Damage response of conventionally reinforced two-way spanning concrete slab under eccentric impacting drop weight loading

Reinforced concrete(RC)structures are generally designed to carry quasi-static gravity loads through almost indispensable components namely slab,however,it may be subjected to high intense loads induced from the impact of projectiles generated by the tornado,falling construction equipment,and also from accidental explosions during their construction and service lifespan.Impacts due to rock/boulder falls do occur on the structures located especially in hilly areas.Such loadings are not predictable but may cause severe damage to the slab/structure.It stimulates structural engineers and researchers to investigate and understand the dynamic response of RC structures under such impulsive loading.This research work first investigates the performance of 1000×1000×75 mm^(3)conventionally reinforced two-way spanning normal strength concrete slab with only tension reinforcement(0.88%)under the concentric impact load(1035 N)using the finite element method based computer code,ABAQUS/Explicit-v.6.15.The impact load is delivered to the centroid of the slab using a solid-steel cylindroconical impactor(drop weight)with a flat nose of diameter 40 mm,having a total mass of 105 kg released from a fixed height of 2500 mm.Two popular concrete constitutive models in ABAQUS namely;Holmquist-Johnson-Cook(HJC)and Concrete Damage Plasticity(CDP),with strain rate effects as per fib MODEL CODE 2010,are used to model the concrete material behavior to impact loading and to simulate the damage to the slab.The slab response using these two models is analyzed and compared with the impact test results.The strain rate effect on the reinforcing steel bars has been incorporated in the analysis using the Malvar and Crawford(1998)approach.A classical elastoplastic kinematic idealization is considered to model the steel impactor and support system.Results reveal that the HJC model gives a little overestimation of peak displacement,maximum acceleration,and damage of the slab while the predictions given by the CDP model are in reasonable agreement with the experimental test results/observations available in the open literature.Following the validation of the numerical model,analyses have been extended to further investigate the damage response of the slab under eccentric impact loadings.In addition to the concentric location(P1)of the impacting device,five locations on a quarter of the slab i.e.,two along the diagonal(P2&P3),the other two along the mid-span(P4&P5),and the last one(P6)between P3 and P5,covering the entire slab,are considered.Computational results have been discussed and compared,and the evaluation of the most damaging location(s)of the impact is investigated.It has been found that the most critical location of the impact is not the centroid of the slab but the eccentric one with the eccentricity of 1/6th of the span from the centroid along the mid-span section.

Numerical analysis of high‑speed railway slab tracks using calibrated and validated 3D time‑domain modelling

Concrete slabs are widely used in modern railways to increase the inherent resilient quality of the tracks,provide safe and smooth rides,and reduce the maintenance frequency.In this paper,the elastic performance of a novel slab trackform for high-speed railways is investigated using three-dimensional finite element modelling in Abaqus.It is then compared to the performance of a ballasted track.First,slab and ballasted track models are developed to replicate the full-scale testing of track sections.Once the models are calibrated with the experimental results,the novel slab model is developed and compared against the calibrated slab track results.The slab and ballasted track models are then extended to create linear dynamic models,considering the track geodynamics,and simulating train passages at various speeds,for which the Ledsgard documented case was used to validate the models.Trains travelling at low and high speeds are analysed to investigate the track deflections and the wave propagation in the soil,considering the issues associated with critical speeds.Various train loading methods are discussed,and the most practical approach is retained and described.Moreover,correlations are made between the geotechnical parameters of modern high-speed rail and conventional standards.It is found that considering the same ground condition,the slab track deflections are considerably smaller than those of the ballasted track at high speeds,while they show similar behaviour at low speeds.

Laminated Solid Timber Slab with Transverse Prestressing Using the Strategy of Interleaved Vertical Displacement of Lamellae

This article presents a study on the structural behavior of transversely prestressed laminated timber slabs,focusing on an innovative approach:vertically misaligned lamellae.This misalignment,achieved by sliding vertically the wooden lamellae rather than aligning them,enhances the slab’s cross-section moment of inertia,thereby improving load-bearing capacity and stiffness.Testing involved two groups of structural size specimens:one with vertically aligned lamellae(control group)and the other with misaligned lamellae(study group).Results showed the study group exhibited 42%superior stiffness and 10%less load capacity compared to the control.Failures typically occurred individually in the lamellae,particularly in those with defects or lower modulus of elasticity,concentrated in the middle third of the slabs’free span where tensile stresses peak.Despite a higher number of failed lamellae,the study group demonstrated promising performance.Analysis of prestressing bar indicated no damage at all in the thread,suggesting potential for reducing bar diameter.These findings offer crucial insights into applying these slabs in timber construction as well as to any kind of construction.

基于SLAB和AFTOX模型的LNG加气站大气环境风险评估

通过设定LNG加气站环境风险事故情景,分别采用SLAB和AFTOX模型模拟预测LNG加气站泄漏和火灾伴生/次生污染物CO的大气环境风险影响程度。结果表明:在风险事故情景下,下风向5 km范围内不同距离的甲烷和CO最大浓度未超过大气毒性终点浓度,甲烷最大浓度出现在下风向10m处,浓度值为32637.575 mg/m^(3);CO最大浓度出现在下风向5 km处,浓度值为1.746E-4 mg/m^(3)。考虑低温液态LNG的危险性和事故触发具有不确定性,LNG加气站在运营过程中仍需重点做好风险防范措施,编制企业突发环境事件应急预案,建立企业/区域环境风险防控体系,有效防控环境风险。

Experimental investigation of ultra-early-strength cement-based selfcompacting high strength concrete slabs(URCS)under contact explosions

In this paper,UR50 ultra-early-strength cement-based self-compacting high-strength concrete slabs(URCS)have been subjected to contact explosion tests with different TNT charge quality,aiming to evaluate the anti-explosive performance of URCS.In the experiment,three kinds of ultra-early-strength cement-based reinforced concrete slabs with different reinforcement ratios and a normal concrete slab(NRCS)were used as the control specimen,the curing time of URCS is 28 days and 24 h respectively.The research results show that URCS has a stronger anti-explosion ability than NRCS.The failure mode of URCS under contact explosion is that the front of the reinforced concrete slab explodes into a crater,and the back is spall.With the increase of the charge,the failure mode of the reinforced concrete slab gradually changed to explosive penetration and explosive punching.The experiment results also show that the reinforcement ratio of URCS has little effect on the anti-blast performance,and URCS can reach its anti-blast performance at 28 days after curing for 24 h.On this basis,the damage parameters of URCS for different curing durations were quantified,and an empirical formula for predicting the diameter of the crater and spalling was established.

The dynamic response and damage models of rebar reinforced polymer slabs subjected to contact and near-field explosions

Non aqueous reactive polymer materials produced by the reaction of isocyanate and polyol have been widely used in infrastructure construction,which may be subjected to explosion loads during complex service conditions.The blast response of composite materials is a crucial aspect for applications in engineering structures potentially subjected to extreme loadings.In this work,damage caused to rebar reinforced polymer slabs by surface explosive charges was studied experimentally and numerically.A total of 6 field tests were carried out to investigate the performances of the failure modes of rebar reinforced polymer slabs under contact and near-field explosions.The influence of explosive quantity(10-40 g)and stand-off distances(0-20 cm)at the damage modes were studied.The results show that the failure modes of rebar reinforced polymer slabs under near-field explosion mainly were bending and surface spalling,while under the impact of contact explosion,the failure modes were craters of the top surface,spalling of the bottom surface,and middle perforation.Furthermore,a detailed fully coupled model was developed and validated with the test data.The influences of explosive quantity and slab thickness on rebar reinforced polymer slabs under contact explosion were studied.Based on this,the calculation formula between breach diameter,explosive quantity,and slab thickness is fitted.

Lead spall velocity of fragments of ultra-high-performance concrete slabs under partially embedded cylindrical charge-induced explosion

When an explosion occurs close to or partially within the face of a concrete structure, fragments are rapidly launched from the opposite face of the structure owing to concrete spalling, posing a significant risk to nearby personnel and equipment. To study the lead fragment velocity of ultra-high-performance concrete(UHPC), partially embedded explosion experiments were performed on UHPC slabs of limited thickness using a cylindrical trinitrotoluene charge. The launch angles and velocities of the resulting fragments were the determined using images collected by high-speed camera to document the concrete spalling and fragment launching process. The results showed that UHPC slabs without fiber reinforcement had a fragment velocity distribution of 0-118.3 m/s, which are largely identical to that for a normal-strength concrete(NSC) slab. In addition, the fragment velocity was negatively correlated to the angle between the velocity vector and vertical direction. An empirical Eq. for the lead spall velocity of UHPC and NSC slabs was then proposed based on a large volume of existing experimental data.

Investigating the Efficiency Coefficient of Pile Group in Clay Under Two-Way Lateral Load

This research investigates the behavior of a 2×2 pile group under two-directional lateral loads in addition to the vertical load.Through three-dimensional numerical modeling based on Flac 3D software,the study examines the total bearing capacity and efficiency coefficient of the pile group,considering factors such as the angle of lateral load,relative pile spacing,and relative stiffness of the pile-soil system.The findings highlight the significance of these factors in understanding and predicting the response of pile groups to changing lateral load directions.The results reveal that increasing the angle of the lateral load from 0°to 45°enhances both the maximum total lateral load and the efficiency coefficient of the pile group.When the relative stiffness of the pile-soil system significantly increases,soil stiffening occurs and reducing the relative spacing of the piles from 7 to 3 times the diameter of the piles diminishes the influence of the pile group.Consequently,the response of the pile group to lateral loads becomes more linear,with only a slight alteration in the maximum total lateral load and the efficiency coefficient when the lateral load is angled from 0°to 45°.Conversely,increasing the relative distance between the piles,specifically from 3 to 7 times the diameter of the piles,amplifies the influence of the pile group.Both the maximum total lateral load and the efficiency coefficient of the pile group exhibit an observed increase.These provide insights for designing pile groups and optimizing their performance under lateral loading conditions.

Blast resistance of air-backed RC slab against underwater contact explosion

Reinforced concrete(RC)structures are common in engineering,and usually exposed to air or water,may be subjected to various blast scenarios.This paper aims to investigate the blast resistance of an airbacked RC slab against underwater contact explosions(UWCEs).A detailed numerical model based on CLE method considering explosive,water,air,and RC slab is developed to examine the structural behavior of the air-backed RC slab due to UWCEs.At first,the reliability of the numerical method is validated by comparing the numerical results of an UWCE test with experimental data.Then,the difference in dynamic behavior of air-backed and water-backed RC slabs due to UWCEs is explored with the calibrated model.The results indicate that the blast response of the air-backed slab induced by UWCE is fiercer than that of water-backed slab with equal charge mass.In addition,parametric studies are also conducted to explore the effects of the charge mass,standoff distance,reinforcement spacing,concrete compression strength,and boundary condition on the blast performance of the air-backed RC slab.

Topography of the 660-km discontinuity within the Izu-Bonin subduction zone and evidence of slab penetration near the Bonin Super Deep Earthquake(~680 km)

The Izu-Bonin subduction zone in the Northwest Pacific is an ideal location for understanding mantle dynamics such as cold lithosphere subduction. The slab produces a lateral thermal anomaly, inducing local topographic changes at the boundary of a post-spinel phase transformation, considered to be the origin of the ‘660-km discontinuity.’ In this study, the short-period(1–2 Hz) S-to-P conversion phase S660P was used to obtain the fine-scale structure of the discontinuity. More than 100 earthquakes that occurred from the 1980s to the 2020s and were recorded by high-quality seismic arrays in the United States and Europe were analyzed. A discontinuity in the ambient mantle with an average depth of ~670 km was found beneath the 300–400-km event zone in the northern Bonin region near 33°N. Meanwhile, the ‘660-km discontinuity’ has been pushed upward, away from the slab, possibly because of a hot upwelling mantle plume. In the central part of the subduction zone, the 660-km discontinuity is depressed to an average depth of(690 ± 5) km within the slab at approximately 150 km below the coldest slab core, indicating a(300 ± 100) ℃ cold anomaly estimated using a post-spinel transformation Clapeyron slope of(-2.0 ± 1.0) MPa/K. In southern Bonin near 28°N, the discontinuity was found to be further depressed at an average depth of(695 ± 5) km below the deepest event and with a focal depth of ~550 km. The discontinuity is located where the slab bends abruptly to become sub-horizontal toward the west-southwest. Near the zone of the isolated Bonin Super Deep Earthquake, which occurred at ~680 km on May 30,2015, the discontinuity is depressed to ~700 km, suggesting a near-vertical penetrating slab and an S-to-P conversion in the coldest slab core, where a large low-temperature anomaly should exist.

Secrecy Outage Probability for Two-Way Integrated Satellite Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Relay Networks with Hardware Impairments

In this paper,we investigate the secrecy outage performance for the two-way integrated satellite unmanned aerial vehicle relay networks with hardware impairments.Particularly,the closed-form expression for the secrecy outage probability is obtained.Moreover,to get more information on the secrecy outage probability in a high signalto-noise regime,the asymptotic analysis along with the secrecy diversity order and secrecy coding gain for the secrecy outage probability are also further obtained,which presents a fast method to evaluate the impact of system parameters and hardware impairments on the considered network.Finally,Monte Carlo simulation results are provided to show the efficiency of the theoretical analysis.

Influences of cement asphalt emulsified mortar construction on track slab geometry status

Purpose–The construction of cement asphalt(CA)emulsified mortar can obviously disturb the slab status after the fine adjustment.To decrease or eliminate the influence of CA mortar grouting on track slab geometry status,the effects of grouting funnel,slab pressing method,mortar expansion ratio,seepage ratio and grouting area on China Railway Track System Type(CRTS I)track slab geometry status were discussed in this paper.Design/methodology/approach–Combined with engineering practice,this paper studied the expansion law of filling layer mortar,the liquid level height of the filling funnel,the pressure plate device and the amount of exudation water and systematically analyzed the influence of filling layer mortar construction on the state of track slab.Relevant precautions and countermeasures were put forward.Findings–The results showed that the track slab floating values of four corners were different with the CA mortar grouting and the track slab corner near CA mortar grouting hole had the maximum floating values.The anti-floating effect of“7”shaped slab pressing device was more efficient than fixed-joint angle iron,and the slab floating value could be further decreased by increasing the amount of“7”shaped slab pressing devices.After CA mortar grouting,the track slab floating pattern had a close correlation with the expansion rate and water seepage rate of CA mortar over time and the expansion and water seepage rate of the mortar were faster when the temperature was high.Furthermore,the use of strip CA mortar filling under the rail bearing platform on bothsides could effectively reduce the float under the track slab,and it could also save mortar consumption and reduce costs.Originality/value–This study plays an important role in controlling the floating values,CA mortar dosage and the building cost of projects by grouting CA mortar at two flanks of filling space.The research results have guiding significance for the design and construction of China’s CRTS I,CRTS II and CRTS III track slab.

基于预测校正算法的Spike and Slab Lasso逻辑回归模型

尽管Spike and Slab方法广泛应用于贝叶斯变量选择,但其惩罚似然估计的潜力在很大程度上被忽视了。通过在贝叶斯模态中引入惩罚化似然观点,本文提出了新的Spike and Slab Lasso逻辑回归模型,将两个拉普拉斯密度的混合先验置于单个坐标上,可以自适应地收缩系数,即弱收缩重要预测量,强收缩不相关预测量,从而可以得到准确的估计和预测。同时,我们使用了预测–校正算法来求解Spike and Slab Lasso逻辑回归模型,并将该算法扩展到不可分离惩罚的情况。该算法利用凸优化的预测校正算法,沿着整个正则化路径有效的计算解,方便了模型选择,避免了正则化参数值不同时的独立优化。最后,模拟学习和实证结果表明本文所提模型比Lasso逻辑回归模型具有更优的性能。

Design and Construction Technology of Prefabricated Reinforced Concrete Slab Culverts

Compared with traditional cast-in-situ concrete slab culverts,prefabricated reinforced concrete slab culverts can be produced more quickly and has strong quality controllability,strong earthquake resistance,and repeatability.They will be the primary production method of slab culverts in the future.This article offers a comprehensive review of the design and construction technology associated with prefabricated reinforced concrete slab culverts.The objective is to provide a valuable reference for related enterprises,enhance the quality of design and construction in precast pile configuration,and,in turn,contribute to the advancement of construction projects within our country.

钢筋混凝土板柱节点冲切性能研究进展

为提高板柱节点冲切性能从而促进其工程应用,比较了各类抗冲切元件的不同布置形式、形状尺寸、几何参数以及组合形式对节点抗冲切承载力的影响,概括了受损板柱节点修复与加固的研究现状,梳理了不同开洞尺寸、距离、数量、形状及偏心荷载作用下开洞板柱试件抗冲切性能的研究成果,归纳了有无抗冲切钢筋和配置型钢剪力架板柱节点的抗冲切承载力计算方法以及基于机器学习的板柱节点冲切承载力预测方法。结果表明:各类抗冲切元件可通过改变布置形式、形状尺寸、几何参数以及元件组合从而改善板柱节点的冲切性能;板件开洞的尺寸越大、距离越远、数量越多,对节点的抗冲切性能越不利;基于数值模拟和规范改进得出的冲切承载力计算公式仅对特定试验有较高的预测精度,尚未形成较为统一的承载力计算公式,而基于机器学习的冲切承载力预测模型是未来研究的重点;需进一步开展关于受损板柱节点修复与加固方法的研究,对完善板柱节点抗冲切性能研究理论体系具有重要意义。

城市轨道交通浮置板轨道纵向联板的动力效应分析

城市轨道交通浮置板轨道纵向联结处存在薄弱环节,轨道设计时对板与板纵向联结的动态效应考虑不足。通过引入等效密度及等效地基系数的方法对钢弹簧浮置板轨道系统板下基础进行合理的模型简化,建立了预制式和现浇式浮置板系统振动特性三维有限元分析模型,充分考虑了钢轨、剪力铰和板下基础对浮置板结构振动特性的影响,研究了浮置板轨道系统模态与谐响应特性,分析了浮置板纵向联结处的动力效应特性。结果表明:浮置板轨道在1~200 Hz低频段的模态振型变化主要表现为四种运动方式:刚体运动、弯曲、弯扭组合和扭转;对于预制板轨道系统,浮置板主导整个系统的振动特性表现的频段在系统模态分析和谐响应分析中表现出一致的规律;对于现浇板轨道系统,当频率为32.6~57.8 Hz时,浮置板对系统振动特性的主导作用弱化,表现为过渡频段;浮置板联板动力效应产生的低阶弯曲模态在预制板系统中表现为刚体运动模态;对于由Ns块板组成的浮置板系统,联板效应引起的单块板每阶弯曲模态频率附近的附加模态数为N_(s)/2-1。

基于spike-and-slab先验的贝叶斯时间序列模型

贝叶斯方法通过引入先验信息并结合似然的方法进行参数估计和变量选择,使模型估计和预测结果更为精确。在贝叶斯框架下考虑时间序列之间的相关性,将偏自相关系数融合先验信息,提出基于spike-and-slab先验的贝叶斯层次时间序列模型(Spike-and-slab Prior with Partial Autocorrelation Coefficients,SS-PAC)。SS-PAC模型采用spike-and-slab先验并结合偏自相关系数,实现时间序列滞后阶数的选择、参数估计和预测。基于模拟数据和真实数据的实证研究表明,该模型相较于以往模型在变量选择和预测结果上表现更优。

碳纳米管改善面板混凝土早龄期变形研究

在水利工程中大体积混凝土开裂问题普遍存在,而早龄期变形是大体积混凝土早龄期开裂的主要驱动力。为了研究碳纳米管(CNTs)对面板混凝土(FSC)早龄期变形的影响,采用温度—应力试验,研究两种温度养护历程下基准面板混凝土和掺入CNTs面板混凝土的应力与应变发展规律。基于成熟度理论,分离出早龄期温度变形与徐变,得到FSC早龄期时变热膨胀系数与徐变度发展曲线。试验结果表明:相较于基准组,CNTs的掺入可以减少FSC早龄期自收缩,降低早龄期热膨胀系数,从而减少温度变形,增加早龄期拉伸徐变度,可以有效改善FSC早龄期变形,降低FSC早龄期开裂风险。

加载速率影响下板裂化脆性岩石失稳破坏试验研究

深部脆性岩体开挖常发生板裂破坏,并可能进一步发生片帮剥落、岩爆等工程灾害,严重威胁深埋隧(巷)道施工安全。在深部岩体工程中,受构造应力、开挖条件和工程扰动等因素的影响,岩体开挖后应力重分布的速率、来压快慢均存在差别。为探究加载速率对板裂围岩失稳破坏的影响,采用脆性岩石加工成的板裂试样进行单侧限单轴压缩试验,对不同加载速率下试样宏观破裂、强度特性、声发射(AE)特征以及能量机制进行综合研究。结果表明:(1)低加载速率下试样发生大块剥落,整体失稳并发生分离,高加载速率下试样未发生大块分离,但有小块动力弹射现象;(2)低频、高幅信号的增多及b值的变化表明试样产生了突发式的裂纹失稳扩展,且这个过程中大小尺度破裂不断交替产生;(3)在平稳加载阶段,高加载速率使试样AE活动更加剧烈,而临近失稳及失稳破坏阶段则相反,且低加载速率下低频信号、大尺度破裂事件占比更大。因不同开挖方案、施工方法导致的围岩应力重布快慢差异,在工程上会导致围岩发生板裂后,进一步诱发不同模式破坏。

基于轨道板振动加速度的钢轨振动加速度反演估计与现场验证

为研究高速铁路轨道板与钢轨之间的时空关联规律,提出变分模态-转换器(Variational Mode Decomposition-Transformer, VMD-T)反演模型,该模型通过分解轨道板振动加速度来反演估计钢轨振动加速度.首先,对数据进行预处理并利用双门限法检测振动端点,分离振动信号与静默信号、干扰信号,再将提取后的振动信号整合输入到VMD-T模型.其次,利用VMD模型将轨道板振动加速度数据分解成一系列不同的子模态,并网格遍历搜索与钢轨振动加速度相关系数最大的子模态,以降低原始数据的复杂度以及非平稳性,提升Transformer模型的特征抽取能力.然后,通过Transformer模型对搜索出的轨道板振动加速度子模态与钢轨振动加速度数据进行反演估计训练.最后,将该模型应用于某城际高速铁路轨道板与钢轨实测振动加速度数据反演估计试验.现场高铁试验结果表明:与单一Transformer模型相比,VMD-T模型均方根误差(RootMean Squared Error, RMSE)、绝对平均误差(Mean Absolute Error, MAE)及决定系数(R2_score)分别提升近20%、11%及48.1%,特征学习能力更强,反演估计效果更佳,初步实现钢轨垂向振动加速度幅值非接触式监测估计.