Advanced landfill leachate treatment using a two-stage UASB-SBR system at low temperature

A two-stage upflow anaerobic sludge blanket （UASB） and sequencing batch reactor （SBR） system was introduced to treat landfill leachate for advanced removal of COD and nitrogen at low temperature. In order to improve the total nitrogen （TN） removal efficiency and to reduce the COD requirement for denitrification, the raw leachate with recycled SBR nitrification supematant was pumped into the first-stage UASB （UASB1） to achieve simultaneous denitrification and methanogenesis. The results showed that UASB1 played an important role in COD removal and UASB2 and SBR further enhanced the nutrient removal efficiency. When the organic loading rates of UASB1, UASB2 and SBR were 11.95, 1.63 and 1.29 kg COD/（m^3.day）, respectively, the total COD removal efficiency of the whole system reached 96.7%. The SBR acted as the real undertaker for NH4^＋-N removal due to aerobic nitrification. The system obtained about 99.7% of NH4^＋-N removal efficiency at relatively low temperature （14.9-10.9℃）. More than 98.3% TN was removed through complete denitrification in UASB 1 and SBR. In addition, temperature had a significant effect on the rates of nitrification and denitrification rather than the removal of TN and NH4^＋-N once the complete nitrification and denitrification were achieved.

Development of permanent magnetic refrigerator at room temperature

A reciprocating magnetic refrigerator was developed based on the active magnetic regeneration technology. Rare earth metal Gd and intermetallic compound LaFe11.2Co0.7Si1.1 were used as the magnetic operating materials in the machine. The particles of the magnetic operating materials, with diameter of 0.5-2 mm and total mass of 950 g, were mounted in the cooling bed. A magnetic field was assembled using NdFeB rare earth permanent magnets. It had the magnetic field space of Φ 34×200 and the magnetic induction of 1.5 T. The water at pH=10 is used as a heat transfer fluid. When the ambient temperature is 296 K, a temperature span of 18 K was achieved after operation of 45 min at a frequency of 0.178 Hz. The temperature span and the output power increase significantly with the increasing velocity of heat transfer.

Breakdown characteristics of CF4 and CF4/N2 hybrid gas in refrigeration temperature range

Common insulation gas cannot normally work in refrigeration temperature range(153-243 K), especially in extremely cold regions. To solve this problem, this essay uses cubic equation combined with two-parameter model in theorem of corresponding states to estimate dew-point of hybrid gas. The influence of temperature on mixing ratio is studied by using van der Waals equation. The result shows that the mixing ratio is stable during temperature-fall period. Insulation property of CF_4 and CF_4/N_2 in refrigeration temperature range is studied through self-designed low-temperature test system. The result shows when the density of hybrid gas is invariable, temperature changing has less influence on breakdown voltage, and when the mixing ratio is 20%, CF_4/N_2 is the greatest potential hybrid gas.

Research of refrigeration system for a new type of constant temperature hydraulic tank

Different from the traditional hydraulic oil cooling method,a new type of constant temperature oil tank cooling system based on semiconductor refrigeration technology is designed. This paper studies the principle of semiconductor refrigeration and establishes a heat transfer model. Semiconductor cooler on piping refrigeration is simulated,and influence of the parameters on the outlet temperature,such as pipe pressure difference of inlet and outlet,pipe length,pipe radius,are gotten,and then hydraulic tank semiconductor refrigeration system is proposed. The semiconductor refrigeration system can control temperature at 37 ± 1°C.

Experimental Performance of Moderate and High Temperature Heat Pump Charged with Refrigerant Mixture BY-3

Theoretical and experimental analysis of a new refrigerant mixture BY-3 was conducted based on a single-stage vapor compression refrigeration system. The water-water heat pump system used BY-3 to produce hot water when the low temperature was 20 ℃. The following results were obtained: the highest temperature at the condenser outlet reached about 85 ℃; when the difference between the water temperatures at the condenser outlet and the evaporator inlet was less than 40 ℃, the coefficient of performance (COP) was larger than 4; when the difference reached 55 ℃, the COP still kept 3; the discharge temperature of BY-3 was lower than 100 ℃, and the refrigerant vapor pressure kept lower than 1.8 MPa. When the water temperature at the condenser outlet reached over 85 ℃, nearly a 5 ℃ superheating temperature was maintained.

Novel Cascade Refrigeration Cycle for Cold Supply Chain of COVID-19 Vaccines at Ultra-Low Temperature -80°C Using Ethane (R170) Based Hydrocarbon Pair

Several media report highlight on that the pharmaceutical companies require ultra-low temperatures -80°C to transport and store its COVID-19 vaccines. This research presents the thermodynamic analysis on cascade refrigeration system (CRS) with several refrigerant pairs which are R32/R170, R123/R170, R134a/R170, R404A/R170, R407c/R170, R410/R170, and the hydrocarbon (HC) refrigerant pair Propane/Ethane, namely R290/R170. Besides, the results of R22/R170 pair, which is not recommended to be used due to phase out of R22 as per Montréal Protocol, are included as base case to compare the novel hydrocarbon pairs in CRS and the old trend of refrigerant pairs. Thermodynamic properties of all these pairs were investigated and compared under different intermediate temperature used in CRS heat exchanger, which thermally connected both the Low and High temperature cycles (LTC) and (HTC). By applying the first law of thermodynamics, the coefficients of performance (COPs) and the specific power consumptions (SPC) in kW/TR are presented and compared. In addition, by applying the second law of thermodynamics the exergetic efficiencies were estimated. The results reveal the promising opportunity of using the HC pair (R290/R170). The minimum SPC in kW/TR is recorded for the pair R123/R170. One the other hand, the highest exegetic efficiency values are observed to be 40%, 38%, and 35% for the pairs R123/R170, R290/R170, and R134/R170, respectively. This research concludes that the HC pair (R290/R170) is highly recommended for CRS applications either to transport the COVID-19 or store it in cold storage rooms in hospitals and clinics. All precautionary measures should be carefully applied in design and operation of HC pair (R290/R170) due to its flammability hazard.

Magnetic entropy change and magnetic properties of LaFe_(11.5)Si_(1.5) after controlling the Curie temperature by partial substitution of Mn and hydrogenation

Magnetic properties and magnetic entropy changes of La（Fe_（1-x）Mn_x）_（11.5）Si_（1.5）H_y compounds are investigated. Their Curie temperatures are adjusted to room temperature by partial Mn substitution for Fe and hydrogen absorption in 1-atm（1 atm = 1.01325×10~5Pa） hydrogen gas. Under a field change from 0 T to 2 T, the maximum magnetic entropy change for La（Fe_（0.99）Mn_（0.01））_（11.5）Si_（1.5）H_（1.61）is-11.5 J/kg. The suitable Curie temperature and large value of ？S_m make it an attractive potential candidate for the room temperature magnetic refrigeration application.

A review of low-temperature heat recovery technologies for industry processes

The amount of low-temperature heat generated in industrial processes is high,but recycling is limited due to low grade and low recycling efficiency,which is one of the reasons for low energy efficiency.It implies that there is a great potential for low-temperature heat recovery and utilization.This article provided a detailed review of recent advances in the development of low-temperature thermal upgrades,power generation,refrigeration,and thermal energy storage.The detailed description will be given from the aspects of system structure improvement,work medium improvement,and thermodynamic and economic performance evaluation.It also pointed out the development bottlenecks and future development trends of various technologies.The low-temperature heat combined utilization technology can recover waste heat in an all-round and effective manner,and has great development prospects.

Low-temperature environments for quantum computation and quantum simulation

This review summarizes the requirement of low temperature conditions in existing experimental approaches to quantum computation and quantum simulation.

换热器面积对双蒸发温度空调系统性能影响的模拟研究

建立了双蒸发温度空调系统仿真模型来研究改变换热器面积对系统性能的影响。搭建了双蒸发温度空调系统实验台,在实验工况下改变压缩机频率(30~120 Hz)和送风量(400~1 000 m^(3)/h),得到空调机组总制冷量Q_(c)、总显热制冷量Q_(s)和显热比SHR,验证了所建模型精度。在模型中改变换热器面积(48盘管、60盘管、72盘管)进行系统运行调节范围的研究。结果表明:随着换热器面积的增加,系统Q_(c)、Q_(s)和SHR的调节范围在整体扩大,最大增幅分别为5.0%、13.8%、11.8%。当送风量为1 000 m^(3)/h,压缩机频率为30 Hz,换热器面积从48盘管增至60盘管、72盘管时,Q_(s)的增幅分别为9.8%和13.8%,表明换热器面积增至60盘管时Q_(s)增长效果显著,再增加换热器面积,Q_(s)虽有所增大但增幅放缓。最后提出一种以所需制冷量为目标,依据环境温湿度调节范围设计换热器面积的方法。

Performance Analysis of an Ejector Enhanced Two-Stage Auto-Cascade Refrigeration Cycle for Low Temperature Freezer

In this paper,an ejector enhanced two-stage auto-cascade refrigeration cycle(EARC)using ternary mixture R600a/R32/R1150 is proposed for application of-80℃freezing.In EARC cycle,an ejector was employed to recover the expansion work in the throttling processes and lifted the suction pressure of the compressor.The performances of the ejector enhanced two-stage auto-cascade refrigeration cycle and conventional auto-cascade refrigeration cycle(CARC)were compared using thermodynamic analysis methods.The influences of the important operation parameters including mass fraction ratio of the mixture,fluid quality at the second separator inlet,condensation temperature,evaporation temperature,and expansion ratio of expansion valve on the performances of EARC cycle were discussed in detail.The results indicate that ternary mixture R600a/R32/R1150 has the optimal mass fraction ratio of 0.45/0.2/0.35 with respect to the maximum COP.The EARC cycle yields higher performance than the CARC cycle in terms of COP,exergy efficiency and volumetric refrigeration capacity.And 4.9%-36.5%improvement in COP and 6.9%-34.3%higher exergy efficiency could be obtained in EARC cycle comparing with CARC cycle.The finding of this study suggests that the EARC cycle has a promising application potential for low temperature freezing.

基于不同流动时间占比的紧凑式室温磁制冷系统实验研究

磁制冷因高效、环保、结构简单等特点,正有望成为替代传统蒸气制冷的新型室温制冷技术之一.当前针对单一影响因子对磁制冷样机的影响作用规律研究较为丰富,但对磁场-流场时序中流动时间占比工况的研究较少,且影响规律尚不明晰.本文以前期研制的紧凑型室温磁制冷系统为基础,在固定的磁场时序情况下开展不同流动时间占比的实验研究,探索制冷温跨、制冷量、压降及性能系数与流动时间占比之间的关联.以磁场时序1:4:1:4与频率0.45 Hz的工况为例,开展了固定磁场时序的不同流动时间占比(100%,80%,60%)的实验研究.结果表明:1)小利用系数和高流动时间的组合可获得较大温跨,大利用系数和高流动时间占比的组合可获得较大冷量,其中当利用系数为0.42、流动时间占比为100%时,获得最大无负荷制冷温跨26.2 K;2)对比研究了利用系数与流动时间占比对回热器压降及性能系数的影响,流动时间占比的增大和利用系数的减小均会造成流体速度的减小,会使压降进一步减小,性能系数进一步增大.本研究阐明了制冷温跨、制冷量、压降及性能系数与流动时间占比之间的影响规律,为进一步提升室温磁制冷机的性能奠定基础.

不同热端温度对低温热电制冷试验箱制冷性能的影响

为优化低温热电制冷试验箱的制冷效率及降低其冷热端温差,理论计算了热电制冷片热端温度为56.18℃和27.31℃时电流、电压、冷热端温差对试验箱制冷性能的影响。建立了三维数学传热模型,模拟了3种热电制冷片布置方式对制冷箱温度分布的影响。结果表明:当热端温度由56.18℃降至27.31℃时,低温热电制冷试验箱的制冷量由150.2 W降至139.5 W,制冷系数由4.41降至3.09,冷凝温度由-22.30℃降至-41.90℃。可见,热电制冷片热端温度的降低能够获得更低的冷凝温度,较高的热端温度拥有较好的制冷性能。

MnFe_(1-x)Ti_(x)P_(0.77)Ge_(0.23)化合物的结构与磁性

利用高能球磨法和粉末烧结法制备了MnFe_(1-x)Ti_(x)P_(0.77)Ge_(0.23)(x=0.03,0.04,0.06,0.08,0.09)系列化合物。室温X射线衍射结果表明化合物均呈现Fe_(2)P型六角结构,随着Ti含量的增加,晶格常数a、b减小,晶格常数c增大,晶胞体积有所增大。变温X射线衍射实验结果表明,MnFe_(0.94)Ti_(0.06)P_(0.77)Ge_(0.23)化合物在305~350 K温度区间内发生铁磁到顺磁的相转变,存在磁弹耦合现象。MnFe_(1-x)Ti_(x)P_(0.77)Ge_(0.23)(x=0.03,0.04,0.06,0.08,0.09)化合物的磁性测量结果表明随着Ti含量增加化合物的居里温度降低,热滞变大,最大等温磁熵变减小。

双温区脉管制冷机的制冷量主动调控策略

针对空间探测中须在双温区提供不同制冷量的新需求,提出利用声功回收主动调相器对双温区制冷量进行主动调控的方法.研究分析高温区调相器活塞运动特性对双温区冷指阻抗的影响,得到调相器对双温区冷指声功率分配及回热器效率的影响特性,实现80 K和40 K双温区制冷量主动调控.数值计算结果显示,调相器相位差对高温区制冷量影响较大,调相器振幅和相位差对低温区制冷量均有明显的影响.实验结果表明,采用基于主动控制调相器活塞运动特性的调节策略,80 K温区制冷量可以在9.2~23.7 W内主动调节,40 K温区制冷量可以在3.2~4.5 W内主动调节.

斯特林制冷机在冰箱系统中的应用及可行性研究

斯特林制冷机具有运动部件少,无需润滑油,制冷过程无相变,制冷温度范围大,制冷量方便可调和制冷效率高等优点,在商用/民用制冷系统中具有广阔的应用前景。为满足用户低温冰箱高端化需求,本文研制了一台蒸气压缩和斯特林机联合制冷的多温区冰箱,开展了斯特林制冷机性能测试、散热和导冷结构设计优化及斯特林冰箱的整机性能研究,分析了输入功率和环境温度对斯特林制冷机性能的影响。结果表明:随着斯特林制冷机冷端温度的增加,其输出制冷量和COP均不断增加;增大输入功率可以有效增加输出制冷量,但COP略有降低。在环境温度43℃下,斯特林制冷机在冷端温度为-60℃时可输出制冷量为28.97 W,COP为0.37。本文还提出了基于热管技术的斯特林制冷冰箱的冷热端传热结构,仿真结果表明本文提出的散热导冷结构均可满足系统设计要求。最后,开展了斯特林制冷冰箱实验性能测试,32℃环境温度下的空载测试实验表明,低温室降温耗时相比冷冻室缩短28%;在环境温度43℃下,冰箱稳定运行后低温室平均温度可达-64.5℃,斯特林制冷机和整机耗电量分别为2.33 kW·h/d和4.13 kW·h/d。

Large low-field reversible magnetocaloric effect in K_(3)Gd(PO_(4))_(2) at sub-Kelvin temperature

We synthesized a potassium gadolinium phosphate K3Gd(PO_(4))_(2)with monoclinic structure(P2_(1/m))by the high-temperature solid-state reaction method.Its lattice constants obtained by Rietveld refinements of XRD curve are a=0.7411 nm,b=0.5624 nm,and c=0.9433 nm.Magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of K_(3)Gd(PO_(4))_(2)were investigated in detail.The magnetic phase transition temperature of K3Gd(PO_(4))2 was determined by ultra-low temperature testing to be 0.58 K.K_(3)Gd(PO_(4))2 exhibits large magnetic entropy changes(-ΔSM).The maximum-ΔSM are 20.2 and 29.4 J/(kg·K)in the magnetic field variation(ΔH)of 1 and 2 T,respectively,which are larger than that of the commercial Gd_(3)Ga_(5)O_(12)(GGG).The maximum adiabatic temperature change(ΔT_(ad))reaches 5.91 K under a magnetic field change(ΔH)of 1 T.K_(3)Gd(PO_(4))_(2)is a potential magnetic refrigeration material for obtaining sub-Kelvin temperatures.

准二级压缩多联机严寒地区供暖性能研究

为了推动多联机在严寒地区的应用,在哈尔滨搭建了一个准二级压缩多联机实验台,采用根据室外温度分段控制压缩机吸气状态的控制策略,进行了91天的测试。结果表明:采用提出的控制策略,实验机组在整个测试期间均可以稳定运行,最高排气温度为90.6℃,季节性能系数为2.40,且室内温度能够满足供暖需要;导致机组在严寒地区制热量不足的主要因素是误除霜,而不是室外低温,误除霜引起的最大逐时制热量不足率为24.31%,而室外低温环境只有7.74%;在室外温度为-22.5~7.5℃时实验机组的供暖效果较好,室外温度低于-22.5℃时存在制热量不足;因严寒地区的机组选型较大且受压缩机最低频率限制,故在室外温度高于7.5℃时,机组存在频繁启停现象。

太阳能吸收压缩制冷与真空膜除湿耦合系统性能优化

对于太阳能吸收式制冷系统,很难产生较低温的冷冻水用于除湿和冷却,并且面临间歇性的问题。提出了一种新型的温湿度独立控制系统(SACV),该系统集成了太阳能吸收式制冷(SSAR)子系统、蒸汽压缩制冷(VCR)子系统和真空膜除湿(VMD)子系统。VMD子系统和VCR子系统分别解决了除湿困难和全天候制冷问题。建立并验证了热力学数学模型,分析了集热器面积和热水流量对集热器出口热水温度的影响,以及对集热器、SSAR子系统和SACV系统性能的影响,并对SSAR子系统和SACV系统进行了性能优化。结果表明,集热器出口热水温度的增加,使得SSAR子系统存在最佳性能;通过变化热水流量来改变集热器出口热水温度,使得SACV系统存在最佳性能。集热器面积增加73.7%,SSAR子系统性能到达最佳,提升了0.24%,制冷量增长69.64%,同时SACV系统性能提升4.71%,耗功量减少36.18%,但系统成本增加,因此,需要综合考虑系统性能和经济效益。

不同冷藏条件对牦牛乳品质的影响分析

目的:分析不同冷藏条件对牦牛乳品质的影响。方法:选择西藏自治区某养殖场内的同一头健康哺乳期牦牛的原料乳作为试验对象,分别置于-20、-40、-80℃等3种不同温度进行冷藏,分析和探讨不同冷藏条件对牦牛乳品质的影响。结果:-80℃冷藏的牦牛乳p H值和热稳定性显著高于-20℃和-40℃冷藏(P<0.05),-80℃冷藏的牦牛乳菌落数显著低于-20℃和-40℃冷藏(P<0.05),且冷藏温度越低,乳pH值和热稳定性越高,乳中菌落数越少。-20、-40、-80℃冷藏的牦牛乳脂肪粒径分布宽度、蛋白水解度、可溶性蛋白含量、总蛋白含量、红—绿强度和亮度均差异显著(P<0.05)。-20、-40、-80℃冷藏的牦牛乳组织状态、滋味和色泽差异显著(P<0.05);冷藏温度越低对牦牛乳气味感官评价越好。结论:-80℃冷藏条件下的牦牛乳品质最佳,为今后延长牦牛乳货架期和乳制品加工提供参考依据。