Design and manufacture of emulsion liquid membrane based on various amine extractants for separation and extraction of succinic acid from fermentation broth

The aim of this study was to design a new emulsion liquid membrane(ELM)system for the separation of succinic acid from aqueous solutions.The concentration of succinic acid varied from 20 to 60 mmol·L^(-1).The prepared ELM system includes tributylamine(TBA)as a carrier,commercial kerosene as a solvent,Span 80 as a surfactant,and Na2CO3as a stripping agent.In order to control the membrane swelling,different values of cyclohexanone were added to the membrane phase.The effect of various empirical variables on the extraction of the succinic acid such as acid concentration in the feed solution,initial feed concentration,carrier concentration,the stirring speed of the extraction,Na2CO3,surfactant,and cyclohexanone concentrations,and treat ratio in the ELM system.The best result was obtained when TBA was used as the carrier.The final acid extraction efficiency was independent of pH variations of the aqueous feed solution.The extraction of succinic acid solution with a concentration of 40 mmol·L^(-1)was improved by increasing the treat ratio 1:7-1:3,stripping phase concentration 0.5-1.5 mol·L^(-1),stirring speed 300-500 r·min^(-1)and cyclohexanone concentration in the membrane phase 1.2-1.6 mol·L^(-1).No considerable effect on the extraction rate was observed for the carrier concentration in the membrane phase.But,the surfactant concentration in the feed phase showed a dual effect on the extraction efficiency.

Preliminary Study on the Liquid Fermentation and Polysaccharide Production of Ganoderma

Strain of Ganoderma japonicum with higher mycelial growth rate and higher levels of polysaccharide production was selected from seven tested strains of Ganoderma. The effects of nitrogen source, carbon source and metal ions on the polysaccharide production of selected Ganoderma japonicum were studied. The results showed that the optimum nitrogen source and carbon source were 2% and 0.2% ,respectively. And the existence of 0.2% Fe^2＋ could improve the polysaccharide yield significantly. The result of fermentor enlargement test indicated that extracellular crude polysaccharide content per 100 mL fermentation liquor and mycelium content yielded highest amount of 181.7 mg and 151.0 mg,respectively,with relatively mild change of pH value. It was concluded that fermentation in fermentor was more suitable for the secretion of C, anoderma polysaccharide.

Application Effect of Cassava Starch Anaerobic Fermentation Liquid on Watermelon Production

In order to find out a new way for environment-friendly and resourcelized utilization of cassava starch processing wastewater, the cassava starch anaerobic fermentation liquid was applied in watermelon production, and its effects on the growth and development, yield and fruit quality of watermelon were investigated. The results showed that the cassava starch anaerobic fermentation liquid significant- ly promoted the vegetative and reproductive growth and improved the yield and fruit quality of watermelon. Compared with conventional fertilization, the application of cassava starch anaerobic fermentation both with COD concentration of 1 200 mg/L according to the amount of 150 t/hm2 promoted the growth of vines and leaves of watermelon plants, brought forward the flowering, fruiting and harvest of watermelon and significantly increased the fruit number, fruit weight, yield, fruit size, fruit shape index, soluble solid content, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content and Vita- min C content of watermelon. At the same time of improving the yield and quality of watermelon, cassava starch anaerobic fermentation liquid was turned into treasure as a liquid fertilizer. This study provides a new ideal for the yield and quality im- provement of watermelon and the wastewater treating of starch factories.

Study on the Liquid Fermentation Condition of Trichoderma hamatum Th12 Strain

[Objective] The research aimed to study the optimum liquid fermentation condition of Trichoderma hamatum Th12 strain,which provided the theory basis for studying and developing the biological control agent of Trichoderma spp.[Method] By using the diluted soil plate method and the plate confrontation method,Trichoderma hamatum Th12 strain was identified.Moreover,the influences of carbon source,nitrogen source,fermentation time,fermentation temperature,initial pH,inoculation amount,bottling capacity and shaker speed on the mycelium yield of Trichoderma hamatum Th12 were studied.[Result] The optimum liquid fermentation conditions of Trichoderma hamatum Th12 strain were：glucose as the carbon source,peptone as the nitrogen source,fermentation temperature was 25 ℃,initial pH was 6,inoculation amount was 0.8 ml,bottling capacity was 50 ml,shaker speed was 180 r/min.Trichoderma hamatum Th12 strain was cultivated 3 d under the condition,and the mycelium yield was the highest.[Conclusion] Under the optimum liquid cultivation condition,Trichoderma hamatum Th12 strain could provide the mycelium amount which was used for preventing and controlling Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani of lawn to the utmost extent.

Waste Activated Sludge Alkaline Fermentation Liquid as Carbon Source for Biological Nutrients Removal in Anaerobic Followed by Alternating Aerobic-Anoxic Sequencing Batch Reactors

Activated sludge process has been widely used to remove phosphorus and nitrogen from wastewater. However,the nitrogen and phosphorus removal is sometimes unsatisfactory due to the low influent COD.Another problem with the activated sludge process is that large amount of waste activated sludge is produced,which needs further treatment.In this study,the waste activated sludge alkaline fermentation liquid was used as the main carbon source for phosphorus and nitrogen removal under anaerobic followed by alternating aerobic-anoxic conditions,and the results were compared with those using acetic acid as the carbon source.The use of alkaline fermentation liquid not only affected the transformations of phosphorus,nitrogen,intracellular polyhydroxyalkanoates and glycogen, but also led to higher removal efficiencies for phosphorus and nitrogen compared with acetic acid.It was observed that ammonium was completely removed with either alkaline fermentation liquid or acetic acid as the carbon source. However,the former resulted in higher removal efficiencies for phosphorus(95%)and nitrogen(82%),while the latter showed lower ones(87%and 74%,respectively).The presence of a large amount of propionic acid in the alkaline fermentation liquid was one possible reason for its higher phosphorus removal efficiency.Exogenous instead of endogenous denitrification was the main pathway for nitrogen removal with the alkaline fermentation liquid as the carbon source,which was responsible for its higher nitrogen removal efficiency.It seems that the alkaline fermentation liquid can replace acetic acid as the carbon source for phosphorus and nitrogen removal in anaerobic fol- lowed by alternating aerobic-anoxic sequencing batch reactor.

Purification of four strains of endophytic fungi from Astragalus and their optimized liquid fermentations

This study was designed to isolate endophytic fungi from A. mongholicus （growing in northeast China） to determine whether they can produce bioactive metabolites. Four strains of endophytic fungi （strains 16, 17, 23 and 75） were successfully isolated from A. mongholicus using the surface disinfection method. According to ITS-rDNA sequences analysis, strains 16 and 75 were identified as Fusarium oxysporum, and strains 17 and 23 were identified as Bionectria ochroleuca. We applied the Box-Behnken design （BBD） to optimize the liquid fermentation conditions and obtain the maximum cell dry weight （CDW） yield. Opti-mal parameters were obtained under the following experimental condi-tions：temperature of 28＆#176;C, potato dextrose agar （PDA） liquid medium of 80 mL and rotation speed of 150 rpm. The four isolated endophytic fungi did not produce astragalosides I-IV, flavonoids or polysaccharides. Iso-lation of additional species of endophytic fungi from A. mongholicus and determination of their capacity to produce biologically active substances are subjects in need of further research.

Research and Application of Compressed Fermented Chestnut Leaf Feed in Fattening Mutton Sheep

Chestnut leaves and bran were evenly mixed according to different mass ratios,and the mixtures were sprayed and inoculated with a certain amount of prepared EM microbial liquid,and then compressed into 70 cm×40 cm×30 cm blocks by a fully automatic yellow-storage block compression and packaging machine.The obtained blocks were packaged and sealed with plastic film,and placed in a freely ventilated place for more than 15 d of anaerobic fermentation,so as to obtain compressed fermented chestnut leaf block feed.[Results]Through the detection and analysis of nutritional components in the compressed fermented chestnut leaf block feed in the laboratory,the protein content was equal to or greater than 10.2%,which was 44.68%higher than that of unfermented chestnut leaf feed;the tannin content was equal to or greater than 638 mg/kg,which was 18.41%lower than that of the original feed;and the crude fiber content was equal to or greater than 19.5%,which was 14.09%lower than that of the original feed.[Conclusions]This study improves the palatability of chestnut leaf feed,increases the use efficiency of feed and reduces feeding cost.It is worth popularizing.

Optimization of clear liquid fermentation condition for ethanol production from Canna edulis Kerl

In this paper, clear liquid fermentation condition for ethanol production from Canna edulis Kerl with orthogonal design was studied. We have studied five factors that influenced clear liquid fermentation condition for ethanol production from Canna edulis Kerl by the single-factor test. The five factors were α-amylase amount, glu-coamylase amount, pH, nitrogen and auxiliary materials amount. Selected the best amounts of α-amylase, glucoamylase, pH, nitrogen source and auxiliary materials by means of the singe- factors test. And then, we used the Orthogonal test to optimize the fermentation process. The study showed that the best fermentation condi-tions were α-amylase amount 7 u/g C.eduli, glu-coamylase amount 145u/g C. edulis, pH 4.4 and the amount of urea 0.08%, 1% of rice bran as auxiliary materials. The rate of alcohol which was produced by the best fermentation conditions is 21.5% that increased by 1.3% than the rate of alcohol by the single-factor test.

Fermented liquid feed for pigs： an ancient technique for the future

Fermented liquid feed is feed that has been mixed with water at a ratio ranging from 1：1.5 to 1：4. By mixing with water lactic acid bacteria and yeasts naturally occurring in the feed proliferate and produce lactic acid, acetic acid and ethano which reduces the pH of the mixture. This reduction in pH inhibits pathogenic organisms from developing in the feed. In addition, when this low pH mixture is fed, it reduces the pH in the stomach of pigs and prevents the proliferation of pathogens such as coliforms and Salmonella in the gastrointestinal tract. For piglets, the use of fermented liquid feed offers the possibility of simultaneously providing feed and water, which may facilitate an easier transition from sow＇s milk to solid feed. Secondly, offering properly produced fermented liquid feed may strengthen the role of the stomach as the first line of defense against possible pathogenic infections by lowering the pH in the gastrointestinal tract thereby helping to exclude enteropathogens. Finally, feeding fermented liquid feed to pigs has been shown to improve the performance of suckling pigs, weaner pigs and growing-finishing pigs. In this review, current knowledge about the use of fermented liquid feed in pig diets will be discussed. This will include a discussion of the desirable properties of fermented liquid feed and factors affecting fermentation. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of fermented liquid feed will be discussed including its effects on gastrointestinal health, intestinal pH and the types of bacteria found in the gastrointestinal tract as well as the effects of fermented liquid feeds on pig performance.

A two-step transient liquid phase diffusion bonding process of T91 steels

In this study, a two-step heating process is introduced for transient liquid phase （ TLP） diffusion bonding fo r sound joints with T91 heat resistant steels. At first, a short-time higher temperature heating step is addressed to melt the interlayer, followed by the second step to complete isothermal solidification at a low temperature. The most critical feature of our new method is producing a non-planar interface at the T9／ heat resistant steels joint. We propose a transitional liquid phase bonding of T91 heat resistant steels by this approach. Since joint microstructures have been studied, we tested the tensile strength to assess joint mechanical property. The result indicates that the solidified bond may contain a primary solid-solution, similar composition to the parent metal and free from precipitates. Joint tensile strength of the joint is not lower than parent materials. Joint bend＇s strengths are enhanced due to the higher metal-to-metal junction producing a non-planar bond lines. Nevertheless, the traditional transient liquid phase diffusion bonding produces planar ones. Bonding parameters of new process are 1 260 °C for 0. 5 min and 1 230 °C fo r 4 min.

In-depth understanding of ionic liquid assisted perovskite film formation mechanism for two-step perovskite photovoltaics

Ionic liquids(ILs)have been widely applied in the one-step fabrication of perovskite with noticeable enhancement in the device performance.However,in-depth mechanism of ionic-liquid-assisted perovskite film formation is not well understood for also important two-step perovskite fabrication method,with better control of crystallization behavior.In this work,we introduced ionic liquid methylammonium formate(MAFa)into organic salt to produce perovskite film via a two-step method.Systematic investigations on the influence of MAFa on the perovskite thin film formation mechanism were performed.Ionic liquid is shown to assist lowering the perovskite formation enthalpy upon the density functional theory(DFT)calculation,leading to an accelerated crystallization process evidenced by in-situ UV-Vis absorption measurement.A gradient up-down distribution of ionic liquid has been confirmed by timeof-flight SIMS.Importantly,besides the surface passivation,we found the HCOO-can diffuse into the perovskite crystals to fill up the halide vacancies,resulting in significant reduction of trap states.Uniform perovskite films with significantly larger grains and less defect density were prepared with the help of MAFa IL,and the corresponding device efficiency over 23%was obtained by two-step process with remarkably improved stability.This research work provides an efficient strategy to tune the morphology and opto-electronic properties of perovskite materials via ionic-liquid-assisted two-step fabrication method,which is beneficial for upscaling and application of perovskite photovoltaics.

Fermentation Conditions on the Production of Single Cell Protein Feed by Water Chestnut Peel

In order to improve the comprehensive utilization value of water chestnut peel and the income of farmers. Contents of crude protein （ CP）, total sugar and reducing sugar were taken as indicators. Effects of initial pH, ratio of yeast to fungi species, incubation time and liquid volume on production of single cell pro- tein （SCP） feed was studied, and technological conditions on production of SCP feed by water chestnut peel were optimized by orthogonal test. Results showed that the production of SCP feed by water chestnut peel was optimal when pH was 5.0, ratio of yeast to fungi species was 2： 1, fermentation time was 2 d and the liquid volume was 70 mL / 250 mL. Under the optimum conditions, content of fermentation CP was 64.25%, content of total sugar was 19.8%, content of reducing sugar was 5.0%, content of coarse fibre was 0.0% and content of ash was 8.04%.

A study on the two-step transient liquid phase diffusion bonding of K640 superalloy

A new technology, the two-step transient liquid phase diffusion bonding （TLP-DB） technology for cobalt-based K640 superalloy, was investigated. The method consists of a short-time high temperature heating to melt interlayer followed by isothermal solidification of liquid phase at a lower temperature than that of the conventional TLP-DB. The result indicates that the two-step TLP-DB can reliably produce an ideal joint with uniform chemical composition, which is superior to the joint welded by conventional TLP-DB in microstructure and mechanical properties. Bonding parameters of new process are 1 250℃ for 0. 5 h and 1 180℃ for 3 h. The high-temperature tensile strength of the joint by two-step TLP-DB reaches 74% of that of the base material on an equal basis, but the high-temperature tensile strength of the joint by conventional TLP-DB is only 58% of that of the base material.

Study on the Monascus Pigment of Monascus Strains JF-02 Fermentation

[ Objective] The aim was to study the fermentation technology of monascus pigment of monascus strains JF-02. [ Method] Single factor experiment was carried out to study the influence of temperature, initial pH, culture time, different agricultural byproduct, and nitrogen source on monascus pigment in fermentation solution. Meanwhile, orthogonal experiment was conducted to get the optimal culture medium and cultivation condition. [ Resultl The optimal gene in the pigment of monascus pigment was 200 g/L of rice, 30 g/L of sweet potato powder, 10 g/L of glucose, 15 g/L of monosodium glutamate, 0.1% of zinc sulfate, and 0.1% of magnesium sulfate. The optimal culture condition was 30 ℃ and initial pH was 6.0. Fermentation time was 72 h, but when 24-L fermentation pot was used, culture time can last to 84 h. [ Condusion] The study provided theoretical basis for the development and application of monascus strains.

桑叶发酵浓缩液喷雾干燥工艺优化

目的研究桑叶发酵浓缩液喷雾干燥工艺条件。方法采用L^(9)(3^(4))正交设计试验法,以出粉率、含水量及1-脱氧野尻霉素(DNJ)含量为评价指标,考察发酵浓缩液相对密度、进风口温度、进料量、空气流量等对桑叶发酵浓缩液喷雾干燥工艺条件的影响。结果桑叶发酵浓缩液喷雾干燥工艺的优化组合条件为:发酵浓缩液的相对密度1.0,进风口温度190℃,进料量20 ml/min,空气流量600 L/h。结论所得产品颗粒均匀细腻,流动性较好,最大限度地保证了出粉率,提高了DNJ含量,为更好地利用桑叶资源提供了新思路和途径。

尾菜发酵液对生菜生长的影响机理

目的将尾菜发酵制成液体肥料及土壤调理剂,解决大量设施尾菜处理难题,促进废弃物合理利用。方法将番茄藤蔓打碎后添加酶、红糖,经厌氧发酵制成发酵液,测定主要成分;以乳酸,硫酸铵、磷酸二氢钾和硫酸钾代替发酵液中有机酸和养分,进行生菜盆栽试验。结果施用发酵液、乳酸与肥料均会使土壤速效养分含量上升,与对照组相比,100%发酵液能使土壤中速效磷增加29.8%,67%发酵液处理使速效钾提高20.9%;发酵液的施用不仅提高了生菜产量,而且改善了生菜品质,施用后使生菜叶片中可溶性糖含量增加,并降低了叶片中的硝酸盐含量。结论尾菜发酵液对生菜生长的效果以乳酸对土壤速效磷、速效钾养分的活化作用为主,从而提高土壤养分含量并增加作物产量,同时发酵液能够改善生菜农艺性状。

卵孢长根菇液体发酵培养基配方优化

以卵孢长根菇菌株H1为试材,以菌丝生物量为主要评价指标,在碳氮源单因素试验的基础上,采用Plackett-Burman设计对影响卵孢长根菇液体发酵培养生物量的主效因素进行筛选,通过最陡爬坡试验及Box-Benhnken响应面法对卵孢长根菇液体发酵培养基成分进行优化,以期获取优良液体菌种,为工厂化大规模生产卵孢长根菇提供保障。结果表明,适合卵孢长根菇的最适碳源为玉米粉,最适氮源为豆粕粉。当摇床转速150 r/min、培养温度为25℃时,优化后卵孢长根菇液体发酵培养基成分为葡萄糖25.8 g/L、玉米粉26.0 g/L、KH_(2)PO_(4)1.0 g/L、豆粕粉1.5 g/L、酵母粉1.0 g/L、MgSO_(4)0.4 g/L、维生素B1(VB1)0.01 mg/L,其卵孢长根菇菌丝生物量可达23.2 g/L。与常规培养基对比,培养周期缩短3 d,菌丝活力更高。

桦褐孔菌发酵豆乳的工艺探究及品质分析

为开发出一种新型桦褐孔菌发酵豆乳饮料,采用液体发酵技术,以东北黄豆为原料,以桦褐孔菌为发酵剂研制发酵型功能性豆乳饮料。以桦褐孔菌发酵豆乳多糖含量作为指标,采用单因素试验及响应面法对桦褐孔菌豆乳发酵工艺进行优化。结果表明:桦褐孔菌豆乳的最佳发酵工艺条件为接种量6.3%、豆浆添加量119 mL、发酵温度28℃、发酵时间4 d,测得多糖含量4.55μg/mL。发酵后饮料添加5%蔗糖、0.10%乳酸和2.00%的蜂蜜可明显提高产品适口性和品质。

脂肪酸对牛樟芝液态发酵产三萜的影响

为提高牛樟芝菌丝体产三萜类化合物的能力,以5种常见的脂肪酸为外源添加物,筛选出促进牛樟芝菌丝体生长和提高总三萜得率的最优培养基及培养方法,并对比分析空白对照组和添加脂肪酸的实验组所得菌丝体形态、发酵液颜色及黏度的差异。研究结果表明:不同脂肪酸的添加对牛樟芝菌丝体产三萜均有促进作用,其中亚麻酸对三萜生产的促进效果最强,其他脂肪酸的促进效果排序为亚油酸>油酸>硬脂酸>软脂酸;在添加亚麻酸的最优条件下(添加2.0 g/L亚麻酸、培养8 d)获得最大三萜得率为(5.0±0.1)%,是空白对照组的2.1倍。该研究方法操作容易,成本较低,效果显著,是促进牛樟芝菌丝体生长和三萜合成的有效策略,为牛樟芝三萜的规模化发酵提供参考和借鉴。

洛阳传统绿豆酸浆工艺优化及发酵特性分析

用绿豆酸浆制成的浆面条是洛阳的传统特色小吃,采用单因素和正交实验研究绿豆酸浆的最佳加工工艺,并对其发酵过程中氨基酸、有机酸等物质的变化进行检测分析。结果表明,在料液比1∶15,微生物接种量3.2×10^(5) CFU/mL,25℃发酵24 h的条件下,得到可溶性蛋白质和可溶性固形物质量分数分别为36.7 g/L和1.21%,感官评分为83.9的绿豆酸浆产品。在发酵过程中,淀粉含量在发酵9 h后逐渐下降,还原糖含量在发酵过程中先上升后下降,蛋白质含量降低幅度较小。发酵24 h时,绿豆酸浆pH下降到4.3,总酸含量为13.62 g/L,乳酸是绿豆酸浆中主要有机酸。游离氨基酸含量上升至1718.56 mg/100 mL,甘氨酸、谷氨酸、亮氨酸含量较高。结合相关性分析和主成分分析结果得出,富马酸、琥珀酸和酒石酸3种有机酸,谷氨酸、赖氨酸和苯丙氨酸等氨基酸对绿豆酸浆品质影响较大,发酵24 h时游离氨基酸综合评分最高。