An upper ocean response to Typhoon Bolaven analyzed with Argo profiling floats

In situ observations from Argo profiling floats combined with satellite retrieved SST and rain rate are used to investigate an upper ocean response to Typhoon Bolaven from 20 through 29 August 2012. After the passage of Typhoon Bolaven, the deepening of mixed layer depth（MLD）, and the cooling of mixed layer temperature（MLT） were observed. The changes in mixed layer salinity（MLS） showed an equivalent number of increasing and decreasing because the typhoon-induced salinity changes in the mixed layer were influenced by precipitation, evaporation, turbulent mixing and upwelling of thermocline water. The deepening of the MLD and the cooling of the MLT indicated a significant rightward bias, whereas the MLS was freshened to the left side of the typhoon track and increased on the other side. Intensive temperature and salinity profiles observed by Iridium floats make it possible to view response processes in the upper ocean after the passage of a typhoon. The cooling in the near-surface and the warming in the subsurface were observed by two Iridium floats located to the left side of the cyclonic track during the development stage of the storm, beyond the radius of maximum winds relative to the typhoon center. Water salinity increases at the base of the mixed layer and the top of the thermocline were the most obvious change observed by those two floats. On the right side of the track and near the typhoon center when the typhoon was intensified, the significant cooling from sea surface to a depth of 200×10^4 Pa, with the exception of the water at the top of the thermocline, was observed by the other Iridium float. Owing to the enhanced upwelling near the typhoon center, the water salinity in the near-surface increased noticeably. The heat pumping from the mixed layer into the thermocline induced by downwelling and the upwelling induced by the positive wind stress curl are the main causes for the different temperature and salinity variations on the different sides of the track. It seems that more time is required for the anomalies in the subsurface to be restored to pretyphoon conditions than for the anomalies in the mixed layer.

Upper ocean responses to category 5 typhoon Megi in the western north Pacific

Category 5 typhoon Megi was the most intense typhoon in 2010 of the world. It lingered in the South China Sea （SCS） for 5 d and caused a significant phytoplankton bloom detected by the satellite image. In this study, the authors investigated the ocean biological and physical responses to typhoon Megi by using chlorophyll-a （chl-a） concentration, sea surface temperature （SST）, sea surface height anomaly （SSHA）, sea surface wind measurements derived from different satellites and in situ data. The chl-a concentration （〉3 mg/m3） increased thirty times in the SCS after the typhoon passage in comparison with the mean level of October averaged from 2002 to 2009. With the relationship of wind stress curl and upwelling, the authors found that the speed of upwelling was over ten times during typhoon than pre-typhoon period. Moreover, the mixed layer deepened about 20 m. These reveal that the enhancement of chl-a concentration was triggered by strong vertical mixing and upwelling. Along the track of typhoon, the maximum sea surface cooling （6-8~C） took place in the SCS where the moving speed of typhoon was only 1.4-2.8 m/s and the mixed layer depth was about 20 m in pre-typhoon period. However, the SST drop at the east of the Philippines is only 1-2~C where the translation speed of typhoon was 5.5-6.9 m/s and the mixed layer depth was about 40 m in pre-typhoon period. So the extent of the SST drop was probably due to the moving speed of typhoon and the depth of the mixed layer. In addition, the region with the largest decline of the sea surface height anomaly can indicate the location where the maximum cooling occurs.

Response of the western North Pacific subtropical ocean to the slow-moving super typhoon Nanmadol

Based on in-situ observation,satellite and reanalysis data,responses of the western North Pacific subtropical ocean(WNPSO)to the slow-moving category 5 super typhoon Nanmadol in 2011 are analyzed.The dynamical response is dominated by near-inertial currents and Ekman currents with maximum amplitude of 0.39m/s and 0.15m/s,respectively.The near-inertial currents concentrated around 100m below the sea surface and had an e-folding timescale of 4 days.The near-inertial energy propagated both upward and downward,and the vertical phase speed and wavelength were estimated to be 5m/h and 175m,respectively.The frequency of the near-inertial currents was blue-shifted near the surface and redshifted in ocean interior which may relate to wave propagation and/or background vorticity.The resultant surface cooling reaches-4.35℃ and happens when translation speed of Nanmadol is smaller than 3.0m/s.When Nanmadol reaches super typhoon intensity,the cooling is less than 3.0℃ suggesting that the typhoon translation speed plays important roles as well as typhoon intensity in surface cooling.Upwelling induced by the slow-moving typhoon wind leads to typhoon track confined cooling area and the right-hand bias of cooling is slight.The mixed layer cooling and thermocline warming are induced by wind-generated upwelling and vertical entrainment.Vertical entrainment also led to mixed layer salinity increase and thermocline salinity decrease,however,mixed layer salinity decrease occurs at certain stations as well.Our results suggest that typhoon translation speed is a vital factor responsible for the oceanic thermohaline and dynamical responses,and the small Mach number(slow typhoon translation speed)facilitate development of Ekman current and upwelling.

Ocean temperature responses to Typhoon Mstsa in the East China Sea

The MASNUM wave-tide-circulation coupled model, with 21 layers in the vertical and （1/8） °horizontal resolution, was employed to investigate the oceanic responses to Typhoon Mstsa which traversed the East China Sea （ECS） during the period of 4 - 6 August, 2005. Numerical experiment results are analyzed and compared with observation. The responses of the sea surface temperature （SST）, in a focused area of （27° -29°N, 121° - 124°E）, include heating and cooling stages. The heating is mainly due to warm Kuroshio water transportation and downwelling due to the water accumulation. In the cooling stage, the amplitude of the simulated cold wake （ -3℃ ）, located on the right side of this typhoon track, is compared quite well with that of the satellite observed SST data. The wave-induced mixing（Bv） plays a key role for the SST cooling. Bv still plays a leading role, which accounts for 36%, for the ocean temperature drop in the upper ocean of 0 - 40 m, while the upwelling is responsible for 84% of the cooling for the lower layer of 40 - 70 m. The mixed layer depth （MLD） increased quickly from 28 to 50 m in the typhoon period. However, the simulated MLD without the wave-induced vertical mixing, evolution from 13 to 32 m, was seriously underestimated. The surface wave is too important to be ignored for the ocean responses to a typhoon.

Morphodynamic response of an embayed beach to different typhoon events with varying intensities

Beach erosion has occurred globally in recent decades due to frequent and severe storms.Dongsha beach,located in Zhujiajian Island,Zhejiang Province,China,is a typical embayed sandy beach.This study focused on the morphodynamic response of Dongsha beach to typhoon events,based on beach topographies and surficial sediment characteristics acquired before and after four typhoon events with varying intensities.The four typhoons had different effects on the topography and sediment characteristics of Dongsha beach.Typhoons Ampil and Danas caused the largest(-51.72 m3/m)and the smallest erosion(-8.01 m3/m),respectively.Remarkable alongshore patterns of beach profile volumetric changes were found after the four typhoon events,with more erosion in the southern and central parts of the beach and few changes in the northern part.Grain size coarsening and poor sorting were the main sediment patterns on the beach influenced by different typhoons.Typhoons that occurred in the same year after another typhoon enhanced the effect of the previous typhoon on sediment coarsening and sorting variability,but this cumulative effect was not found between typhoons that occurred during different years.A comparison of the collected data revealed that the topographic state of the beach before the typhoon,typhoon characteristics,and tidal conditions were possible reasons for the difference in the responses of Dongsha beach to typhoon events.More severe beach erosion was caused by typhoons with higher intensity levels and longer durations,and high tide levels during typhoons can determine the upper limit of the beach profile erosion site.Taken together,these results can be used to improve beach management for storm prevention.

SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE RESPONSE TO TYPHOON MORAKOT(2009) AND ITS INFLUENCE

While previous studies indicate that typhoons can decrease sea surface temperature(SST) along their tracks, a few studies suggest that the cooling patterns in coastal areas are different from those in the open sea. However, little is known about how the induced cooling coupled with the complex ocean circulation in the coastal areas can affect tropical cyclone track and intensity. The sea surface responses to the land falling process of Typhoon Morakot(2009) are examined observationally and its influences on the activity of the typhoon are numerically simulated with the WRF model. The present study shows that the maximum SST cooling associated with Morakot occurred on the left-hand side of the typhoon track during its landfall. Numerical simulations show that, together with the SST gradients associated with the coastal upwelling and mesoscale oceanic vortices, the resulting SST cooling can cause significant difference in the typhoon track, comparable to the current 24-hour track forecasting error. It is strongly suggested that it is essential to include the non-uniform SST distribution in the coastal areas for further improvement in typhoon track forecast.

A geomorphological response of beaches to Typhoon Meari in the eastern Shandong Peninsula in China

Eight representative beach profiles on the eastern coast of the Shandong Peninsula are observed and measured in 2011 and 2012 to determine the coastal processes under the lower tropical wind speed condition and the beach response to and recovery from the tropical storm Meari in a rare typhoon region. The results show that it is the enhancement and directional change of cross-shore and longshore sediment transports caused by Meari that leads to the beach morphological changes, and most of the sediment transports occur during the pre-Meari landing phase. The erosional scarp formation and the berm or beach face erosion are the main geomorphological responses of the beaches to the storm. The storm characteristics are more important than the beach shapes in the storm response process of the beaches on Shandong Peninsula. The typhoon is a fortuitous strong dynamic event, and the effect on the dissipative beach is more obvious than it is on the reflective beach in the study region. Furthermore, the beach trend is the main factor that controlls the storm effect intensity, and it is also closely related to the recovery of the beach profiles.

Tracking typhoon-generated swell in the western North Pacific Ocean using satellite altimetry

This paper proposes a scheme for detecting the swell decay of a moving typhoon. We considered a typhoon that was neither far from a point source nor had a belt-like homogenous source,as previously studied. We tracked the swell close to the source during a typhoon in the western North Pacific Ocean. We used wind speed and significant wave height data derived from the Geophysical Data Record of the Jason-1 altimeter and the best-track information of the typhoon from the China Meteorological Administration tropical cyclone database. We selected three specific cases to reveal the decay characteristics of the swell generated by a moving typhoon. Based on an altimeter-based typhoon swell identification scheme and the dispersion relationship for deep water,we relocated the swell source for each altimeter measurement. The subsequent statistical decay coefficient was comparable to previous studies,and effectively depicted the swell propagation conditions induced by the typhoon. We hope that our results provide a new understanding of the characteristics and wave energy budget of the North Pacific Ocean,and significantly contribute to wave modeling in this region.

Volume transport in the East Taiwan Channel in response to diff erent tracks of typhoons as revealed by HYCOM data

Northward infl ow through the East Taiwan Channel is vital in modulation of water exchange processes off northeastern Taiwan,China.In addition to the eff ects of the Kuroshio Current and westward-propagating oceanic mesoscale eddies,the seas off eastern Taiwan,China,are frequently infl uenced by typhoons.Focusing on extrema of East Taiwan Channel volume transport(ETCVT)that appear within days of typhoon infl uence,this study investigated 124 historical cyclones including 91 typhoons that passed over the study sea area off eastern Taiwan,China.Based on 25-year HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model(HYCOM)data,71%of short-term(within 10 d)ETCVT absolute values with>5 Sv occurred under the infl uence of typhoons crossing the study sea area,and the maximum short-term ETCVT extrema induced by typhoons were 12.5 and-10.9 Sv.The ETCVT extrema induced by typhoons showed reasonable positive correlation with typhoon wind speed.More importantly,the ETCVT extrema diff ered in response to diff erent typhoon tracks.Three types of typhoon were identifi ed based on their track and impact on ETCVT.Representative typhoon cases were examined to elucidate the specifi cs of each typical response.Based on historical best track data and HYCOM data,it was established that Type I typhoons caused the ETCVT to exhibit a negative extremum followed by a positive extremum.All Type I,II,and III typhoons tended to result in typical ETCVT fl uctuations in the surface mixing layer above the depth of 50-100 m,while Type II typhoons were more likely to induce ETCVT fl uctuations in the subsurface layer.The fi ndings of this study enhance understanding of ETCVT extrema that occur following typhoon passage,which is valuable for short-term physical-biogeochemical studies both in the study region and in areas downstream owing to the large net volume transport changes induced by typhoons.

Regional Characteristics of Typhoon-Induced Ocean Eddies in the East China Sea

The asymmetrical structure of typhoon-induced ocean eddies（TIOEs） in the East China Sea（including the Yellow Sea）and the accompanying air–sea interaction are studied using reanalysis products. Thirteen TIOEs are analyzed and divided into three groups with the k-prototype method： Group A with typhoons passing through the central Yellow Sea; Group B with typhoons re-entering the sea from the western Yellow Sea after landing on continental China; and Group C with typhoons occurring across the eastern Yellow Sea near to the Korean Peninsula. The study region is divided into three zones（Zones Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ） according to water depth and the Kuroshio position. The TIOEs in Group A are the strongest and could reverse part of the Kuroshio stream, while TIOEs in the other two groups are easily deformed by topography. The strong currents of the TIOEs impact on the latent heat flux distribution and upward transport, which facilitates the typhoon development. The strong divergence within the TIOEs favors an upwelling-induced cooling. A typical TIOE analysis shows that the intensity of the upwelling of TIOEs is proportional to the water depth, but its magnitude is weaker than the upwelling induced by the topography. In Zones Ⅰ and Ⅱ, the vertical dimensions of TIOEs and their strong currents are much less than the water depths.In shallow water Zone Ⅲ, a reversed circulation appears in the lower layer. The strong currents can lead to a greater, faster,and deeper energy transfer downwards than at the center of TIOEs.

A Multiscale Energetic Diagnosis of the Response of Mokpo Sea to Typhoon Bolaven

The ocean response to typhoon is usually characterized by a cooling on the sea surface. In August 2012, however, a warming (instead of cooling) event occurs in the Yellow Sea outside Mokpo, South Korea, as the typhoon Bolaven (2012) passes. This study gives a brief introduction to this abnormal sea surface warming. It also provides a multiscale energetic diagnosis of the oceanic response to Typhoon Bolaven. We used a recently developed analysis tool named “multiscale window transform” (MWT). Based on the MWT, we also expanded a localized multiscale energy and vorticity analysis (MS-EVA). The fields are reconstructed onto three scale windows: large-scale, abnormal warming-scale, and high frequency tide-scale windows. The results show that the kinetic energy (KE) in the abnormal warming-scale window of the Mokpo area is obviously enhanced during the passage of Bolaven, which can be attributed to three processes: transfer, transport process of KE and wind stress work. At the same time, the large-scale window in the Mokpo area experiences barotropic instabilities with KE transfers from large-scale window to warming-scale window. Besides, the strong wind stress bought by the passage of Bolaven not only inputs a large amount of KE into warming-scale window, but also causes the increase of KE flux convergence.

Distribution and Oceanic Dynamic Mechism of Precipitation Induced by Typhoon Lekima

Air-sea interaction usually affects the distribution of precipitation during typhoon period, but whether typhoon precipitation distribution is affected by ocean eddies is still unclear. In this study, based on a multi-source satellite database, reanalysis data and in-situ data were used to study the precipitation characteristics of Typhoon Lekima (2019) as well as its physical causes. The results showed that the precipitation of Lekima presents an asymmetric structure, exhibiting heavier precipitation on the left side of the typhoon path before 7 August, and with the typhoon strengthened, precipitation was evenly distributed around the typhoon center. The typhoon cloud system, characteristics of the typhoon, and ocean factors could be responsible for the asymmetric structure of precipitation during the typhoon period. The change in the typhoon cloud system during the typhoon influenced the distribution of precipitation. And there have been some oceanic processes that influenced the distribution of precipitation. Anticyclonic eddies and thick mixing level depths (MLDs) play important roles in typhoon precipitation. The anticyclonic eddies with thick MLD exist to reduce the mixing of the upper ocean to maintain the SST. Therefore, the SST and air-sea exchange can be sustained to influence typhoon precipitation. This study provides a new understanding of the impact of ocean processes on typhoon precipitation distribution.

Roles of different physical processes in upper ocean responses to Typhoon Rammasun(2008)-induced wind forcing

This study investigates the roles of different physical processes in the oceanic response to tropical cyclones(TCs) in the Pacific, using an ocean general circulation model with several numerical experiments. A case study is focused on Typhoon Rammasun, which passed through the northwestern tropical Pacific in May 2008. TC-induced wind stress fields are extracted using a locally-weighted regression(Loess) method from a six-hourly Cross-Calibrated Multi-Platform satellite scatterometer wind product. By comparing model experiments with TC wind forcing being explicitly included or not, the effects of TC on the ocean are isolated in a clean way. The local oceanic response is characterized by a cooling in the surface layer that persists along the typhoon track as a cold wake, and a deepening of the mixed layer(ML). The TC-induced wind can affect the ocean through the momentum effects, the ML processes(the stirring effect on the ML depth), and heat flux(via wind speed), repectively.Analyses of numerical experiments with these different underlying processes explicitly represented or not indicate that vertical mixing and upwelling are dominant processes responsible for surface cooling, while the surface heat flux also plays a nonnegligible role. Specifically, vertical mixing, upwelling and surface heat flux account for respectively ～53%, ～31% and ～16% of the sea surface temperature cooling. However, for the ML response, the vertical mixing and surface heat flux are dominant processes for the ML deepening, while the contribution from upwelling process is negligible. This study provides new insights into how TC-indcued wind forcing affects the ocean by isolating each different individual process in a clear way, which differs from previous direct heat budget analyses.

Upper ocean response to tropical cyclone wind forcing: A case study of typhoon Rammasun(2008)

The characteristics of the upper ocean response to tropical cyclone wind （TCW） forcing in the northwestern Pacific were in- vestigated using satellite and Argo data, as well as an ocean general circulation model. In particular, a case study was carried out on typhoon Rammasun, which passed through our study area during May 6-13, 2008. It is found that the local response fight under the TCW forcing is characterized by a quick deepening of the surface mixed layer, a strong latent heat loss to the atmosphere, and an intense upwelling near the center of typhoon, leading to a cooling of the oceanic surface layer that persists as a cold wake along the typhoon track. More interestingly, the upper ocean response exhibits a four-layer thermal structure, including a cooling layer near the surface and a warming layer right below, accompanied by another pair of cooling/warming layers in the thermocline. The formation of the surface cooling/warming layers can be readily explained by the strong vertical mixing induced by TCW forcing, while the thermal response in the thermocline is probably a result of the cyclone-driven upwelling and the associated advective processes.

Model-Simulated Coastal Trapped Waves Stimulated by Typhoon in Northwestern South China Sea

In this paper, we apply an unstructured grid coastal ocean model to simulate variations in the sea level and currents forced by two typhoons in the northwestern South China Sea(SCS). The model simulations show distinct differences for the two cases in which the typhoon paths were north and south of the Qiongzhou(QZ) Strait. In both cases, coastal trapped waves(CTWs) are stimulated but their propagation behaviors differ. Model sensitivity simulations suggest the dominant role played by alongshore wind in the eastern SCS(near Shanwei) and southeast of Hainan Island. We also examine the influence of the Leizhou Peninsula by changing the coastline in simulation experiments. Based on our results, we can draw the following conclusions: 1) The CTWs stimulated by the northern typhoon are stronger than the southern CTW. 2) In the two cases, the directions of the current structures of the QZ cross-transect are reversed. The strongest flow cores are both located in the middle-upper area of the strait and the results of our empirical orthogonal function analysis show that the vertical structure is highly barotropic. 3) The simulated CTWs divide into two branches in the QZ Strait for the northern typhoon, and an island trapped wave(ITW) around Hainan Island for the southern typhoon. 4) The Leizhou Peninsula plays a significant role in the distribution of the kinetic energy flux between the two CTW branches. In the presence of the Leizhou Peninsula, the QZ branch has only 39.7 percent of the total energy, whereas that ratio increases to 72.2 percent in its absence.

Resilience of hydraulic structures under significant impact of typhoons

Vulnerability to natural disasters falls into three categories： exposure, resistance, and resilience, where resilience mainly refers to the capability of a pressure-bearing system to recover by returning to its initial state, that is, the ability to adapt to disaster pressure. Resilience is a major subject of research on disaster prevention and mitigation. This research mainly focuses on the ability of the hydraulic structure to recover from the significant impacts of typhoons. According to the load/unload response ratio theory, the degree of instability by which nonlinear systems can be identified according to the difference between load and unload responses was analyzed. This analysis was used as a basis to study the resilience of a hydraulic structure. Taking the Yangtze River embankments under the impact of Typhoon Matsa as an example, the ability of the typical sections of different types of embankments to adapt to the significant impact of the typhoon, i.e., the resilience of the hydraulic structure, is described with the help of the load/unload response ratio （L）. The results of the calculated resilience reflect the actual conditions of the structure and can be used to determine the applicability of the embankment section. The load/unload response ratio theory is one of the effective tools for calculating the resilience of hydraulic structures under the significant impacts of typhoons.

Statistics of underwater ambient noise at high sea states arisen from typhoon out zones in the Philippine Sea and South China Sea

Oceanic noise is the background interference in sonar performance prediction and evaluation at high sea states.Statistics of underwater ambient noise during Typhoons Soulik and Nida were analyzed on the basis of experimental measurements conducted in a deep area of the Philippine Sea and the South China Sea.Generated linear regression,frequency correlation matrix(FCM),Burr distribution and Gumbel distribution were described for the analysis of correlation with environmental parameters including wind speed(WS),significant wave height(SWH),and the inter-frequency relationship and probability density function of noise levels(NLs).When the typhoons were quite close to the receivers,the increment of NLs exceeded 10 dB.Whilst ambient noise was completely dominated by wind agitation,NLs were proportional to the cubic and quintic functions of WS and SWH,respectively.The fitted results between NLs and oceanic parameters were different for“before typhoon”and“after typhoon”.The fitted slopes of linear regression showed a linear relationship with the logarithm of frequency.The average observed typhoon-generated NLs were 5 dB lower than the Wenz curve at the same wind force due to the insufficiently developed sea state or the delay between NLs and WS.The cross-correlation coefficient of FCM,which can be utilized in the identification of noise sources in different bands,exceeded 0.8 at frequencies higher than 250 Hz.Furthermore,standard deviation increased with frequency.The kurtosis was equal to 3 at>400 Hz approximately.The characteristics of NLs showed good agreement with the results of FCM.

Investigating different bio-responses of the upper ocean to Typhoon Haitang using Argo and satellite data

The responses of the upper ocean to Typhoon Haitang in July 2005 are investigated using Argo float and multiplatform satellite data.The results show decreasing sea surface temperature(SST),a deepening of the mixed layer depth(MLD),and enhanced Chlorophyll-a(Chl-a)concentration.Two extreme cool regions are identified.While the magnitude of SST cooling in the two regions is similar,the biological response(Chla enhancement)differs.To facilitate comparisons,the region to the northeast of Taiwan is defined as region A and the region east of Taiwan as region B.Ekman pumping and the intrusion of the Kuroshio play an important role in the enhancement of Chl-a in region A.Cold eddies provide the material source for the formation of the cold center in region B,where mixing is dominant.Because of the relatively high translation speed(5 m/s)in region B,Ekman pumping has little influence on the cooling and Chl-a enhancement processes.Moreover,the MLD is shallower than the nutricline,which means that mixing does not result in a marked increase in nutrients in the euphotic layer(where the nutrient concentration is uniformly depleted).Sea temperatures,in contrast,gradually decrease with depth below the bottom of the mixed layer.In contrast to region A,region B showed no significant enhancement of Chl-a but strong SST cooling.

Field measurement on wind characteristic and buffeting response of the Runyang Suspension Bridge during typhoon Matsa

Field measurement on wind characteristic and buffeting response of existing bridge is of great value to the development of bridge wind engineering,and the structural health monitoring system(SHMS) em-ployed in many long-span bridges provide a research basis for the field measurement.In order to pro-vide reliable basis for wind resistant evaluation of Runyang Suspension Bridge(RSB),two anemome-ters and 85 accelerometers were installed in the SHMS of RSB.In August 2005,Typhoon Matsa crossed over Jiangsu,the SHMS timely recorded the typhoon and structural vibration responses.In this paper by using the time-frequency technique and statistical theory,the recorded data were analyzed to obtain the strong wind characteristics,the buffeting response characteristics of the cable and deck,and the variation of buffeting response RMS versus wind speed.Results obtained in this study can be em-ployed to validate the credibility of current buffeting response analysis theory techniques,and provide reference values for wind resistant evaluation of other long-span bridges.

A REGIONAL COUPLED AIR-SEA-WAVE MODEL: SIMULATION OF UPPER-OCEAN RESPONSES TO AN IDEALIZED TROPICAL CYCLONE

In this study a coupled air-sea-wave model system, containing the model components of GRAPES-TCM, ECOM-si and WAVEWATCH III, is established based on an air-sea coupled model. The changes of wave state and the effects of sea spray are both considered. Using the complex air-sea-wave model, a set of idealized simulations was applied to investigate the effects of air-sea-wave interaction in the upper ocean. Results show that air-wave coupling can strengthen tropical cyclones while air-sea coupling can weaken them; and air-sea-wave coupling is comparable to that of air-sea coupling, as the intensity is almost unchanged with the wave model coupled to the air-sea coupled model.The mixing by vertical advection is strengthened if the wave effect is considered, and causes much more obvious sea surface temperature(SST) decreases in the upper ocean in the air-sea coupled model. Air-wave coupling strengthens the air-sea heat exchange, while the thermodynamic coupling between the atmosphere and ocean weakens the air-sea heat exchange: the air-sea-wave coupling is the result of their balance. The wave field distribution characteristic is determined by the wind field. Experiments are also conducted to simulate ocean responses to different mixed layer depths.With increasing depth of the initial mixed layer, the decrease of SST weakens, but the temperature decrease of deeper layers is enhanced and the loss of heat in the upper ocean is increased. The significant wave height is larger when the initial mixed layer depth increases.