Techno-economic analysis of single U-tube and double U-tube heat exchangers in Chongqing area

On the basis of practical projects in Chongqing,the thermal performance of heat exchangers (single U-tube type and double U-tube type) of the ground-source heat pump (GSHP) system in the hot summer was obtained and analyzed. The data obtained from test could match with the result deduced from theoretical calculation. From the test results,the cooling capacity of double U-tube is 1.6 times that of single U-tube. Taking cost per depth per watt Clq as the evaluation standard,Clq of single U-tube is 4.69 RMB$/W,and Clq of double U-tube is 3.14 RMB$/W. The double U-tube heat exchangers usage should be prioritized.

Numerical simulation on heat transfer performance of vertical U-tube with different borehole fill materials

Heat exchange performance of vertical U-tube heat exchanger was studied with two different borehole fill materials and CFD software. Borehole surface temperature and water temperature distribution were simulated on the condition of continuous operation for 8 h in winter with inlet water temperature being 10℃. The results show that there is no obvious difference on heat exchanger performance between the two different borehole fill materials.

Performance enhancement of filled-type solar collector with U-tube

In order to increase the efficiency of solar collector, a methodology is proposed based on the analysis of its influencing factors, such as thermal conductivity of filled layer, structure forms of filled layer and heat loss coefficient. The results of analysis show that the heat transfer between pipes in evacuated tube is one of the most important factors, which can lead to the decrease of the outlet temperature of working fluid. In order to eliminate the negative influence of the heat transfer between pipes, the hollow filled-type evacuated tube with U-tube(HUFET) was developed, and the heat transfer characteristics of HUFET were analyzed by theoretical and experimental studies. The results show that the thermal resistances decrease with the increase of the thermal conductivity of filled layer. When the thermal conductivity is over 10 W/(m·K), the change of thermal resistances is very little.Furthermore, the larger the thermal conductivity of filled layer, the less the rate of the energy transfer between the two pipes to the total energy transfer, which is between the absorber tube and the working fluid. There is a little difference between the efficiencies of HUFET and UFET, with the efficiency of HUFET 2.4% higher than that of UFET. Meanwhile, the validation of the model developed was confirmed by the experiment.

Thermal performance of a single U-tube ground heat exchanger:A parametric study

In this research,the thermal performance of a single U-tube vertical ground heat exchanger is evaluated numerically as a function of the most influential flow parameters,namely,the soil porosity,volumetric heat capacity,and thermal conductivity of the backfill material,inlet volume flow rate,and inlet fluid temperature.The results are discussed in terms of the variations of the heat exchange rate,the effective thermal resistance,and the effectiveness of the ground heat exchanger.They show that the inlet volume flow rate,inlet fluid temperature,and backfill material thermal conductivity have significant effects on the thermal performance of the ground heat exchanger,such that by decreasing the inlet volume flow rate and increasing the backfill material thermal conductivity and inlet fluid temperature,the outlet fluid temperature decreases considerably.On the contrary,the soil porosity and backfill material volumetric heat capacity have negligible effects on the studied ground heat exchanger’s thermal performance.The lowest inlet fluid temperature reaches a the maximum effective thermal resistance of borehole and soil,and consequently the minimum heat transfer rate and effectiveness.Also,multilinear regression analyses are performed to determine the most feasible models able to predict the thermal properties of the single U-tube ground heat exchanger.

An Analytical Model for the Thermal Assessment of a Vertical Double U-Tube Ground-Coupled Heat Pump System in Steady-State Conditions

An analytical model was built to predict the thermal resistance of a vertical double U-tube ground-coupled heat pump that operates under steady-state conditions.It included a geometry obstruction factor for heat transfer throughout the backfill medium due to the presence of the second loop.The verification of the model was achieved by the implementation of five different borehole configurations and a comparison with other correlations in the available literature.The model considered a U-tube spacing range between(2)and(4)times the U-tube outside diameter producing a geometry configuration factor range of(0.29-0.6).The results of the model were utilized for the assessment of the DX ground heat exchanger coupled heat pump system.For similar geometrical configurations,the borehole thermal resistance experienced a decrease as the geometry factor increased.The single U-tube borehole thermal resistance was higher than that of the double U-tube heat exchanger by(10-27)%for the examined geometry configurations.The borehole thermal resistance at tube spacing of twice the tube diameter was higher than the predicted value at the triple diameter and fell in the range of(18-34)%.

亨通光电成功研发A-Dry^(TM)全干式光缆及U-Tube^(TM)超细气吹微缆

近日,亨通光电成功研发A-Dry^（TM）全干式光缆及U-TubeTM超细气吹微缆,既可满足海外电信市场不同层次的网络建设需求,又可为国内电信市场提供多样化的产品选择,进一步推进公司＂从本土企业向国际化企业、从生产型企业向研发生产型企业、从产品供应商向系统集成服务商转型＂的战略转型,为实现＂打造行业领军企业,加快推进国际化进程＂的战略目标提供强力支撑,进一步提升亨通光电在行业中的技术研发领先地位。

Performance of U-tube Solar Water Heaters Facing Different Directions

System performance of solar water heaters depends upon collector and storage tank designs, solar radiation intensity and ambient temperature, amongst others. Evacuated glass tube collectors with U-tubes inside are less prone to leakages than the all-glass or the heat pipe types. U-tube solar water heaters suspended on walls and balconies could help overcome present day roof space restriction and increasing apartment-style housing. As such, their performance would depend upon its orientation when mounted in a vertical position. This paper reports the results of outdoor tests conducted on natural convection U-tube solar water heaters oriented towards different directions. Long and short term test procedures were employed to allow us to compare their performances as if they were tested simultaneously side-by-side.

A novel distributed solar refrigeration system based on evacuated U-tube solar collector and elastocaloric refrigerator

Refrigeration challenges in regions with electricity shortages significantly decrease the quality of life for residents. In response to the prevalent refrigeration challenges in power-deficient areas, a novel distributed solar refrigeration system, comprising an evacuated U-tube solar collector and elastocaloric refrigerator, is theoretically introduced. Theoretical formulations for the energy efficiency and cooling power of the solar refrigeration system are presented to facilitate predictive assessments of the performance properties. Under typical conditions, the energy efficiency and cooling power of the solar refrigeration system are,respectively, 4.84% and 200.15 W. Subsequently, an extensive parameter study is conducted to comprehensively uncover key performance influencers and identify avenues for improvement. In addition, local sensitivity analyses identify that the length ratio is the top influential parameter, while the heat transfer fluid flow rate is the least sensitivity. A pragmatic case study,conducted with the weather data of Ningbo City, China, serves to empirically predict the performance of the hybrid system within the constraints of practical circumstances.

Liquid-FEP-based U-tube triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting water-wave energy

Harvesting ambient mechanical energy is a key technology for realizing self-powered electronics. With advantages of stability and durabilid, a liquid-solid-based triboelectric nanogenerator （TENG） has recently drawn much attention. However, the impacts of liquid properties on the TENG performance and the related working principle are still unclear. We assembled herein a U-tube TENG based on the liquid-solid mode and applied 11 liquids to study the effects of liquid properties on the TENG output performance. The results confirmed that the key factors influencing the output are polarity, dielectric constant, and affinity to fluorinated ethylene propylene （FEP）. Among the 11 liquids, the pure water-based U-tube TENG exhibited the best output with an open-circuit voltage （Voc） of 81.7 V and a short-circuit current （Isc） of 0.26 μA for the shaking mode （0.5 Hz）, which can further increase to 93.0 V and 0.48 μA, respectively, for the horizontal shifting mode （1.25 Hz）. The U-tube TENG can be utilized as a self-powered concentration sensor （component concentration or metal ion concentration） for an aqueous solution with an accuracy higher than 92%. Finally, an upgraded sandwich-like water-FEP U-tube TENG was applied to harvest water-wave energy, showing a high output with Voc of 350 V, Isc of 1.75 μA, and power density of 2.04 W/m3. We successfully lighted up 60 LEDs and powered a temperature-humidity meter. Given its high output performance, the water-FEP U-tube TENG is a very promising approach for harvesting water-wave energy for self-powered electronics.

便捷填充U型管盐桥的制备与探索

Cu-Zn原电池实验是基础化学实验的重要组成部分,盐桥批量制备的品质是实验的关键,常规操作的温度高、消耗大、效率低。本文分别从U型管盐桥的填充材料和灌装方式两方面进行研究。针对盐桥的制作难度及功能特点进行探索,对琼脂和可溶性淀粉载体盐桥的导电能力、凝结时间进行分析。改进灌装方式,针对大批量盐桥制作需求,设计半自动式灌装机代替传统人力操作,提高盐桥的制作效率。为化学实验中盐桥的制备提供便捷高效的解决方案,提高相关实验数据的准确性和稳定性。

双管程换热器与单管程换热器流动与传热机理对比研究

对于单管程管壳式换热器的研究已经非常深入,但对于三种双管程管壳式换热器内部流动和传热机理的研究文献较少,本文建立了单管程换热器、固定管板式双管程换热器、U型管式双管程换热器、浮头式双管程换热器数值计算模型,通过获得的速度场、温度场等参数分析其壳程和管程流动与传热特性的异同。研究结果表明,双管程换热器强化传热根本机理是管程同等质量流量下,双管程换热器管程流速和流程相较于单管换热器皆提升一倍。单管程换热器和固定管板式双管程换热器不适用于温差较大的场合,U型管式双管程换热器和浮头式双管程换热器的管束一端可自由伸缩,适用于大温差场合。三种双管程换热器的壳程h/Δp远大于单管程换热器,管程h/Δp远小于单管程换热器。本研究可为热力系统中双管程换热器的使用和应用提供理论参考。

利用液体密度标准物质校准振动式密度仪

针对JJG 1058-2010《实验室振动式液体密度仪》,提出采用液体密度标物(密度标物)校准振动式液体密度仪(密度仪)的方法,并与上海市计量院(SIMT)进行精密级密度仪比对试验。在(650~2000)kg/m3范围内,选取3种物理和化学性质稳定的密度标物作为计量标物,对密度仪进行校准,并分析密度标物的计量特性。结果表明:|En|最大为0.3,比对结果满意,可为该类仪器的校准提供一种现实可行的方法,有助于我国高精度密度测量仪器的研制和开发。

二级固井中分级注水泥器受力分析及施工安全提升

石油勘探开发逐渐向深层、超深层领域发展,深井、超深井及各种复杂井大量使用双级固井技术,分级固井能够有效降低环空液柱压力,减少水泥一次性注替量,保证施工安全,提高固井质量。但在二级固井施工过程中,分级注水泥器受力超过承压极限时存在提前关孔的风险。通过对施工过程中分级注水泥器进行受力分析,借鉴“U”型管效应研究基础,建立了泵压、分级注水泥器位置压力、挡块机构受力、环空实际流量、真空段长度等动态参数的计算方程,用VB语言编写开发了模拟程序。该程序能够在固井施工前,模拟分级注水泥器施工各阶段受力状态,防止提前关孔情况发生。经过多轮次的现场验证,计算结果满足工程要求。该研究成果能够有效规避分级固井施工风险,同时也可以根据模拟结果判断环空实际顶替情况,根据各阶段受力情况优化施工参数,提高二级施工的安全性。

进口压缩机冷却器泄漏原因分析与维修方法的应用研究

压缩机冷却器对于限制气体温度、减少压缩机功耗、分离气体杂质具有重要作用,冷却器维保管理工作有助于保障设备性能和安全稳定运行。着重阐述引发冷却器泄漏的原因和适应性修复方法,总结正确选择维修方法并评估应用效果,期望对压缩机冷却器维修管理提供经验。

基于流热固耦合的U型管式熔盐换热器温度场与应力场分析

熔盐换热器因其系统压力低、运行稳定以及经济性能好等特点在太阳能、核能和高温制氢等领域得到广泛应用。由于熔盐运行温度高,冷热流体温差大,导致熔盐换热器主要部件中产生的热应力不可忽略。本文采用流热固耦合方法分析U型管式换热器的温度场与应力场,首先运用计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)分析获取了换热器主要热性能参数,并与实验结果进行对比,最大偏差约3.07%,验证了CFD流体仿真结果的准确性。在此基础上,对熔盐管壳式换热器运行工况下的传热过程进行了详细分析,获得换热器流场和温度场。最后,通过Ansys workbench有限元软件计算得到由流场、压力场和温度场耦合产生的应力场,并着重分析了与换热管及壳体相连接的管板的应力分布,给出了管板最高应力值及某些路径的应力变化规律。结果表明:应力较大的部位发生在管板的布管区与非布管的连接区域,位于近壳侧的换热管内壁处,距离管板下端面约2 mm的位置。可为熔盐换热器实际运行和结构设计提供重要参考。

某塑胶U型管注塑模具设计

针对塑胶U型管内壁型芯脱模难度大的特点,将U型管塑件内壁型芯分解为2个直型芯与1个圆弧型芯的拼合结构,在模具动模侧设计了3组油缸驱动抽芯机构完成3个型芯的抽芯动作。2组油缸驱动抽芯机构完成2个直型芯抽芯,其中1组在完成直抽芯过程中,同时驱动动模型腔、摆件板旋转10°,达到共同推动塑件在圆弧型芯上旋转预脱模,防止由摆件板单独推动塑件旋转脱模,引起塑件塑性变形;设计模具二次开模,解决了动模型腔在旋转过程中与相关零件干涉的问题;第3组油缸驱动齿条齿轮传动机构,带动摆件板推动U型管塑件旋转,完成圆弧型芯脱模运动,解决了传统圆弧型芯旋转脱模所需脱模空间大、出现运动干涉,以及圆弧型芯难以冷却等问题。

双U型地埋管换热器换热性能试验研究

双U型地埋管换热器(DUBTHE)在实际应用中易出现管路交叉,引起热短路,造成换热性能降低,直接影响浅层地源热泵系统的运行效率。以西安某浅层地源热泵项目为工程背景,基于无限长线热源理论和斜率法,通过现场岩土热响应试验、不同测温法测温试验,研究了岩土初始平均温度、导热系数和体积热容,及管卡间距对DUBTHE换热性能的影响。结果表明:多点式测温线缆测得的岩土初始平均温度为17.08℃,更接近实际地层温度。该地层的岩土综合导热系数和综合体积热容分别为1.65 W/(m·K)、2.81×10^(6 )J/(m^(3)·K)。DN25 DUBTHE的夏、冬季单位延米换热量随着管卡间距减小而增加,且增速随管卡间距的减小先增大后减小。当管卡间距分别为1、2、3、4 m时,DN25 DUBTHE的夏季单位延米换热量较无管卡分别提高了21.03%、19.48%、15.16%、3.92%;DN25 DUBTHE的冬季单位延米换热量较无管卡分别提高了20.83%、19.48%、14.94%、3.79%。工程中最优的管卡布置方式为2 m或3 m管卡间距的DN25 DUBTHE。研究结果可为关中地区浅层地源热泵系统的优化设计提供经验借鉴与数据支撑。

无隔水管海底泵举升系统井底压力计算与分析

在无隔水管海底泵举升系统(riserless mud recovery system,RMR)钻井中,当钻井泵停止工作时,可能会发生U型管效应,而U型管效应的发生势必会导致井底压力处于不平衡状,发生溢流的概率将大大增加。为了能够在U型管效应发生期间,对井底压力进行控制,保持井眼稳定,通过建立RMR系统在停泵工况下的U型管效应环空返速数学模型,对RMR系统在该期间的环空返速和井底压力变化进行了模拟,分析了在恒定井底压力下海底泵入口压力和海底泵出口流量的变化规律。结果表明:海底泵入口流量越小,可调区间越大;钻井泵停泵前流量越大,维持井底压力恒定下的时间越短,钻井泵停泵前27、32、37、42 L/s时流量可调的截止时间分别为21、19、18、16 min。形成了适用于RMR系统在该期间进行井底压力控制的流量调节方法,为实际作业时的井控方法和操作提供了理论指导。

U形竖管内超临界甲烷传热异常行为机理研究

针对航空发动机的空气预冷系统U形竖管超临界流体传热异常问题,对超临界压力甲烷U形竖管内传热行为进行了数值研究。探究了热流密度、质量流量和运行压力对换热的影响,从超临界甲烷管内温度、速度、流动状态及无量纲数变化出发,阐述了超临界甲烷在U形管内异常传热现象形成的机理。结果表明,在较高热流密度(95k W·m~(-2))下,浮升力导致的自然对流是上升直管段内传热恶化的主要原因,运行压力的升高抑制了物性变化,促进了传热恶化向正常传热方向恢复。弯管段内的二次流使混合对流转变为强制对流,二次流形成的迪恩涡改善了径向温度分布不均匀性,强化了弯管段及其后续直管段的传热,且在弯管顶部位置传热的强化作用最为显著。

考虑U型管效应的注水泥套管变形问题研究

注水泥过程中的套管变形问题给固井作业带来了巨大挑战。基于U型管效应产生的机理,给出了真空段长度和返出排量的描述方程。考虑温度场对套管变形的影响,推导了传热学方程,用于预测井筒温度场。通过分析注水泥时套管受力情况,建立了相应的套管变形程度计算模型。以新疆油田Z井为例,进行了泵压、真空段长度、注入返出排量等参数的计算。结果表明,当井筒内出现U型管效应时,返出排量不等于注入排量;最佳的注入排量为12~14 L/s,此时套管变形量较小,且不会发生疲劳破坏。当在井口观测到泵压为0时,井筒内就会产生真空段,此时应重视U型管效应可能引发井下复杂。根据敏感性分析,注入排量对套管变形程度的影响最大。在设计注入排量时,可考虑变排量注水泥的设计方法,以便更好地解决该类问题。