Comparison of dimension reduction-based logistic regression models for case-control genome-wide association study:principal components analysis vs.partial least squares

With recent advances in biotechnology, genome-wide association study （GWAS） has been widely used to identify genetic variants that underlie human complex diseases and traits. In case-control GWAS, typical statistical strategy is traditional logistical regression （LR） based on single-locus analysis. However, such a single-locus analysis leads to the well-known multiplicity problem, with a risk of inflating type I error and reducing power. Dimension reduction-based techniques, such as principal component-based logistic regression （PC-LR）, partial least squares-based logistic regression （PLS-LR）, have recently gained much attention in the analysis of high dimensional genomic data. However, the perfor- mance of these methods is still not clear, especially in GWAS. We conducted simulations and real data application to compare the type I error and power of PC-LR, PLS-LR and LR applicable to GWAS within a defined single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） set region. We found that PC-LR and PLS can reasonably control type I error under null hypothesis. On contrast, LR, which is corrected by Bonferroni method, was more conserved in all simulation settings. In particular, we found that PC-LR and PLS-LR had comparable power and they both outperformed LR, especially when the causal SNP was in high linkage disequilibrium with genotyped ones and with a small effective size in simulation. Based on SNP set analysis, we applied all three methods to analyze non-small cell lung cancer GWAS data.

The Beijing Desheng Diabetic Eye Study:rationale,design,methodology and baseline data

AIM： To present the rationale, design, methodology, and the baseline data of the Beijing Desheng Diabetic Eye Study（BDDES）, and to determine the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy（DR） and possible risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus（T2DM） in an urban community of Beijing, China.METHODS： Community-based prospective cohort study of persons diagnosed with T2DM aged 30 y or older. The main variables of interest are the presence and progression of DR as determined by the standardized ETDRS grading of seven fields fundus photographs. The presence and severity of DR were analyzed for possible correlations to non-genetic and genetic dispositions.RESULTS： A total of 1438 participants with data available for analysis, the prevalence of any DR was 35.4%. The prevalence of mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy（NPDR）, moderate NPDR, severe NPDR, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy was 27.7%, 2.6%, 0.5% and 4.5%, respectively. By multiple logistic regression analysis, risk factors for the presence of any DR included male（P=0.031）, lower income level（P=0.011）, lower education background（P=0.022）, longer duration of diabetes（P=0.001）, younger age at diabetic onset（P=0.001）, higher systolic blood pressure（P=0.007）, higher glycosylated hemoglobin A1 c levels（P=0.001）, high albuminuria（P=0.03）, and use of insulin（P〈0.001）. For vision-threatening DR, four factors were significant： younger age at diabetic onset（P〈0.001）,higher systolic blood pressure（P=0.042）, high albuminuria（P〈0.001）, and use of insulin（P〈0.001）. CONCLUSION： The BDDES is the first large-scale ongoing cohort study of a Chinese urban population of persons with type 2 diabetes. Using standardized grading system comparable to large cohort studies from western populations, our baseline data shows that the prevalence of DR and major risk factors in this Chinese ethnic population are comparable to that found in the western population studies.

Combined Influence of Insulin Resistance and Inflammatory Biomarkers on Type 2 Diabetes:A Population-based Prospective Cohort Study of Inner Mongolians in China

This prospective study was designed to examine the combined influence of insulin resistance（IR）and inflammatory biomarker levels on type 2 diabetes mellitus（T2DM）among 1,903Inner Mongolians.

STUDY ON THE SYNTHESIS OF A NEW TYPE OF PHOSPHORUS HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS-PYRAZOLO[3,4-d]-1,3,2-DIAZAPHOSPHORIN-6-ONE

1-substituted-5-benzoylamino-4-pyrazolecarboxamides(2)were prepared by the reaction of 1-substituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]-oxazinone(1) with amines in benzene.The compound 2 was refluxed with excess LiAlH_4 in a mixture of THF and ether,one of the two carbamoyl groups in the molecule 2 was reduced selectively.As the results,1-substituted-5- benzylamino-4-pyrazolecarboxamides(3)were obtained.Compounds 3 reacted with Cl_2PPh-X,or P(NET_2)_3,producing the title compounds(4). The conditions of the reactions were studied.

A QUANTITATIVE STUDY ON ENHANCEMENT OF TYPE Ⅱ PHOTOSENSITIZED OXIDATION REACTION RATE BY HEAVY WATER

A method for quantitative evaluating the enhancement of the rate of Type Ⅱ photosensitized oxidation by D_2O was suggested. The effect of substrate concentration on this process was also discussed.

Safety Observation Study on Haemophilus Influenza Type B Conjugate Vaccines Injected at Different Sites in Chinese Infants

In the present study, the safety of Hoemophilus influenza type b conjugate vaccines inoculated in the upper arm deltoid and vastus lateralis muscle was evaluated. 680 infants aged 2-5 months and 6-12 months were selected to be the research subjects in whom the Hib conjugate vaccines were inoculated by injection in the upper arm deltoid and vastus lateralis muscle, respectively. The safety analysis indicated that there were no statistic differences in the incidence rates of adverse reactions when the Hib conjugate vaccines were inoculated at different sites. So we concluded that the safety of inoculation injection of Hib conjugate vaccines in vastus lateralis muscle was the same as that inoculated in the upper arm deltoid.

Study on a New Type of All-Solid-StateReference Electrode

A new type of all-solid-state Ag/AgCl reference electrode was constructed by using urea-formaldehyde resin as the frame material and KCl powder as the active component. The properties of the electrode were studied in detail. The electrode exhibited excellent characteristics and could be applied to the electrochemical measurements in syrupy, colloidal and higher temperature solutions as a reference electrode.

SPECTRAL STUDY ON A NEW 3d_z^2 TYPE COPPER(Ⅱ)COMPLEX OF PHENOLIC POLYMERIC CROWN ETHER

ESR and IR measurements have been carried out for a copper(Ⅱ)complex of phenolic polymeric crown ether,As a result,the triplet ESR spectrum(S=1)of 3d_z2 ground state copper(Ⅱ)ions was first observed for the powder sample.It indicated that there existed intramolecular spin-spin interaction betweeen 3d_Z2 ground state copper(Ⅱ)and copper(Ⅱ)ions.In this binuclear triplet cluster,the axial ligntion of one water molecule in a sandwich position to two adjacent copper(Ⅱ) ions was also confirmed by IR spectra,All things considered,a possible structure for the complex was proposed.

A Study of Plume Rise from Multi-tube Chimney and Types of Chimney Structure

This paper tries to determine the economical type of reinforced concrete chimney structure based on the same effective height of chimney. The simulated experiments of wind tunnel are performed for the study, which compare multi-tube chimney with single tube chimney based on the same buoyancy flux of plume. According to the comparison among the experiment results and the previous study of plume rise, the paper defines some final plume rise models. Finally, the paper gives the cost-benefit analysis after making cost estimation for different types of chimney structure and recommends the economical and reasonable type of chimney structure in light of the same environmental benefits.

Current understandings of the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes:Genetics to environment

Type 1 diabetes(T1D)is an autoimmune disease that usually strikes early in life,but can affect individuals at almost any age.It is caused by autoreactive T cells that destroy insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.Epidemiological studies estimate a prevalence of 1 in 300 children in the United States with an increasing incidence of 2%-5%annually worldwide.The daily responsibility,clinical management,and vigilance required to maintain blood sugar levels within normal range and avoid acute complications(hypoglycemic episodes and diabetic ketoacidosis)and long term micro-and macro-vascular complications significantly affects quality of life and public health care costs.Given the expansive impact of T1D,research work has accelerated and T1D has been intensively investigated with the focus to better understand,manage and cure this condition.Many advances have been made in the past decades in this regard,but key questions remain as to why certain people develop T1D,but not others,with the glaring example of discordant disease incidence among monozygotic twins.In this review,we discuss the field’s current understanding of its pathophysiology and the role of genetics and environment on the development of T1D.We examine the potential implications of these findings with an emphasis on T1D inheritance patterns,twin studies,and disease prevention.Through a better understanding of this process,interventions can be developed to prevent or halt it at early stages.

Studies on Progressive Reactions Leading Formations of Different Types of Barium Ferrites

The present investigation is concerned with the reaction of barium and iron nitrates mixtures using three different molar ratios, 1:1 (Ⅰ), 1:2 (Ⅱ) and 2:1 (Ⅲ) at different temperatures as pointed out from the DTA data. The reaction products exhibit 12 compounds namely, Ba(NO3)2, αFe2O3, Fe3O4, BaFeO3, BaFeO2.9, hexagonal BaFeO3-x, tetragonal BaFeO3-x, BaFe2O4, αBaFe2O4, Ba2Fe6O11, Ba5Fe14O26 and BaFe12O19. The formation of these products depend on the molar ratio between the reactants and the reaction temperature. The reaction products were studied by DTA and TG techniques and characterized by X-ray diffraction patterns, magnetic susceptibility data and scanning electron microscopy, SEM.

STUDIES ON THE PROPERTIES OF SCHIFF BASE TYPE ARYLMERCURY COMPOUNDS Ⅲ TRANSMETALLATION REACTION OF SCHIFF BASE TYPE ARYLMERCURY COMPOUNDS WITH METALLIC TIN

The transmetallation reaction of 4 Schiff base type arylmercury compounds with metallic tin has been carried out in refluxing xylene.It was found that the reaction proceeds in the same manner as that of chloro[2-(phenylazo)phenyl]mercury(Ⅱ) to give dichlorobisaryltin(Ⅳ).The ~1H NMR spectra of the products provide evidence for the presence of N→Sn intramolecular coordination.The formation of dichlorobisaryltin(Ⅳ)as a unique product probably arises from the N→Sn intramolecular coordination which results in the increasing of the stability of the molecule.

STUDIES ON THE PROPERTIES OF SCHIFF BASE TYPE ARYLMERCURY COMPOUNDS.II ^(199)Hg NMR SPECTRA OF MERCURATED DERIVATIVES OF SUBSTITUTED BENZYLIDENEANILINES

^(199)Hg NHR spectra of 18 Schiff base type arylmercury compounds have been studied.It was further confirmed that in the molecule of XC_6H_4CH=NC_6H_3-2-HgC1-4-CH_3 there exists an intramolecular N→Hg coordination via a four-membered ring.For the series of XC_6H_4CH=NC_6H_3-2-HgCl-4-CH_3(X is a para-or mera-substituent),there is a good linear correlation between δ^(199)Hg and Hammett's o constants.The influence of substituents of C-pheny1 ring on the δ ^(199)Hg can be explained in terms of the intramolecular N→Hg coordination.

Taxonomic study of Favolus and Neofavolus gen. nov. segregated from Polyporus (Basidiomycota, Polyporales)

We present a taxonomic study of‘group Favolus’and related species in Polyporus.Phylogenetic analyses of nurLSU and ITS regions revealed that the infrageneric‘group Favolus’is divided into two main clades.Fungi within the group share laterally stipitate basidiocarps,with non-crustose stipe surfaces,and are distinguishable by the morphology of the pileus surface.One clade is characterized by species with hyaline to brown cutis,composed of hyaline to brown agglutinated generative hyphae.The other clade accommodates species with radially striate pileus,and lacks any distinct cutis of agglutinated hyphae.We propose Neofavolus gen.nov.,typified by N.alveolaris,for the former clade,and revise the genus Favolus,typified by F.brasiliensis,for the latter clade.Neofavolus includes N.mikawai and N.cremeoalbidus sp.nov.,known only from temperate eastern Asia,in addition to N.alveolaris.Favolus includes members of the Polyporus grammocephalus complex,the P.tenuiculus complex,and P.pseudobetulinus.We reveal that the polypore known as‘P.grammocephalus’in Asia includes F.acervatus and F.emerici(0 P.grammocephalus),whereas‘P.tenuiculus’includes three distinct species;F.brasiliensis from tropical America,and F.spathulatus and F.roseus from tropical Asia.Detailed descriptions and illustrations are provided for the accepted species in Favolus and Neofavolus.

A theoretical and experimental study on no-guide light pen type 3D-coordinate measurement system

A novel no-guide light pen type 3D-coordinate measurement system with three sets of position sensitive devices (PSDs) to realize intersection converge imaging is introduced. It is called as the light pen type measurement system, because the measuring head is shaped as a pen with several light sources on it. The structure design, measurement principle and experimental results are presented. The theoretical analysis and experimental results prove that this system has advanced features of simple structure, high automation, and high accuracy, and can be used in the measurement fields of mechanical manufacture, robot, auto, aviation and medicine effectively.

Evaluation of employee profiles using a hybrid clustering and optimization model Practical study

Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to introduce an evaluation methodology for employee profiles that will provide feedback to the training decision makers.Employee profiles play a crucial role in the evaluation process to improve the training process performance.This paper focuses on the clustering of the employees based on their profiles into specific categories that represent the employees’characteristics.The employees are classified into following categories:necessary training,required training,and no training.The work may answer the question of how to spend the budget of training for the employees.This investigation presents the use of fuzzy optimization and clustering hybrid model(data mining approaches)as a fuzzy imperialistic competitive algorithm(FICA)and k-means to find the employees’categories and predict their training requirements.Design/methodology/approach-Prior research that served as an impetus for this paper is discussed.The approach is to apply evolutionary algorithms and clustering hybrid model to improve the training decision system directions.Findings-This paper focuses on how to find a good model for the evaluation of employee profiles.The paper introduces the use of artificial intelligence methods(fuzzy optimization(FICA)and clustering techniques(K-means))in management.The suggestion and the recommendations were constructed based on the clustering results that represent the employee profiles and reflect their requirements during the training courses.Finally,the paper proved the ability of fuzzy optimization technique and clustering hybrid model in predicting the employee’s training requirements.Originality/value-This paper evaluates employee profiles based on new directions and expands the implication of clustering view in solving organizational challenges(in TCT for the first time).

Study on the wavelength calibration of type Ⅲ concave grating spectrometry system

We discuss and calibrate the spectronaetry system based on concave reflection grating. The working principle, structure and parameters of the spectrometry system are introduced. For the wavelength calibration problem, three methods are put forward and discussed in detail with formulation calculation method, circular iteration method and interpolation. Interpolation is used to calibrate the concave reflection grating spectrometry system and the error is less than 1 nm. Four spectrum images that the system collected are given in this paper. The experimental results indicate that a spectrometry system can be based on concave reflection grating and be calibrated by interpolation.

An association study of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type R gene polymorphism and the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging in major depressive disorder

Objective To explore the influence of a polymorphism of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type R(PTPRR)gene rs1513105 on abnormal brain activities in resting-state patients with major depressive disorder(MDD)using the gene-imaging technology.Methods 54MDD and 43 gender-,age-,and education-matched con-

Type A People May Have Lower Quality of Life:Study

一项小型研究发现,具有A型个性者(其表现特征为易怒,敌意,急躁)其生活质量似乎就比较 低。