Genomic signatures of selection,local adaptation and production type characterisation of East Adriatic sheep breeds

Background The importance of sheep breeding in the Mediterranean part of the eastern Adriatic has a long tradition since its arrival during the Neolithic migrations.Sheep production system is extensive and generally carried out in traditional systems without intensive systematic breeding programmes for high uniform trait production(carcass,wool and milk yield).Therefore,eight indigenous Croatian sheep breeds from eastern Adriatic treated here as metapopulation(EAS),are generally considered as multipurpose breeds(milk,meat and wool),not specialised for a particular type of production,but known for their robustness and resistance to certain environmental conditions.Our objective was to identify genomic regions and genes that exhibit patterns of positive selection signatures,decipher their biological and productive functionality,and provide a"genomic"characterization of EAS adaptation and determine its production type.Results We identified positive selection signatures in EAS using several methods based on reduced local variation,linkage disequilibrium and site frequency spectrum(eROHi,iHS,nSL and CLR).Our analyses identified numerous genomic regions and genes(e.g.,desmosomal cadherin and desmoglein gene families)associated with environmental adaptation and economically important traits.Most candidate genes were related to meat/production and health/immune response traits,while some of the candidate genes discovered were important for domestication and evolutionary processes(e.g.,HOXa gene family and FSIP2).These results were also confirmed by GO and QTL enrichment analysis.Conclusions Our results contribute to a better understanding of the unique adaptive genetic architecture of EAS and define its productive type,ultimately providing a new opportunity for future breeding programmes.At the same time,the numerous genes identified will improve our understanding of ruminant(sheep)robustness and resistance in the harsh and specific Mediterranean environment.

Interleukin 1βreceptor and synaptic dysfunction in recurrent brain infection with Herpes simplex virus type-1

Several experimental evidence suggests a link between brain Herpes simplex virus type-1 infection and the occurrence of Alzheimer’s disease.However,the molecular mechanisms underlying this association are not completely understood.Among the molecular mediators of synaptic and cognitive dysfunction occurring after Herpes simplex virus type-1 infection and reactivation in the brain neuroinflammatory cytokines seem to occupy a central role.Here,we specifically reviewed literature reports dealing with the impact of neuroinflammation on synaptic dysfunction observed after recurrent Herpes simplex virus type-1 reactivation in the brain,highlighting the role of interleukins and,in particular,interleukin 1βas a possible target against Herpes simplex virus type-1-induced neuronal dysfunctions.

Understanding the link between type 2 diabetes mellitus and Parkinson's disease:role of brain insulin resistance

Type 2 diabetes mellitus and Parkinson's disease are chronic diseases linked to a growing pandemic that affects older adults and causes significant socio-economic burden.Epidemiological data supporting a close relationship between these two aging-related diseases have resulted in the investigation of shared pathophysiological molecular mechanisms.Impaired insulin signaling in the brain has gained increasing attention during the last decade and has been suggested to contribute to the development of Parkinson's disease through the dysregulation of several pathological processes.The contribution of type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance in neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease,with emphasis on brain insulin resistance,is extensively discussed in this article and new therapeutic strategies targeting this pathological link are presented and reviewed.

Drosophila models used to simulate human ATP1A1 gene mutations that cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2 disease and refractory seizures

Certain amino acids changes in the human Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase pump,ATPase Na^(+)/K^(+)transporting subunit alpha 1(ATP1A1),cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2(CMT2)disease and refractory seizures.To develop in vivo models to study the role of Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase in these diseases,we modified the Drosophila gene homolog,Atpα,to mimic the human ATP1A1 gene mutations that cause CMT2.Mutations located within the helical linker region of human ATP1A1(I592T,A597T,P600T,and D601F)were simultaneously introduced into endogenous Drosophila Atpαby CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing,generating the Atpα^(TTTF)model.In addition,the same strategy was used to generate the corresponding single point mutations in flies(Atpα^(I571T),Atpα^(A576T),Atpα^(P579T),and Atpα^(D580F)).Moreover,a deletion mutation(Atpα^(mut))that causes premature termination of translation was generated as a positive control.Of these alleles,we found two that could be maintained as homozygotes(Atpα^(I571T)and Atpα^(P579T)).Three alleles(Atpα^(A576T),Atpα^(P579)and Atpα^(D580F))can form heterozygotes with the Atpαmut allele.We found that the Atpαallele carrying these CMT2-associated mutations showed differential phenotypes in Drosophila.Flies heterozygous for Atpα^(TTTF)mutations have motor performance defects,a reduced lifespan,seizures,and an abnormal neuronal morphology.These Drosophila models will provide a new platform for studying the function and regulation of the sodium-potassium pump.

Simulation of type selection for 6-high cold tandem mill based on shape control ability

A theoretical method for selecting strip rolling mill type that considered shape control ability was established using the figure alteration range that was worked by the alteration track of vector expressing strip's cross section (crown) to express the shape control ability of rolling mill. With the mathematical models and simulation software that were developed by the authors' own models, four types of mills were aimed, including HCM (6-high middle rolls shift type HC (high crown) -mill), HCMW (6-high middle rolls and work rolls shift type HC-mill), UCM (6-high middle rolls shift type HC-mill with middle roll bender) and UCMW (6-high middle rolls and work rolls shift type HC-mill with middle roll bender), and the shape and crown control ability of every mill type was analyzed and compared. An appropriate arrangement mode of tandem mill was brought forward. The results show that UCMW mill is a perfect choice for controlling shape and crown, and the area of control characteristics curve of UCMW (or UCM) is twice than that of HCM, but UCM mill is also a good choice for its simple frame. In other word, the shape and crown controlling ability of UCMW mill is better than that of UCM mill, but the frame of UCM mill is simpler than that of UCMW mill. As for the final type of mill, should be synthetically decided by thinking over fund and equipment technology.

Optimum Selection of Mechanism Type for Heavy Manipulators Based on Particle Swarm Optimization Method

The mechanism type plays a decisive role in the mechanical performance of robotic manipulators. Feasible mechanism types can be obtained by applying appropriate type synthesis theory, but there is still a lack of effective and efficient methods for the optimum selection among different types of mechanism candidates. This paper presents a new strategy for the purpose of optimum mechanism type selection based on the modified particle swarm optimization method. The concept of sub-swarm is introduced to represent the different mechanisms generated by the type synthesis, and a competitive mechanism is employed between the sub-swarms to reassign their population size according to the relative performances of the mechanism candidates to implement the optimization. Combining with a modular modeling approach for fast calculation of the performance index of the potential candidates, the proposed method is applied to determine the optimum mechanism type among the potential candidates for the desired manipulator. The effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated through a case study on the optimum selection of mechanism type of a heavy manipulator where six feasible candidates are considered with force capability as the specific performance index. The optimization result shows that the fitness of the optimum mechanism type for the considered heavy manipulator can be up to 0.578 5. This research provides the instruction in optimum selection of mechanism types for robotic manipulators.

Improving the phenotypic expression of rice genotypes:Rethinking “intensification” for production systems and selection practices for rice breeding

Intensification in rice crop production is generally understood as requiring increased use of material inputs: water, inorganic fertilizers, and agrochemicals. However, this is not the only kind of intensification available. More productive crop phenotypes, with traits such as more resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and shorter crop cycles, are possible through modifications in the management of rice plants, soil, water, and nutrients, reducing rather than increasing material inputs. Greater factor productivity can be achieved through the application of new knowledge and more skill, and(initially) more labor, as seen from the System of Rice Intensification(SRI), whose practices are used in various combinations by as many as 10 million farmers on about 4 million hectares in over 50 countries. The highest yields achieved with these management methods have come from hybrids and improved rice varieties, confirming the importance of making genetic improvements. However,unimproved varieties are also responsive to these changes, which induce better growth and functioning of rice root systems and more abundance, diversity, and activity of beneficial soil organisms. Some of these organisms as symbiotic endophytes can affect and enhance the expression of rice plants' genetic potential as well as their phenotypic resilience to multiple stresses, including those of climate change. SRI experience and data suggest that decades of plant breeding have been selecting for the best crop genetic endowments under suboptimal growing conditions, with crowding of plants that impedes their photosynthesis and growth, flooding of rice paddies that causes roots to degenerate and forgoes benefits derived from aerobic soil organisms, and overuse of agrochemicals that adversely affect these organisms as well as soil and human health. This review paper reports evidence from research in India and Indonesia that changes in crop and water management can improve the expression of rice plants' genetic potential, thereby creating more productive and robustphenotypes from given rice genotypes. Data indicate that increased plant density does not necessarily enhance crop yield potential, as classical breeding methods suggest. Developing cultivars that can achieve their higher productivity under a wide range of plant densities—breeding for density-neutral cultivars using alternative selection strategies—will enable more effective exploitation of available crop growth resources. Density-neutral cultivars that achieve high productivity under ample environmental growth resources can also achieve optimal productivity under limited resources, where lower densities can avert crop failure due to overcrowding. This will become more important to the extent that climatic and other factors become more adverse to crop production. Focusing more on which management practices can evoke the most productive and robust phenotypes from given genotypes is important for rice breeding and improvement programs since it is phenotypes that feed our human populations.

BP neural network classification on passenger vehicle type based on GA of feature selection

This paper has concluded six features that belong to passenger vehicle types based on genetic algorithm(GA)of feature selection.We have obtained an optimal feature subset,including length,ratio of width and length,and ratio of height and length.And then we apply this optimal feature subset as well as another feature set,containing length,width and height,to the network input.Back-propagation(BP)neural network and support vector machine(SVM)are applied to classify the passenger vehicle type.There are four passenger vehicle types.This paper selects 400 samples of passenger vehicles,among which 320 samples are used as training set(each class has 80 samples)and the other 80 samples as testing set,taking the feature of the samples as network input and taking four passenger vehicle types as output.For the test,we have applied BP neural network to choose the optimal feature subset as network input,and the results show that the total classification accuracy rate can reach 96%,and the classification accuracy rate of first type can reach 100%.In this condition,we obtain a conclusion that this algorithm is better than the traditional ones[9].

Selection,Expression and Purification of Human Abzyme Containing Selenium with Type Ⅰ Thyroxine Deiodinase Activity

Single-chain fragment variable（ScFv） antibodies with the substrate binding sites were obtained by repetitive selections from a semi-synthetic phage display antibody library against two haptens——thyroxine（T4） and O-methyl-T4（O-CH3-T4）.The positive phage clones were determined by ELISA and then cloned into vector pET30a（＋）.The recombined plasmids were identified by DNA sequence analysis and transformed into E.coli BL21（DE3）.The expressed proteins were isolated,purified,identified by Western blot analysis,and finally the catalytic group——selenocysteine was incorporated into the antibodies binding sites by chemical mutation.The type·thyroxine deiodinase activities of the abzymes were 0.006 and 0.008 pg·mL-1·min-1,respectively,which were about one tenth that of the mouse intact antibody that was obtained from hybridoma.

EXISTENCE PROBLEMS OF ADDITIVE SELECTION MAPS FOR ANOTHER TYPE SUBADDITIVE SET-VALUED MAP

In this paper, we consider the following subadditive set-valued map F ： X→P0（Y） ：where r and s are two natural numbers. And we discuss the existence and unique problem of additive selection maps for the above set-valued map.

Establishment of Knowledge Base Management System and the Type Selection of Mechanism for Mechanism Kinematic Scheme

Firstly data standardization technology and combined classification method have been applied to carry out classification of kinematic behaviors and mechanisms in the mapping field between the kinematic behavior level and the mechanism level of conceptual design.The principle of computer coding and storing have been built to give a fast and broad selection of mechanisms that meets the requirements of basic motion characters.Then on the basis of mentioned above,the heuristic matching propagation principle (HMPP) of kinematic behaviors and its true table serves as a guide to perform mechanism types selection.Finally an application is given to indicate its practicability and effectiveness.

GATE TYPE SELECTION BASED ON FUZZY MAPPING

Gate type selection is very important for mould design. Improper gate typemay lead to poor product quality and low production efficiency. Although numerical simulationapproach could be used to optimize gate location, the determination of gate type is still up todesigners' experience. A novel method for selecting gate type based on fuzzy logic is proposed. Theproposed methodology follows three steps: Design requirements for gate is extracted and generalized;Possible gate types (design schemes) are presented; The fuzzy mapping relationship between gatedesign requirements and gate design scheme is established based on fuzzy composition and fuzzyrelation transition matrices that are assigned by domain experts.

Type selection and maintenance of the control system of large-scale air separation units

Based on the practice of Baosteel＇ s 60000 m3/h air separation unit （ASU） ,which is the first domestically- integrated unit of such a scale, this paper studies the principles of type selection of the distribution control system （DCS）. It discusses the design of the unit＇s control system,which involves a compressor system,a purification system （molecular sieving）, a turbo expansion system and an air separation system. The final part of the paper discusses the maintenance and future development of the ASU control system at Baosteel.

Type II Fuzzy Logic Based Cluster Head Selection for Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)forms an essential part of IoT.It is embedded in the target environment to observe the physical parameters based on the type of application.Sensor nodes inWSN are constrained by different features such as memory,bandwidth,energy,and its processing capabilities.In WSN,data transmission process consumes the maximum amount of energy than sensing and processing of the sensors.So,diverse clustering and data aggregation techniques are designed to achieve excellent energy efficiency in WSN.In this view,the current research article presents a novel Type II Fuzzy Logic-based Cluster Head selection with Low Complexity Data Aggregation(T2FLCH-LCDA)technique for WSN.The presented model involves a two-stage process such as clustering and data aggregation.Initially,three input parameters such as residual energy,distance to Base Station(BS),and node centrality are used in T2FLCH technique for CH selection and cluster construction.Besides,the LCDA technique which follows Dictionary Based Encoding(DBE)process is used to perform the data aggregation at CHs.Finally,the aggregated data is transmitted to the BS where it achieves energy efficiency.The experimental validation of the T2FLCH-LCDAtechnique was executed under three different scenarios based on the position of BS.The experimental results revealed that the T2FLCH-LCDA technique achieved maximum energy efficiency,lifetime,Compression Ratio(CR),and power saving than the compared methods.

Noise in Genotype Selection Model

We study the steady state properties ofa genotype selection model in presence of correlated Gaussian whitenoise. The effect of the noise on the genotype selection model is discussed. It is found that correlated noise can breakthe balance of gene selection and induce the phase transition which can makes us select one type gene haploid from agene group.

Selection of Maize Genotypes with Tolerance to Osmotic Stress Associated with Salinity

Thirteen different inbred lines in relation to the type of grain and life cycles were characterized by testing for osmotic stress associated with salinity. The identification of tolerant genotypes would be an effective strategy to overcome the saline stress. Osmotic stress reduces immediately the expansion of the roots and young leaves which determine a reduction in the size of the plant. A completely randomized design was adopted to test seedlings under controlled conditions of light and temperature. Two treatments were used: 0 mM NaCl (as control) and 100 mM NaCl. After 15 days of complete salinization, the seedlings were harvested and several morphological traits were measured. The morphological traits of growth were leaf growth (Ar1, Ar2, Ar3 and Ar4), dry masses of shoot and root (SDM and RDM, respectively). Also, traits associated with water economy were registered: leaf water loss (LWL) and relative water content (RWC). The morphological traits were expressed in relative terms, while the traits associated with the economy of water were expressed in absolute terms. Uni and multivariate techniques were applied to identify genotypes with divergent behaviors to osmotic stress tolerance. Also, a Tolerance Index was employed to identify superior genotypes. Four clusters were obtained after applying a Cluster Analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The genotypes were compared to each other with a test of DMS. The results obtained with different statistical techniques converged. Some variables presented a differential weight classification of genotypes. The morphological traits like RDM, SDM, Ar3, Ar4 and Ar5 were the most discriminating. Tolerance Index allowed to classify genotypes, thus SC2 and AD3 lines were that reached highest value of the index and therefore would be tolerant lines, while AF3 and LP3 had a low index and were seen as sensible.

Discussion on construction and type selection of China high dams

At the beginning of 21st century, with the rapid and steady development of China economy, a lot of large scale hydropower projects with large dams from 200 m to 300 m high are being or to be built. China dam constructions are reaching the level of 300 m high arch dam, 250 high CFRD (concrete face rockfill dam) and 200 m high RCC (roller compacted concrete) gravity dam. Due to the safety and the economy, the type selection for high dams has become the key issue during the argumentation for the hydropower projects, and further efforts are still needed in this aspect for high dams. After reviewing the high dam constructions in China and abroad, authors proposed some advices for the selection of dam types, and hope that it can provide some helpful information for the researches and the design of high dams.

Type Selection for Present Nuclear Power Development in China

With rapid development of nuclear power in China, in view of reactor type selection, this paper analyzes the current situation that faces nuclear power industry, the technical characteristics of optional reactors and the tendency of nuclear power technology development in the future. The proposals put forward in this paper include choosing and introducing GW-class advanced PWR as main reactors, carrying out self-supporting projects and technical transfer negotiations, in addition, promoting the design of the advanced generation-Ⅱ PWR and initiating small-scaled construction. The ultimate target is to catch up with the world advanced level by means of technical upgrading and recreation based on technology importation and assimilation.

Type Selection of Burning Equipment for Slagging-Coal Boilers

The type selection of burning equipment for boilers is affected significantly by the slagging characteristics of coal. Based on the engineering statistics method, the designed furnace parameters are obtained from the 600-MW and 1 000-MW boilers with tangential firing and wall firing. The power and arrangement of the burners are analyzed. Their impacts on slagging on heating surfaces and the carbon contents in the ash and cinders are also discussed. Thermal parameters of furnace are recommended for boilers of 600 MW and 1 000 MW firing slagging coal in the design. The static or rotary classifier should be the first choice for the pulverizing system.

Type Selection of Burning Equipment for Low Volatile Coal Boilers

When designing and selecting burning equipment for low volatile coal fired boilers,the primary concerns are about coal ignition and burnout.The characteristics of ignition and burnout are analyzed for low volatile coal and the technical measures are discussed for enhancing the combustion and burnout.The adaptability of tangential firing,wall firing and double-arch firing for low volatile coal is studied.Based on the statistic analysis for the main design parameters of domestic low volatile coal fired boilers with tangential firing,wall firing or double-arch W flame firing,the thermal performance for various boiler furnaces is recommended.The combustion systems for different types of boilers are also put forward for coals with different volatiles.