Corrosion behavior of ultra-fine grained industrial pure Al fabricated by ECAP

Corrosion behavior of ultra-fine grained(UFG) industrial Al fabricated by equal channel angular pressing(ECAP) for 16 pass times was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization test,potentiostatic polarization test,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) measurement,immersion test and surface analyses (OM and SEM). The microstructures including grain size,grain boundaries and dislocations were also observed by TEM. The results show that the UFG industrial pure Al has more positive pitting potential,less corrosion current density and five times larger passive film resistance compared with the coarse grained(CG) one. It was found that the increased pitting resistance is profited from the more stable passive film kept in the Cl-aggressive solution due to more grain boundaries,larger fraction of non-equilibrium grain boundaries and residual stress of the UFG industrial pure Al.

Microstructures of ultra-fine grained FeCoV alloys processed by ECAP plus cold rolling and their evolutions during tempering

A new processing method,equal channel angular pressing(ECAP)plus cold rolling(CR),was applied to producing ultra-fine grained FeCoV alloy.The microstructures of ultra-fine grained FeCoV alloy after ECAP,ECAP plus CR,and the effect of tempering treatment on the microstructure of FeCoV alloy produced by ECAP plus CR were investigated.The results show that an elongated substructure with a width of about 0.3μm is obtained after four-pass ECAP using Route A.Cold rolling after ECAP cannot change the morphologies of elongated substructure,and it results in higher fraction of high-angle boundaries and higher dislocation density compared with the identical ECAP without rolling.Subsequent tempering for 30 min at 853 K brings about many nano-phases precipitating at subgrain boundaries and insides the grains,and the size of precipitated phase is measured to be about 10 nm.Nano-phases grow up with increasing tempering temperature and equiaxed structure forms at 883 K.

Isothermal Growth Kinetics of Ultra-fine Austenite Grains in a Nb-V-Ti Microalloyed Steel

Ultra-fine austenite grains with size of i-3 μm were prepared in a Nb-V-Ti steel through repetitive treatment of rapid heating and quenching. A model for the growth kinetics of these ultra-fine austenite grains was successfully created through successive 2 processes, and the activation energy Q for growth was estimated to be about 693.2 kJ/mol, which directly shows the inhibition effect of microalloy elements on the growth of ultra-fine austenite grains.

Effect of welding heat input on HAZ character in ultra-fine grain steel welding

In this essay, we studied how heat input affected the microstructure, hardness, grain size and heat-affected zone(HAZ) dimension of WCX355 ultra-fine grain steel which was welded respectively by the ultra narrow-gap welding (UNGW) process and the overlaying process with CO 2 as protective atmosphere and laser welding process. The experimental results show when the heat input changed from 1.65 kJ/cm to 5.93 kJ/cm, the width of its HAZ ranged from 0.6 mm to 2.1 mm.The average grain size grew up from 2～5 μm of base metal to 20～70 μm and found no obvious soften phenomenon in overheated zone. The width of normalized zone was generally wide as 2/3 as that of the whole HAZ, and the grain size in this zone is smaller than that in base metal. Under the circumstance of equal heat input, the HAZ width of UNGW is narrower than that of the laser welding.

Microstructural Evolution and Thermal Stability of Ultra-fine Grained Al-4Mg Alloy by Equal Channel Angular Pressing

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the grain refinement and thermal stability of ultra-fine grained Al-4Mgalloy introduced by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) at 473 K. The results show that the intensities of X-ray(111/222) and (200/400) peaks for the alloy processed by ECAP decrease significantly and the peak widths of halfheight become broadening compared with the corresponding value in the annealed alloy. The microstructure of 2passes ECAPed alloy consists of both elongated and equiaxed subgrains. The residual strain in the alloy increaseswith increasing passes numbers, that appears as increasing dislocation density and lattice constant of matrix. Anequiaxed ultra-fine grained structure of～0.2μm is obtained in the present alloy after 8 passes. The ultra-fine grainsare stable below 523 K, because the alloy retains extremely fine grain size of～1μm after static annealing at 523 Kfor 1 h.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ultrafine Grained Mg15Al Alloy Processed by Equal-channel Angular Pressing

An as-cast magnesium alloy with high Al content Mg15Al was subjected to equal-channel angular pressing （ECAP） through a die with an angle of φ= 90？ at 553 K following route Bc. It is found that the network β-Mg17Al12 phases in the as-cast Mg15Al alloy are broken into small blocks and dispersed uniformly with increasing numbers of pressing passes. Moreover, many nano-sized Mg17Al12 particles precipitate in the ultra-fine α-Mg matrix. The grains are obviously refined. However, the grain structure is inhomogeneous in different areas of the alloy. The average size of the primary phase α-Mg is reduced to about 1 μm while grains of around 0.1-0.2 μm are obtained in some two-phase areas. With additional ECAP passes （up to 8）, coarsening of the grains occurs by dynamic recovery. Room temperature tensile tests show that the mechanical properties of Mg15Al alloys are markedly improved after 4 ECAP passes. The ultimate tensile strength and elongation to failure increase from 150 MPa to 269.3 MPa and from 0.05% to 7.4%, respectively. Compared with that after 4 passes, the elongation to failure of the alloy increases but the strength of the alloy slightly decreases after 8 ECAP passes. Fracture morphology of the ECAP-processed alloy exhibits dimple-like fracture characteristics while the as-cast alloy shows quasi-cleavage fractures.

Effect of upsetting force on microstructure of welds in resistance spot welding of 400 MPa ultra-fine grain steel

The ultra-fine grain （UFG） steel is welded by using resistance spot welding technique with or without requirement of upsetting force. Metallographic inspection shows that the grain size of weld nugget is larger than that of the base metal and the microstructure is altered significantly. In addition, contracting defects such as air holes can be found in the nugget center. The experiments show that the defects can be effectively avoided by the technique of adding upsetting force during the nugget cooling and crystallizing processes. In tensile shear tests, the welding joint starts to crack from the inner edge of the corona bond. The results of micro-hardness tests show that the newly born martensite structure dramatically improves the hardness of the joint. Under the interactions between residual stresses and regenerated fine grains, the micro-hardness of the heat-affected zone （ HAZ ） is lower than that of the nugget, but evidently higher than that of the base metal.

Microstructure Features with Ultrafined and Purified Grains for Si-Mn Hot-rolling TRIP Steel

The advanced hot-rolled transformation induced plasticity （TRIP） steel with high tensile strength of 775 MPa, high elongation of 29% and low ductile-brittle transmission temperature less than -80℃ has been developed in laboratory based on the common silicon and manganese chemical composition. The experimental results showed that the microstructures were featured with ultra fine grain size less than 5μm, appropriate retained austenite volume fraction around 11.8% and purified ferrite grain, which may result in well balanced mechanical properties for the steel.

Surface Cracking Behaviors of Ultra-Fine Grained Tungsten Under Edge Plasma Loading in the HT-7 Tokamak

Tests of the candidate plasma facing materials（PFMs） used in experimental fusion devices are essential due to the direct influence of in-situ plasma loading.A type of ultrafine grained（UFG） tungsten sintered by resistance sintering under ultra-high pressure（RSUHP） method has been exposed in the edge plasma of the HT-7 tokamak to investigate its performance under plasma loading.Under cychc edge plasma loading,the UFG tungsten develops both macro and micro cracks.The macro cracks are attributed to the low temperature brittleness of the tungsten material itself,while the micro cracks are generated from local intense power flux deposition.

Investigation on fracture behavior of the welded joint HAZ of ultra-fine grain steel SS400

The critical crack dimensions of both base-metal specimen and HAZ specimen are measured via wide-plate tensile tests. Based on the “fitness for purpose” principle, the fracture behavior of the ultra-fine grain steel SS400 welded joint HAZ is assessed. The test results indicate that overmatching is benefit for the whole capability’s improvement of ultra-fine grain steel SS400. The test results are confirmed by using finite element method (FEM).

Groove Design and Microstructure Research of Ultra-Fine Grain Bar Rolling

New flat-oval groove rolling process of multi-direction deformation is proposed to manufacture ultra-fine grain bar. Application of new groove series can introduce uniform large plastic strain into whole cross section of the material, and meanwhile satisfy the requirements of shape and size. Principle of grain refinement, based on experimental research of small specimen, is that grain refinement of ferrite is mainly dynamic recrystallization when low-carbon alloy steel is at low temperature deformation. Relationship of grain size and z-factor is also obtained through experimental research, as well as ultra-fine ferrite grain less than 1 micron. To predict strain, shape, dimensions and grain size of the material in rolling process, numerical simulation model of the warm groove bar rolling process is established via nonlinear finite element method, and distribution of grain size of the final section is obtained via finite element subroutine. The result indicates that ultra-fine grain bar rolling can accomplish at low temperature region.

Three Dimension Monte Carlo Simulation of Austenite Grain Growth in CGHAZ of an Ultrafine Grain Steel

In the present research Monte Carlo technique was used to simulate the grain growth in heat-affected zone(HAZ) of an ultrafine grain steel. An experimental data based (EBD) model proposed by Gao was used to establish the relation between tMCS and real time temperature kinetics in our simulation. The simulations give out the evolution of grain structure and grain size distribution in HAZ of the ultrafine grain steel. A Microsoft Window based on computer program for the simulation of grain growth in the HAZ of weldment in three dimensions has been developed using Monte Carlo technique. For the system, inputting the temperature field data and material properties, the evolution of grain structure, both image of simulated grain structure and numerical datum reflecting grain size distribution can be produced by the program. The system was applied to the ultrafine grain steel welding, and the simulated results show that the ultrafine grain steel has large tendency of grain growth.

Prediction of HAZ grain size in welding of ultra fine grained steel with different parameters

The temperature field and thermal cycling curve in the heat-affected zone during welding 400 MPa ultra fine grained steel by plasma arc were simulated using finite element method. The principle of grain growth kinetics was used to predict the grain size in the heat-affected zone under different welding parameters. The simulation results show that the growing tendency of HAZ grain could be controlled by adjusting the welding parameters, but the growth of HAZ grain could not be eliminated at all. The HAZ grain size became small with increasing of the cooling rate and added with increasing of welding current, arc voltage and welding speed.

Study on improving properties of welded joints of 400 MPa ultra fine grained steel by mechanical surface hardening

The welded joints of 400 MPa ultra fine grained steel in manual arc welding were treated by mechanical surface hardening. Microstructure and mechanical properties of the treated joints were compared with those of the untreated joints, based on which, primary study on the process and principle of mechanical surface hardening was carried out. The results shows that： Grain size of HAZ increases greatly and mechanical properties of welded joint decrease obviously compared with those of base martial, but grain size in the surface layer of HAZ can be refined （the grain size is about 100 nm or so） and mechanical properties of welded joints can be improved greatly by mechanical surface hardening.

高强导电Cu-3Ti-0.1Mg-0.05B-0.05La合金的微观组织与性能

采用真空熔铸和冷开坯工艺,通过优化形变热处理工艺,调控基体晶粒尺寸、第二相的析出及分布状态,制备出综合性能优异的Cu-3Ti-0.1Mg-0.05B-0.05La合金.结果表明,经过400℃/2 h一次时效处理后,Cu-3Ti-0.1Mg-0.05B-0.05La合金的显微硬度可达356 HV,此时导电率为14.5%IACS.透射电镜分析表明,Cu-3Ti-0.1Mg-0.05B-0.05La合金第二相的析出演变规律为富Ti相→颗粒状β′-Cu_(4)Ti相→颗粒状β′-Cu_(4)Ti相+片层状β-Cu_(4)Ti相→片层状β-Cu_(4)Ti相,其中颗粒状β′-Cu_(4)Ti相是最重要的强化相,片层状β-Cu_(4)Ti相会导致合金强度下降,但可以提高导电率.采用二次时效能够进一步优化Cu-3Ti-0.1Mg-0.05B-0.05La合金的综合性能,在合金强度基本不变的条件下,显著提升了合金的导电率.450℃/8 h一次时效+50%冷轧+400℃/1 h二次时效处理后合金的显微硬度和导电率分别达到了341 HV和20.5%IACS.

新型汽车覆盖件钢板性能研究

UF340作为一种新型超细晶高强钢,在汽车外覆盖件的应用上具有替代HC180BD的潜力,研究了UF340力学性能和成形性能。结果表明,在塑性、加工硬化指数和各向异性方面,UF340与HC180BD具有相似的力学性能,与HC180BD相比UF340没有明显的烘烤硬化性,2种材料的成形性能基本一致。通过Keeler模型计算获得UF340的成形极限曲线与成形试验结果存在一定差异,采用线性分段拟合方式获得的成形极限图与试验结果吻合度更高,采用该方法获得的成形极限曲线可为新材料的成形应用提供参考。

超细晶WC-10Co硬质合金制备的主要影响因素

利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)以及力学性能测试分析,研究了不同粒度的WC和Co原始粉末经不同时间球磨后的微观形貌;并对球磨后的复合粉末添加不同配比的晶粒抑制剂,进行真空热压烧结制备了超细晶硬质合金,考察了不同配比的晶粒抑制剂对超细晶硬质合金组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明,使用原始细颗粒粉末,经较短时间的球磨处理就可以达到较好的细化效果;复合添加VC+Cr3C2或VC+Ta C晶粒抑制剂对硬质合金晶粒的细化效果明显好于单一添加VC的细化效果;添加Cr3C2后WC晶粒呈近圆形,且硬质合金抗弯强度有明显提高;添加Ta C后的WC晶粒呈三角形或四边形,促进了硬质合金的硬度提高.

等径角挤压制备的超细晶Al-5%Cu合金块材的腐蚀行为

采用全浸泡腐蚀和电化学腐蚀研究等径角挤压制备的超细晶铝铜合金块材在氯化钠溶液中的腐蚀行为。结果表明:超细晶铝铜合金中基体相α(Al)晶粒细小(为200～300nm);铸态组织中网状θ相(Al2Cu)破碎、细化成10μm左右的颗粒并均匀分布于形变α(Al)基体上;形变细化提高铝铜合金在氯化钠介质中的耐蚀性能,表现出全浸泡腐蚀中更轻的腐蚀程度、电化学测试中更大的极化电阻、更正的自腐蚀电位和点蚀电位、更小的腐蚀电流密度。

叠轧深变形制备超细晶Al-1%Mg合金

叠轧深变形技术具有商业化生产超细晶材料的潜力. 在叠轧等效应变为4 0的条件下得到了平均晶粒为0 5μm的Al 1%Mg合金超细晶组织; 在热作用下合金组织由亚稳定态向稳定态转化, 在退火温度高于200℃时晶粒变化明显, 在200℃以下, 晶粒生长比较缓慢; 随着退火温度的升高, 合金组织发生静态回复与静态再结晶过程, 静态回复是通过位错的滑移和攀移而进行的, 再结晶是通过亚晶合并生长而进行的.

热处理对超细晶Ti-55511近β钛合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

采用热轧制备晶粒尺寸为0.1～0.5μm的超细晶Ti-55511近β钛合金，利用SEM和TEM等研究热处理工艺对超细晶合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明，在350～650℃的温度条件下，合金强度和硬度随温度的升高呈现先增高后降低的趋势，在450℃时达到峰值强度1486.09 MPa；在450℃退火时，随着退火时间的延长，合金强度首先急剧上升至1536 MPa后趋于稳定，伸长率呈现先增加后下降的趋势；合金在退火过程中主要经历动态回复过程，未发生明显的粗化长大现象，晶粒尺寸均小于1μm。动态回复过程在消除加工硬化的同时促进了晶界/相界的稳定化，增强细晶强化作用；退火过程中发生α→α2和β→ω→α相变过程，第二相粒子弥散强化效应增强。但是当第二相粒子尺寸增大至一定程度时，会显著降低合金的塑性。退火过程中合金力学性能的变化与强化机制的作用有关。