贴近度混合决策模型的电网短路电流限制方案决策评估与优选方法。考虑电网短路电流限制措施的相关影响,从短路电流、静态安全、暂态稳定、实施费用4个方面建立了电网短路电流限制方案优化决策指标体系,精简分析了8个三级评价指标因素,并进行了决策评估结果划分。提出了均衡指标间相互影响关系的改进DEMATEL+ANP指标权重赋值方法,进一步计及非对称贴近度、优先度和证据云理论建立了电网短路电流限制方案优化决策评估混合决策模型。结合基于PSASP的仿真实例对所提出的优化决策评估方法的有效性进行了验证。该方法可更好均衡评价指标,充分考虑了优化决策评估中的模糊性与随机性,不仅能够实现多种方案选优的评估,更能实现自身方案评估,提高了电网短路电流限制方案优化决策评估的准确性及适用性。

基于角点定位的高压断路器分合闸线圈电流特征提取及状态判别

分合闸线圈的电流特性提取是高压断路器状态监测的重要手段。从高压断路器分合闸线圈电流的波形形态出发,研究了基于CCS(曲率尺度空间)局部阈值的电流波形角点提取方法,进而根据真实角点处的电流特征曲线实现了高压断路器机械状态的精准监测。对某变电站高压断路器实测分合闸线圈电流的计算结果表明,所提CCS局部阈值方法能够精确识别分合闸线圈电流的波形特征。基于分合闸线圈电流特征曲线的高压断路器机械状态监测效果良好,研究结果可为高压断路器的机械状态监测提供重要参考。

Two-stage seedling cultivation method for sweet peppers combining closed plant factory and solar greenhouse

This study introduced a two-stage cultivation method for sweet pepper seedlings, integrating the strengths of a closed plant factory and solar greenhouse, to mitigate the environmental constraints in Northeast China during the early spring season. In the first stage, seedlings were cultivated in a closed plant factory, followed by a second stage in a solar greenhouse. Four treatments- T1 (9 and 36 d), T2 (12 and 33 d), T3 (15 and 30 d), and T4 (18 and 27 d) - were designed for the first and second stages, respectively, with solar greenhouse-only approach serving as the control (CK). The findings reveal that the two-stage methodology significantly outperformed the control across multiple metrics, including seedling health index, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic capacity, yield, etc. Specifically, T3 emerged as optimal, boosting the health index by 38.59%, elevating chlorophyll content by 39.61%, increasing net photosynthesis by 34.61%, and augmenting yield per plant by 40.67%. Additionally, T3 expedited the time to harvest by 25 d compared to the control. Although the seedling cost for T3 was 0.12 RMB yuan higher, the benefits offset the additional investment. In conclusion, the two-stage cultivation method effectively leverages the advantages of both closed-plant factories and solar greenhouses, resulting in superior seedling quality compared to using only solar greenhouses. It offers a practical and economically viable solution for enhancing the quality and yield of sweet pepper seedlings, thus contributing to the progress in the field of facility seedling cultivation research.