Achieving three-layered Al/Mg/Al sheet via combining porthole die co-extrusion and hot forging

Al/Mg/Al sheet with good bonding quality and mechanical properties was fabricated based on the proposed porthole die co-extrusion and forging(PCE-F)process.There were no voids,cracks or other defects on the Al/Mg interface.A continuous diffusion zone with two-sub-layer structure was formed across the Al/Mg interface,and its width increased with higher temperature or reduction ratio.The sub-layers formed at low and high temperature were identified to be solid solutions and intermetallic compounds(IMCs)including y-MgpAl^and^-Al3Mg.In Al layer,the welding zone mainly consisted of fine equiaxed grains with several coarse elongated grains,while the majority of matrix zone is coarse elongated grains.The rolling textures were dominated in both welding and matrix zones.In Mg layer,the welding zone exhibited complete DRXed grain structure,while several unDRXed coarse grains were observed in the matrix zone.With the increasing temperature,the grain size of Al and Mg layer firstly decreased and then increased.High reduction ratio strongly refined the grain structure of Al layer,while slightly affected the Mg layer.The Al/Mg/AI sheet experienced stress-drops twice during the tensile test.The first stress-drop was determined by the IMCs and microstructure of Mg layer,while the second stress-drop was closely related to the microstructure of Al layer.Al/Mg/Al sheet forged at the lowest temperature without the formation IMCs exhibited the highest stress for the first stress-drop,and that forged under the highest reduction ratio with the smallest grain size in Al layer had the highest stress for the second stress-drop.

FEM simulation of aluminum extrusion process in porthole die with pockets

In order to investigate the effects of pockets in the porthole die on the metal flow,temperature at the die bearing exit and the extrusion load were contrasted with the traditional die design without the pockets in the lower die.Two different multi-hole porthole dies with and without pockets in lower die were designed.And the extrusion process was simulated based on the commercial software DEFORM-3D.The simulation results show that the pockets could be used to effectively adjust the metal flow and especially benefit to the metal flow under the legs.In addition,the maximum temperature at the die bearing and the peak extrusion load decrease,which indicates the possibility of increasing the extrusion speed and productivity.

Effects of process parameters and die geometry on longitudinal welds quality in aluminum porthole die extrusion process

By using the rigid-visco-plasticity finite element method,the welding process of aluminum porthole die extrusion to form a tube was simulated based on Deform-3D software.The welding chamber height(H),back dimension of die leg(D),process velocity and initial billet temperature were used in FE simulations so as to determine the conditions in which better longitudinal welding quality can be obtained.According to K criterion,the local welding parameters such as welding pressure,effective stress and welding path length on the welding plane are linked to longitudinal welds quality.Simulation turns out that pressure-to-effective stress ratio(p/σ) and welding path length(L) are the key factors affecting the welding quality.Higher welding chamber best and sharper die leg give better welding quality.When H=10 mm and D=0.4 mm,the longitudinal welds have the best quality.Higher process velocity decreases welds quality.The proper velocity is 10 mm/s for this simulation.In a certain range,higher temperature is beneficial to the longitudinal welds.It is found that both 450 and 465 ℃ can satisfy the requirements of the longitudinal welds.

Non-steady FE analysis on porthole dies extrusion of aluminum harmonica-shaped tube

According to the rigid-viscoplasticity finite element method,the porthole die extrusion process of an aluminum harmonica-shaped tube was successfully simulated based on software Deform-3D. The distribution of stress field,effective strain field,velocity field and temperature field during the extrusion process were discussed and the metal flow in welding extrusion was analyzed. The simulation results show that the material flow velocities in the bearing exit are non-uniform with the originally designed die and the forepart of the profile is not neat or even. Aiming at solving this problem,the modification method of die structure was improved. The result shows that the uniform material flow velocities in the die exit and a perfect extruded are obtained by modification bearing length.

Structure optimization of porthole die based on aluminum profile extrusion process numerical simulation

Porthole die extrusion method is used to produce hollow aluminum profile. Due to the complexity of the porthole die structure and the material flow, it is very difficult to get ideal profile products with the firstly designed die structure. Finite volume numerical simulation was used to analyze the extrusion process of a hollow profile with porthole die and the problem of non-uniform material flow was found. Optimization was made to the originally designed die to solve the problem. Lower load, reasonable seaming location and even extruded forepart with uniform material flow in the optimized die extrusion were obtained. Guidelines to porthole die design were given and it is also concluded that finite volume method with Eulerian description avoids mesh regeneration and is suitable to numerical simulation of severe deformation processes, such as profile extrusion.

UBET analysis of process of extruding aluminum alloy ribbed thin-wall pipes through a porthole die

Using the upper bound element technique (UBET), a numerical model was proposed for analyzing the metal deformation behavior in the extrusion process of ribbed thin wall pipes through a porthole die. Optimization parameters were contained in the numerical model and determined through minimizing the total work of metal deformation. Taking the extrusion process of thin wall pipe with one rib as an example, the calculated results using the proposed model are as follows: the extrusion pressure p is linearly related to the extrusion ratio R by p = a+bR 0.683 , where a = 14.13, b = 0.911. When the length of the billet remaining in container is shorter than a quarter of the container diameter, the plastic region extends over the whole of the remained billet and the extrusion process reaches the state of funnel deformation. There exists an optimum depth of welding chamber in respect of the extrusion pressure, and to the calculated example the optimum depth is about 10% of the circumscribed diameter of portholes. To obtain more equitable metal flow in welding chamber, it is required to make the dividing planes in container to be consistent with corresponding welding planes in the chamber ( θ max i = θ′ max i ) through choosing different entering area for each of the portholes.

Metal flow hysteresis behavior and shape control strategy during porthole die extrusion of micro heat pipe

The shape control strategy of micro grooves is still unclear and challenging during the porthole die extrusion of grooved micro heat pipe(MHP).Through the simulation and experiment of porthole die extrusion of a MHP profile,the metal flow hysteresis behavior within micro features and the effect of ram speed and extrusion temperature on it and the resulting forming integrity was elucidated.Innovatively,Taguchi design and variance analysis(ANOVA)were introduced to determine their influence magnitude on the metal flow uniformity calculated by simulation results.The main findings are given below.The metal flow hysteresis derives from part feature size effect.The negligible friction-affected area during conventional extrusion severely slows down the metal flow within micro features during the MHP profile extrusion,which is due to the surge in the area ratio of the friction-affected area to the region in which it is located.Neither ram speed nor extrusion temperature can change the distribution of the friction-affected area.However,increasing ram speed multiplies the metal flow hysteresis and severely reduces the forming integrity,whereas extrusion temperature has little effect.Following this strategy,batch extrusion of the profile with microgrooved width of 0.27±0.02 mm was achieved in industrialized conditions.

1060工业纯铝杆件夹杂物分析

从铝熔体洁净程度方面,对某厂1060工业纯铝杆件进行了夹杂物检测分析。以机械抛光和电解抛光制备试样,采用SEM/EDS观测样品中Al_(2)O_(3)、含铁金属间化合物、氯盐、氟化物等多种类型夹杂物。统计分析了合格铝杆和不合格铝杆夹杂物分布、总数量和平均直径。数量最多的夹杂物为Al_(2)O_(3)夹杂物,主要尺寸在0~20μm范围内。不合格杆中夹杂物总数量接近合格杆夹杂物数量两倍,大量夹杂物易在连续分流挤压模具壁上积累,造成加工铝管表面擦伤,是不合格管件加工失效的主要原因。

Formation mechanism and evolution of surface coarse grains on a ZK60 Mg profile extruded by a porthole die

Porthole die extrusion of Mg alloys was studied by means of experimental and numerical studies. Results indicated that an inhomogeneous microstructure formed on the cross-section of the extruded profile. On the profile surface, abnormal coarse grains with an orientation of <11-20> in parallel to ED(extrusion direction) appeared. In the profile center, the welding zone was composed of fine grains with an average size of 4.19 um and an orientation of <10-10> in parallel to ED, while the matrix zone exhibited a bimodal grain structure. Disk-like, near-spherical and rod-like precipitates were observed, and the number density of those features was lower on the profile surface than that in the profile center. Then, the formation and evolution of coarse grains on the profile surface were investigated, which were found to depend on the competition between static recrystallization and grain growth. The stored deformation energy was the factor dominating the surface structure through effective regulation over nucleation of the precipitates and recrystallization. A profile with a low stored deformation energy suppressed formation of precipitates and consequently facilitated grain growth rather than recrystallization, resulting in the formation of abnormal coarse grains. Finally, the surface coarse grains contributed detrimentally to hardness, tensile properties, and wear performance of the bulk structure.

方形管分流模双孔挤压过程中金属的流动行为

采用Deform-3D有限元软件,结合基于逆向工程的焊合面网格修复技术,建立方形管分流模双孔挤压时包括焊合过程在内的全过程的三维有限元数值模拟方法,分析分流孔的配置方案对金属流动行为、挤压力、挤压温度及成形质量的影响。结果表明:中间分流孔与位于两侧分流孔的面积比值Q1/Q2是影响金属流动均匀性、焊缝位置和制品平直度的重要因素,比值Q1/Q2为0.93～1.03时,挤出的方管平直度好;分流孔外接圆直径和挤压筒直径的比值对挤压过程中温升的影响较小,而对挤压力有一定的影响,当该比值为0.82时挤压力最小,该比值超过0.82时挤压力明显增加。

空心型材挤压模具模芯变形的有限元分析

针对挤压时平面分流组合模模芯变形对空心型材壁厚影响的问题 ,简述了分流组合模模芯发生变形的原因 ,并应用有限元方法对模芯的受力变形进行了分析。首先利用ANSYS软件对分流组合模上模进行三维造型 ,然后综合考虑分流组合模在挤压时的受力状况 ,将所受各力加载到有限元模型上 ,通过计算获得了模芯在受力作用下的偏移变形量及模芯沿挤压方向的变形量 ,结合实例分析表明计算结果与实际吻合较好 ,说明有限元方法对模芯变形的分析是有效的。

焊合室高度对分流组合模挤压成形过程的影响

基于刚粘塑性有限元理论,采用DEFORM-3D有限元商业软件,对3种不同焊合室高度下的薄壁多孔口琴管挤压过程进行数值模拟。重点研究了不同焊合室高度对金属的流动规律、型材的出口流速均方差、挤压力、焊合压力,以及金属应变场的影响规律,从而为合理的设计模具提供了有效的理论指导。

分流组合模挤压铝合金口琴管的数值模拟

采用刚粘塑性有限元法,在DEFORM-3D有限元商业软件上成功实现了铝合金口琴管分流组合模挤压过程的三维数值模拟,获得了分流组合模挤压过程中材料的流动规律,挤压力、应力场、应变场和温度场的分布,以及模具出口处金属流速的分布情况。通过数值模拟发现,型材出口流速不均匀,造成端面不齐,对此,提出了模具修改方案,通过调节模具工作带的长度,实现了型材挤压出口流速均匀的目的,从而保障了型材的产品质量。模拟结果为模具的优化设计及工艺参数的选取提供了理论参考。

焊合室深度及焊合角对方形管分流模挤压成形质量的影响

基于Deform-3D有限元分析平台,采用所开发的焊合过程网格重构技术,分析方形管分流模双孔挤压时焊合室深度及焊合角对成形质量的影响。结果表明:焊合面平均静水压力、分流桥底部等效应力及模芯最大偏移量随焊合室深度的增加而增加;综合考虑焊合质量、模具应力集中及型材尺寸精度等因素,分流模合适的焊合室深度为10～16mm;随着焊合角的增加,焊合室内死区体积及挤压力均增大,而模芯最大变形偏移量呈减小趋势;综合考虑焊合角对挤压过程死区大小、模芯的稳定性及挤压力大小的影响,分流模合适的焊合角为30?～45?。实验结果和模拟结果在金属流动景象、死区位置、死区形状等方面吻合较好。

AZ31镁合金薄壁管挤压分流孔轴向倾角影响规律的仿真模拟

基于开发的AZ31镁合金薄壁管分流挤压精确、高效的DEFORM-3D有限元模型，模拟揭示分流孔轴向倾角β对挤压力、焊合压力及模口处坯料金属流速均匀性的影响规律，并对β进行优化设计。综合考虑挤压力、材料利用率、焊缝焊合质量、管材尺寸精度及其应用环境等因素，获得该规格AZ31镁合金薄壁管分流挤压模具的合理分流孔轴向倾角取值范围为-5°～1°，最优分流孔轴向倾角为β≈-5°（即内斜5°）。

挤压速度对6063铝合金管材焊合强度的影响

通过建立6063铝合金多孔分流模挤压过程的三维有限元模型,研究不同挤压速度下挤压力、焊合面温度、焊合压力和材料有效应力等参数的演变规律及其对焊合质量的影响,建立预测铝合金方管焊合质量的评价模型,并采用膨胀实验验证模型的准确性。结果表明:随着金属流入分流孔、焊合室和定径带,挤压力逐渐增大并达到峰值,而后缓慢降低;随着挤压速度的增大,焊合面温度、焊合压力和有效应力逐渐升高,焊合质量系数k值逐渐降低。膨胀结果表明,最大载荷处的位移与k值呈正相关,说明所建立的k值模型具有较高的精度。

分流组合模挤压过程数值模拟及模具应力分析

采用有限体积数值模拟方法研究分流组合模中焊合室的深度对铝型材挤压过程的影响,分别采用21mm、26mm和31mm三种焊合室深度对挤压过程进行了模拟,得到了应力、应变、挤压力等各种物理场量的变化规律,并采用有限元法对模具受力及变形情况进行了分析。研究结果表明,焊合室深度对载荷影响不大,但焊合室深度为26mm时质点流速最均匀。模具变形分析结果表明,随着焊合室深度增加,模芯变形程度增大,对应力分布来说,存在一个最佳的焊合室深度。从型材产品质量和模芯变形量综合考虑,应合理设计焊合室深度。

铝合金空心型材分流模挤压成形全过程温度场的数值模拟

采用焊合区网格重构技术，解决包括分流与焊合过程的空心型材分流模挤压成形全过程温度场模拟问题，以一种典型大断面铝合金空心型材分流模挤压成形为实例，分析挤压速度和坯料温度对模孔出口处型材最高温度及型材横断面温度分布的影响，提出合理的坯料温度和挤压速度范围。结果表明：挤压速度对模孔出口处型材横断面温度分布不均匀性的影响较大，而坯料温度的影响较小：当挤压速度由0．6mm／s增大到3．0mm／s，坯料温度为500℃时，模孔出口处型材横断面上最高与最低温度的差值（最大温差）由28℃增大到60℃；而当挤压速度一定，坯料温度在480～520℃变化时，型材横断面上最大温差的变化不超过3℃。6005A型材的合理挤压条件：坯料温度520℃时，挤压速度范围为0．63～0．93mm／s；坯料温度500℃时，挤压速度范围为0．87～1．14mm／s；坯料温度480℃时，挤压速度范围为1．10～1．34mm／s。

分流组合模挤压过程的有限元分步模拟

基于刚粘塑性有限元法,在模拟过程中采用分步模拟的方法,对有限元网格进行分步重划分和步长的分步设置,并提出了解决体积损失问题的补偿方法,在Deform-3D有限元软件上实现了薄壁复杂截面铝型材的分流组合模挤压成形过程的三维数值模拟。分析了铝合金口琴管挤压过程中的金属的流动和变形行为,获得了速度场、温度场、应力场和应变场的分布图,数值模拟结果与理论分析结果吻合较好。结果表明:采用有限元分步模拟可以在保证模拟精度的前提下大幅缩短模拟运算时间,是模拟薄壁复杂截面铝合金空心型材挤压成形过程的有效方法。

亚毫米孔径微通道铝合金管挤压成形的数值模拟

基于DEFORM-3D有限元分析平台,采用网格分步重划分的方法,实现了对微通道管成形非稳态过程的三维数值模拟,获得了成形过程模具中的金属应力和流速分布,以及模具受力情况。利用数值模拟结果,结合压力-时间判据,对焊合质量进行评估,并利用热模拟试验机模拟了挤压成形中相应温度和接触压力下的焊合过程。该文研究可对实际生产微通道管时工艺参数优化和挤压模具设计等问题提供参考。