review of phylogenetic studies carried out together with morphological ones shows that a major problem with most early studies is that they concentrated on techniques and used material or strains of fungi that in most...review of phylogenetic studies carried out together with morphological ones shows that a major problem with most early studies is that they concentrated on techniques and used material or strains of fungi that in most cases were not carefully reference,and in a worrying number of cases wrongly named.Most classical species,particularly of microfungi,are not represented by adequate type material,or other authoritatively identified cultures or specimens,that can serve as DNA sources for phylogenetic study,or for developing robust identification systems.Natural classifications of fungi therefore suffer fromthe lack of reference strains in resultant phylogenetic trees.In some cases,epitypification and neotypification can solve this problem and these tools are increasingly used to resolve taxonomic confusion and stabilize the understanding of species,genera,families,or orders of fungi.This manuscript discusses epitypification and neotypification,describes how to epitypify or neotypify species and examines the importance of this process.A set of guidelines for epitypification is presented.Examples where taxa have been epitypified are presented and the benefits and problems of epitypification are discussed.As examples of epitypification,or to provide reference specimens,a new epitype is designated for Paraphaeosphaeria michotii and reference specimens are provided for Astrosphaeriella stellata,A.bakeriana,Phaeosphaeria elongata,Ophiobolus cirsii,and O.erythrosporus.In this way we demonstrate how to epitypify taxa and its importance,and also illustrate the value of proposing reference specimens if epitypification is not advisable.Although we provided guidelines for epitypification,the decision to epitypify or not lies with the author,who should have experience of the fungus concerned.This responsibility is to be taken seriously,as once a later typification is made,it may not be possible to undo that,particularly in the case of epitypes,without using the lengthy and tedious formal conservation and rejection processes.展开更多
Based on an unexpected result of obtaining molecular sequence data from tropical representatives of the genus Normandina,we revised the biological concept of the neotropical taxon Marchandiomphalina foliacea.The obtai...Based on an unexpected result of obtaining molecular sequence data from tropical representatives of the genus Normandina,we revised the biological concept of the neotropical taxon Marchandiomphalina foliacea.The obtained data let us conclude that M.foliacea is not a basidiomycete,as originally proposed,but belongs in Verrucariaceae,in the genus Agonimia,including its perithecia which had been identified with the lichenicolous Norrlinia peltigericola.The ITS(and nuLSU)sequences previously obtained from M.foliacea,seemingly confirming its status as a basidiomycete,are from an unmanifested lichenicolous fungus,present also in numerous specimens of Normandina.ITS data suggest the presence of seven lineages that can be recognized at the species level,forming two clusters:one cluster of three lineages found in thalli of M.foliacea,and a second cluster of four lineages found in thalli of Normandina.This pattern is similar to what has recently been found in the basidiomycete genus Cyphobasidium occurring predominantly in Parmeliaceae lichens.We propose the combination of Omphalina foliacea into the genus Agonimia,as Agonimia foliacea(P.M.Jørg.)Lucking&Moncada,comb.nov.,and place Marchandiomphalina in synonymy with Agonimia.To formally recognize the unnamed lichenicolous basidiomycete present in Agonimia and Normandina thalli,we take advantage of provision ICN Art.40.5 in the Code and describe the unmanifested fungus as a new genus,with seven new species,even if no physical type specimens can be preserved(except for the corresponding host lichens which,however,do not show the features of the fungus):Lawreymyces Lucking&Moncada,gen.nov.(Type:L.palicei),with L.bogotensis Lucking&Moncada,sp.nov.,L.columbiensis Lucking&Moncada,sp.nov.,L.confusus Lucking&Moncada,sp.nov.,L,foliaceae Lucking&Moncada,sp.nov.,L.palicei Lucking&Moncada,sp.nov.,L.pulchellae Lucking&Moncada,sp.nov.,and L.spribillei Lucking&Moncada,sp.nov.This opens the door to the formal recognition of thousands of species of voucherless fungi detected through environmental sequencing techniques under the current Code.展开更多
基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences,project number 2013T2S0030,for the award of Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists at Kunming Institute of Botanythe agricultural science and technology foundation of Guizhou province(Nos.NY[2013]3042)+3 种基金the international collaboration plan ofGuizhou province(No.G[2012]7006)the innovation team construction for science and technology of Guizhou province(No.[2012]4007)from the Science and Technology Department ofGuizhou province,Chinafunding from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación project CGL2011-25003MFLU grant number 56101020032 is thanked for supporting studies on Dothideomycetes.
文摘review of phylogenetic studies carried out together with morphological ones shows that a major problem with most early studies is that they concentrated on techniques and used material or strains of fungi that in most cases were not carefully reference,and in a worrying number of cases wrongly named.Most classical species,particularly of microfungi,are not represented by adequate type material,or other authoritatively identified cultures or specimens,that can serve as DNA sources for phylogenetic study,or for developing robust identification systems.Natural classifications of fungi therefore suffer fromthe lack of reference strains in resultant phylogenetic trees.In some cases,epitypification and neotypification can solve this problem and these tools are increasingly used to resolve taxonomic confusion and stabilize the understanding of species,genera,families,or orders of fungi.This manuscript discusses epitypification and neotypification,describes how to epitypify or neotypify species and examines the importance of this process.A set of guidelines for epitypification is presented.Examples where taxa have been epitypified are presented and the benefits and problems of epitypification are discussed.As examples of epitypification,or to provide reference specimens,a new epitype is designated for Paraphaeosphaeria michotii and reference specimens are provided for Astrosphaeriella stellata,A.bakeriana,Phaeosphaeria elongata,Ophiobolus cirsii,and O.erythrosporus.In this way we demonstrate how to epitypify taxa and its importance,and also illustrate the value of proposing reference specimens if epitypification is not advisable.Although we provided guidelines for epitypification,the decision to epitypify or not lies with the author,who should have experience of the fungus concerned.This responsibility is to be taken seriously,as once a later typification is made,it may not be possible to undo that,particularly in the case of epitypes,without using the lengthy and tedious formal conservation and rejection processes.
基金supported by two grants from the National Science Foundation:Neotropical Epiphytic Microlichens-An Innovative Inventory of a Highly Diverse yet Little Known Group of Symbiotic Organisms(DEB 0715660 to The Field MuseumPI R.Lücking)+5 种基金Phylogenetic Diversity of Mycobionts and Photobionts in the Cyanolichen Genus Dictyonema,with Emphasis on the Neotropics and the Galapagos Islands(DEB 0841405 to George Mason UniversityPI J.LawreyCo-PIs:R.Lucking,P.Gillevet)The Verein der Freunde des Botanischen Gartens und Botanischen Museums Berlin-Dahlem e.V.(https://www.bgbm.org/de/BGBM/freunde/index.html)supported molecular sequencing work for specimens collected as part of the Pilotprojekt Kooperation mit dem Botanischen Garten Bogota´(BMBF,see below).The Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose´de Caldas,Bogota´,is thanked for the support to the lichen herbarium and the curatorial work of the UDBC collections,and the Field Museum and the BGBM kindly provided the logistics for the molecular work.The Jardı´n Bota´nico de Bogota´Jose´Celestino Mutis organized the field trip to Pasquilla(Bogota´),by agreement with the Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin,partially financed through the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research(BMBFPilotprojekt Kooperation mit dem Botanischen Garten Bogota´Forderkennzeichen:01DN13030).Paul Diederich is warmely thanked for placing a photograph of Agonimia globulifera at our disposal.
文摘Based on an unexpected result of obtaining molecular sequence data from tropical representatives of the genus Normandina,we revised the biological concept of the neotropical taxon Marchandiomphalina foliacea.The obtained data let us conclude that M.foliacea is not a basidiomycete,as originally proposed,but belongs in Verrucariaceae,in the genus Agonimia,including its perithecia which had been identified with the lichenicolous Norrlinia peltigericola.The ITS(and nuLSU)sequences previously obtained from M.foliacea,seemingly confirming its status as a basidiomycete,are from an unmanifested lichenicolous fungus,present also in numerous specimens of Normandina.ITS data suggest the presence of seven lineages that can be recognized at the species level,forming two clusters:one cluster of three lineages found in thalli of M.foliacea,and a second cluster of four lineages found in thalli of Normandina.This pattern is similar to what has recently been found in the basidiomycete genus Cyphobasidium occurring predominantly in Parmeliaceae lichens.We propose the combination of Omphalina foliacea into the genus Agonimia,as Agonimia foliacea(P.M.Jørg.)Lucking&Moncada,comb.nov.,and place Marchandiomphalina in synonymy with Agonimia.To formally recognize the unnamed lichenicolous basidiomycete present in Agonimia and Normandina thalli,we take advantage of provision ICN Art.40.5 in the Code and describe the unmanifested fungus as a new genus,with seven new species,even if no physical type specimens can be preserved(except for the corresponding host lichens which,however,do not show the features of the fungus):Lawreymyces Lucking&Moncada,gen.nov.(Type:L.palicei),with L.bogotensis Lucking&Moncada,sp.nov.,L.columbiensis Lucking&Moncada,sp.nov.,L.confusus Lucking&Moncada,sp.nov.,L,foliaceae Lucking&Moncada,sp.nov.,L.palicei Lucking&Moncada,sp.nov.,L.pulchellae Lucking&Moncada,sp.nov.,and L.spribillei Lucking&Moncada,sp.nov.This opens the door to the formal recognition of thousands of species of voucherless fungi detected through environmental sequencing techniques under the current Code.
