Key technologies and equipment for a fully mechanized top-coal caving operation with a large mining height at ultra-thick coal seams

Thick and ultra-thick coal seams are main coal seams for high production rate and high efficiency in Chinese coal mines, which accounts for 44 % of the total minable coal reserve. A fully mechanized top-coal caving mining method is a main underground coal extraction method for ultra-thick coal seams. The coal extraction technologies for coal seams less than 14 m thick were extensively used in China. However, for coal seams with thickness greater than 14 m, there have been no reported cases in the world for underground mechanical extraction with safe performance, high efficiency and high coal recovery ratio. To deal with this case, China Coal Technology ＆ Engineering Group, Datong Coal Mine Group, and other 15 organizations in China launched a fundamental and big project to develop coal mining technologies and equipment for coal seams with thicknesses greater than 14 m. After the completion of the project, a coal extraction method was developed for top-coal caving with a large mining height, as well as a ground control theory for ultra-thick coal seams. In addition, the mining technology for top-coal caving with a large mining height, the ground support technology for roadway in coal seams with a large cross-section, and the prevention and control technology for gas and fire hazards were developed and applied. Furthermore, a hydraulic support with a mining height of 5.2 m, a shearer with high reliability, and auxiliary equipment were developed and manufactured. Practical implication on the technologies and equipment developed was successfully completed at the No. 8105 coal face in the Tashan coal mine, Datong, China. The major achievements of the project are summarized as follows： 1. A top-coal caving method for ultra-thick coal seams is proposed with a cutting height of 5 m and a top-coal caving height of 15 m. A structural mechanical model of overlying strata called cantilever beam-articulated rock beam is established. Based on the model, the load resistance of the hydraulic support with a large mining height for top-coal caving method is determined. With the analysis, the movement characteristics of the top coal and above strata are evaluated during top-coal caving operation at the coal face with a large mining height. Furthermore, there is successful development of comprehensive technologies for preventing and controlling spalling of the coal wall, and the top-coal caving technology with high efficiency and high recovery at the top-coal caving face with a large mining height. This means that the technologies developed have overcome the difficulties in strata control, top-coal caving with high efficiency and high coal recovery, and enabled to achieve a production rate of more than 10 Mtpa at a single top-coal caving face with a large mining height in ultra-thick coal seams; 2. A hydraulic support with 5.2 m supporting height and anti-rockburst capacity, a shearer with high reliability, a scraper conveyor with a large power at the back of face, and a large load and long distance headgate belt conveyor have been successfully developed for a top-coal caving face with large mining height. The study has developed the key technologies for improving the reliability of equipment at the coal face and has overcome the challenges in equipping the top-coal caving face with a large mining height in ultra-thick coal seams; 3. The deformation characteristics of a large cross-section roadway in ultra-thick coal seams are discovered. Based on the findings above, a series of bolt materials with a high yielding strength of 500-830 MPa and a high extension ratio, and cable bolt material with a 1 × 19 structure, large tonnage and high extension ratio are developed. In addition, in order to achieve a safe roadway and a fast face advance, installation equipment for high pre-tension bolt is developed to solve the problems with the support of roadway in coal seams for top-coal caving operation with a large mining height; 4. The characteristics of gas distribution and uneven emission at top-coal caving face with large mining height in ultra-thick coal seams are evaluated. With the application of the technologies of gas drainage in the roof, the difficulties in gas control for high intensive top-coal caving mining operations, known as ＂low gas content, high gas emission＂, are solved. In addition, large flow-rate underground mobile equipment for making nitrogen are developed to solve the problems with fire prevention and safe mining at a top-coal caving face with large mining height and production rate of more than 10 Mtpa. A case study to apply the developed technologies has been conducted at the No. 8105 face, the Tashan coal mine in Datong, China. The case study demonstrates that the three units of equipment, i.e., the support, shearer and scraper conveyor, are rationally equipped. Average equipment usage at the coal face is 92.1%. The coal recovery ratio at the coal face is up to 88.9 %. In 2011, the coal production at the No. 8105 face reached 10.849 Mtpa, exceeding the target of 10 Mtpa for a topcoal caving operation with large mining height performed by Chinese-made mining equipment. The technologies and equipment developed provide a way for extracting ultra-thick coal seams. Currently, the technologies and equipment are used in 13 mining areas in China including Datong, Pingshuo, Shendong and Xinjiang. With the exploitation of coal resources in Western China, there is great potential for the application of the technologies and equipment developed.

Comparative study of mining methods for reserves beneath end slope in flat surface mines with ultra-thick coal seams

The paper aims to identify a reasonable method for mining ultra-thick coal seams in an end-slope in surface mine, With a case study of Heidaigou surface coal mine(HSCM), the paper conducted a comparative research on three mining methods, namely Underground Mining Method(UMM), Highwall Mining System(HMS) and Local Steep Slope Mining Method(LSSMM). A model was firstly established to simulate the impact that UMM and HMS exert on monitoring points and surface deformation. The way that stripping and excavation amount varies with different slope angle, and the corresponding end slope stability were analyzed in the mode of LSSMM. Then a TOPSIS model was established by taking into account six indicators such as recovery ratio, technical complexity and adaptability, the impact on surface mining production, production safety and economic benefits. Finally, LSSMM was determined as the best mining method for mining ultra-thick coal seams in end slope in HSCM.

Layout and support design of a coal roadway in ultra-close multiple-seams

A roadway within ultra-close multiple-seams(RUCMSs) is one of the most difficult supported coal roadways to deal with in underground coal mines. This is usually due to the unknown stress distributions, improper roadway layout, and unreasonable support parameters. In order to solve this support problem and effectively save RUCMSs from frequent and abrupt disasters(such as serious deformation of the surrounding rock, roof cave ins, and coal side collapse), a comprehensive method is adopted here which includes theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and field monitoring. A mechanical model was constructed to determine the stress distribution in the coal pillar after two sides of a longwall panel had been mined. Based on this model, the horizontal, vertical, and tangential stress equations for the plane below the floor of the upper-left coal pillar were deduced. In addition, a typical coal mine(the Jinggonger colliery, located in Shuozhou city, Shanxi province, China) with an average distance between its 9# and 11# coal seams of less than 8.0 was chosen to conduct research on the proper layout and reasonable support required for a typical coal roadway located within coal seam 11#. Using FLAC3D(Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua in 3-Dimensions) numerical software, eight schemes were designed with different horizontal distances(d) between the center lines of the coal pillar and the roadway in the lower coal seam(RLCS). The simulations and detailed analysis indicate that the proper distances required are between 22.5 and 27.5 m. A total of 20 simulation schemes were used to investigate the factors influencing the support provided by the key bolts(bolt length, spacing, distance between two rows, installation angle, and pre-tightening force). The results were analyzed and used to determine reasonable values for the support parameters. Field results show that the stability and strength of the RLCS can be effectively safeguarded using a combination of researched stress distribution characteristics, proper layout of the RLCS, and correct support parameters.

Effect of Mild-calcined Coal Gangue Additionon Hot Strength and Refractoriness Under Loadof Ultra Low Cement Castablesin Al_2O_3-SiO_2 System

This work explored the way to improve hot modulus q/＇ rupture （HMOR） and refractoriness under load （RUL） by adding mild-calcined coal gangue （MCG） in Al2O3 -SiO2 ultra low cement （ULC） castables, making use of the in-situ effect of the MCG during heating-up. The influence of respective additions of 5%, 10% and 1.5% of the MCG powders calcined at 700℃ was investigated on HMOR at 1400 ℃ and RUL of the castables. With increased addition of the MCG, HMOR and RUL become significantly enhanced. At 10% of the MCG addition, HMOR reaches 3 MPa, as compared to 0. 3 MPa in the case of no MCG addition. RUL of the specimens dried at 110 ℃for 24 h can be increased by some 270 ℃ with 10% of the MCG addition. RUL 0.11 the specimens preheated at 1 500℃ for 3 h maintains the growth trend with the MCG addition increasing. The microstructure of the heated castable samples was investigated by means of SEM. The in-situ formed needle-like and interlaced mullite in the matrix is contributive to the tmprovement.

急倾斜特厚煤层冲击地压防治探索与总结

急倾斜特厚煤层开采顶板破断运动复杂,应力和能量演化规律特殊,在深部“三高一扰动”影响下,冲击地压防治不容乐观。基于某矿2016年冲击地压事故后急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段开采冲击地压防治经验,从急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段开采冲击地压发生机理、瓦斯突出与冲击地压综合防治和冲击地压管理详细介绍了该矿7年来急倾斜特厚煤层冲击地压防治经验。冲击地压发生机理方面,建立了顶板岩层倾斜悬臂梁模型,揭示了顶、底板覆岩结构破断失稳演化过程,划分了夹持煤体受力状态分区,提出了急倾斜特厚煤层冲击“夹持理论”。瓦斯突出与冲击地压综合防治方面,基于冲击地压灾害控制解危技术的强度弱化减冲理论,结合原有防突措施体系,提出了既能防冲且对防突有利的解危措施,形成了某矿瓦斯/CO_(2)突出-冲击地压“双防”技术体系,建立了适用于某矿急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段开采的冲击地压防治体系,以钻屑量和瓦斯吸解值验证了瓦斯突出防治的强度保障,同时以加强实施卸压措施工作面的微震事件分布及各能级总频次和能量对比,论证说明了卸压方案防治效果的有效性。冲击地压管理方面,形成了预测评价、监测预警、治理预防、效果检验、安全防护和教育培训“六位一体”综合防治架构,基于《煤矿安全规程》和《防治煤矿冲击地压细则》等各项规定,制定了Q/YJMD-—FC 0104-2022《窑街煤电集团有限公司煤矿冲击地压防治第四部分:冲击地压防治技术规范》。

巨厚煤层物质组成特征与成因机制——以柴北缘鱼卡地区中侏罗统为例

厚煤层蕴含着丰富的地质信息,在全球碳循环中扮演着重要的角色。国内外深时地层中厚煤层广泛分布,近年来其成因机制逐渐成为煤地质学的研究热点。为明晰等时层序地层格架中的巨厚煤层的物质组成特征与形成机理,选取柴北缘鱼卡地区中侏罗统层序S1湖侵体系域发育的巨厚煤层M7为研究对象,等间隔连续采样并进行室内显微组分与矿物鉴定,依据煤层关键界面的识别原理、显微组分与矿物的古环境指示意义进行综合分析。结果显示:显微组分中镜质组体积分数最高(48.5%),惰质组体积分数同样较高(37.22%),类脂组所占比例很低,仅为3.32%。矿物组分体积分数较为稳定,平均值为10.96%。依据煤层与碎屑沉积的交替出现、显微组分与矿物体积分数在垂向上的变化趋势,识别出了多种关键界面,包括陆化面(TeS)、陆地暴露面(ExS)、沼泽化面(PaS)、湖侵淹没面(GUTS)与可容空间转换面(ARS)。沿沉积倾向在向陆与向湖方向分别选择钻孔,与鱼卡煤矿对比分析沼泽环境垂向演化过程。鱼卡煤矿巨厚煤层M7识别出4个沉积旋回,向陆以及向湖方向的YQ6–22与YQ6–12中由陆源碎屑、湖相沉积所分隔的M7–1—M7–3则均识别出3个沉积旋回。发现了巨厚煤层中蕴含的高分辨率层序,经过分析划分为4个四级层序,结合煤层中关键界面所对应的层序界面,揭示了巨厚煤层的成因机制。建立了层序地层格架中的多期泥炭沼泽垂向叠置模式,可进一步应用于国内外更多深时地层中巨厚煤层的研究。

特厚煤层底板断层破坏与顶板垮断联动效应的CFDEM模拟研究

特厚煤层采场空间大、覆岩扰动范围广,顶板垮断产生的强扰动加卸荷载易导致底板断层破坏加剧。通过数值模拟研究特厚煤层底板断层突水与顶板垮断联动效应机理规律是开展水害防治的基础,关键在于掌握加卸载下岩体渐进破坏与裂隙流耦合特征。构建加卸载下拉、剪损伤演化方程,结合有效偏/球应力为基本变量的屈服准则与塑性势函数,得到完整岩块的塑性损伤本构;建立拉/剪、混合型加卸载过程中塑性位移与强度劣化关系,以平方拉剪应力与B-K准则为初始、完全断裂准则,形成非贯通裂隙断裂本构;提出岩块分离、压缩、剪切判据,结合实验数据建立离散块体间挤压、剪切摩擦本构与剪胀方程。基于质量/动量守恒、状态方程,并结合流体体积与浸没边界方法,形成裂隙岩体气−水二相流模拟理论。由此形成CFDEM数值计算程序,并将加卸载下塑性损伤、断裂、挤压/摩擦、流体属性分别赋予实体单元(岩块)、黏聚力单元(非贯通裂隙)、接触对(贯通裂隙)、欧拉单元(水和气)。根据宁武煤田北部矿区工程地质条件,建立特厚煤层底板断层突水与顶板垮断联动效应数值计算模型。结果表明:①CFDEM耦合程序及相应的理论模型可数值实现特厚煤层覆岩及底板断层从(准)连续体到离散体转化,以及地下水在裂隙中运移;②模拟条件下特厚煤层含断层底板的采动裂隙包络线呈w形,最深处超过55 m位于断层及其上盘,最浅处23 m位于断层下盘,而无构造底板处的破坏深度为24~36 m,已导通奥灰含水层;③特厚煤层底板普遍出现二次破坏现象。表现为无构造底板在超前工作面处破坏深度为24.0~29.3 m,但在采空区内普遍增加至31.5~36.0 m;断层及其上盘在超前工作面处裂隙总开度为0.34~0.86 m,但在采空区内迅速增加至3.6 m,形成突水优势通道。④底板断层突水与顶板垮断联动效应的根源在于覆岩高位关键岩层垮断失稳、砌体梁下沉与二次断裂,并导致底板二次破坏,突水风险加剧。

浅埋巨厚富镓煤层的非均质性与反射波响应特征

华北石炭系—二叠系部分煤层富含战略性金属镓。为了探讨利用反射波响应解译浅埋巨厚煤中镓元素含量的可能性,以研究程度较深的准格尔煤田黑岱沟矿6号煤为例,综合样品实测、地震岩石物理建模、主成分分析等方法,表征煤层中物质组成、镓元素含量及载体矿物、弹性参数的纵向非均质性;综合煤层反射波响应正演模拟、地震属性分析和AVO分析等方法,表征煤层反射波运动学、动力学和AVO响应与煤层矿物富集类型间的相关关系。研究结果表明,按煤质可以将6号煤划分为三个层段,每个层段的矿物富集类型有明显区别;中上层段煤层巨厚,煤中镓元素的主要载体矿物为勃姆石,勃姆石与镓元素含量强线性正相关,纵波阻抗等弹性参数与勃姆石、镓元素含量正相关;当煤层流体饱和状态已知时,煤层顶底板反射波的双程旅行时差与振幅交会图可以有效区分煤层的矿物富集类型;煤层顶底板反射波的AVO截距与梯度交会图,可以有效区分煤层的流体饱和状态和矿物富集类型,是解译煤中镓元素含量的一种有效方法。本次研究成果不仅能够直接应用于浅埋巨厚煤中镓资源勘探,还能为煤中其他战略性金属的勘探研究提供方法借鉴。

综放工作面围岩控制与智能化放煤技术现状及展望

分析了厚及特厚煤层智能化综放工作面围岩控制技术与智能化放顶煤技术发展现状及存在的问题,从巷道围岩高效支护、工作面超前支护、坚硬特厚顶煤冒放性、液压支架位姿监测及智能化放顶煤5个方面提出了工程实际需求。针对综放工作面实现安全、高效、智能化开采存在的技术难题与工程需求,对综放工作面围岩控制技术、智能化放煤技术进行了研究:构建了坚硬特厚煤层顶煤悬臂梁力学模型,研发了提高顶煤冒放性及放出率关键技术,实现了坚硬特厚煤层超大采高综放开采;研发了单元式超前液压支架顶梁可旋转自复位装置,实现了液压支架顶梁根据巷道顶板倾斜角度自动旋转支护,有效提高了单元式超前液压支架对巷道顶底板的适应性;提出了采用巷道支护液压支架替代传统锚网支护结构的思路,具有支护效率高、成本低、节省工作面超前支护等优点;开发了基于立柱与尾梁千斤顶行程的综放液压支架支护姿态监测装置与算法,提高了液压支架支护姿态解算效率与精度;提出了基于透明地质模型、煤量监测装置与煤矸识别装置融合的智能放煤控制方法,可有效解决多夹矸层特厚顶煤智能化放煤技术难题。提出智能地质保障技术、机器视觉精准测量与智能感知技术、综放工作面设备智能精准自适应控制技术、综放工作面数字孪生技术等是智能化综放开采技术与装备的发展趋势。

黄陇煤田典型特厚煤层综放开采涌水机理与导水裂隙带发育规律

黄陇侏罗纪煤田厚煤层开采导水裂隙带发育高度大,易导通上覆白垩系洛河组巨厚砂岩含水层,区内青岗坪煤矿回采期间出现典型的“脉冲式”涌水特征,给矿井的安全回采造成严重影响。以青岗坪煤矿42105综放工作面为研究对象,采用3DEC离散元模拟、钻孔冲洗液漏失量、综合物探以及钻孔电视相结合的实测方法,对工作面回采过程中覆岩导水裂隙带和离层发育规律进行研究,探究该典型地质条件下矿井的涌水机制与导水裂隙带发育特征。结果表明:42105工作面导水裂隙带受覆岩周期性垮落影响不断向上发育,洛河组孔裂隙砂岩静储水不断释放,间歇性涌入工作面,形成幅值稍低的“脉冲式”涌水;在采动影响下巨厚砂岩含水层内不断出现离层,导水裂隙带导通砂岩含水层离层积水区,致使涌入工作面的瞬时涌水量突增,形成幅值较高的“脉冲式”涌水。结合现场钻孔冲洗液漏失量实测、综合物探以及钻孔电视结果,揭示了青岗坪煤矿洛河组孔裂隙砂岩静储水与离层水叠加影响的“脉冲式”涌水机理,确定导水裂隙带的最大发育高度为316.83~333.00m,裂采比为30.17~31.71。研究结果对于类似地层条件下矿井涌水的防治和安全高效回采具有指导意义。

大变幅加卸载下特厚煤层底板断层突水机理模拟研究

特厚煤层采场空间大、扰动范围广,强烈大变幅荷载易导致底板断层破裂加剧并诱发水害。数值模拟是揭示特厚煤层底板断层活化与突水机理的重要方法,准确反映大变幅加卸载下岩体破裂与裂隙水耦合特征是其合理性的关键。构建损伤变量与塑性应变、应力之间的相关关系,得到完整岩块的拉、加压卸载损伤演化方程;以平方拉剪应力与Benzeggagh-Kenane为初始、完全断裂准则,建立塑性位移与强度劣化关系,建立加卸载韧性断裂本构关系;基于实验数据建立贯通裂隙加卸载剪切本构关系。以基本方程与状态方程为基础,结合浸没边界方法,形成裂隙岩体水力学模拟理论。由此编制流体动力学-有限离散元CFD-FDEM耦合程序,模拟研究特厚煤层底板断层活化突水过程。结果表明:CFD-FDEM耦合程序可数值实现特厚煤层底板断层从(准)连续体到离散体转化,以及断层带裂隙水运移过程。底板断层采动破坏包络线呈W形,最深位于断层及其上盘(48.6m),最浅位于断层下盘(23m)。特厚煤层采场底板断层及其上盘受到较大超前集中应力,而后在采空区内大幅卸载,导致该位置出现显著二次破坏,并形成主要导水通道。研究成果为特厚煤层工作面底板断层水害防治提供理论支撑。

特厚煤层分层综放开采断层-离层耦合溃水机理

为了研究在复杂条件下断层-离层耦合溃水的机理及制定相应的防治水措施,在分析了老虎台井田地质、水文地质和开采条件的基础上,结合水害事故,采用数值模拟和相似材料模拟两种方法,对特厚煤层分层综放开采工作面"两带"发育高度、断层和离层空间形成特征进行了定量化研究,工作面回采后的冒采比和裂采比分别为4. 98～5. 42和7. 10～7. 30;断层空间形态和大小主要受到断层落差和与工作面距离影响;离层空间主要形成于不同岩性接触面附近。基于工作面顶板断层和离层空间形成、充水和溃水过程分析,揭示了断层-离层耦合溃水机理:上分层工作面回采导致覆岩中产生断层和离层空间,在接受含水层的持续补给后形成断层和离层水体,下分层工作面回采产生的垮落带波及至水体后发生溃水事故,与以往断层水害和离层水害相比,具有以下特点:断层和离层同时作为水害事故的充水水源和导水通道;垮落带是导致水害发生的主要因素;水害的孕育和发生分别在不同的工作面。针对水害特点提出了相应的防治水方案,首先对研究区进行水害威胁程度分区,受水害威胁轻及较轻区域的煤炭资源可以正常回采,受水害威胁较重及重区域的煤炭资源必须采取以下措施方可回采:注浆充填已形成的断层和离层空间,疏放已形成的断层和离层水体,减少工作面回采对覆岩中断层和离层水体的扰动。根据典型工作面的安全回采,初步验证了溃水机理的正确性和防治水方案的可靠性,下一步将根据井上、下工程验证,补充和完善防治水措施。

松软厚煤层超高巷道围岩失稳因素分析与控制技术

安阳主焦煤矿2301综放工作面回风巷沿煤层顶板布置,但在回采过程中,存在上端头三角煤损失和巷道底板煤层无法回收问题。为此,提出了回风巷超前底煤回收工艺,但面临着超前超高回采巷道围岩控制问题。支承压力高、煤体软弱、巷道超高和超前架反复支撑等因素导致超高巷道变形严重;结合回收底煤工艺和巷道变形破坏特征,提出了主被动联合支护、强化巷帮支护的控制策略和强力锚网索+超前超高液压支架联合支护方法。采用离散元数值模拟方法,分析了不同支承压力下巷道围岩塑性区、位移和应力场分布特征,验证了支护方案的合理性。现场工业性试验表明,补打锚杆、强化超前支架护帮等措施,能够有效控制巷道片帮现象。采用超高巷道围岩控制方法可多回收煤炭资源2.44万t,直接经济效益2.19亿元,具有较强的技术经济前景。

高瓦斯中硬煤层超高压水力割缝卸压增透技术及应用

为了提高高瓦斯中硬煤层卸压增透及瓦斯抽采效果,研究了顺层长钻孔超高压水力割缝技术,分析了其卸压增透机理,开展了超高压水力割缝现场试验,确定了等效割缝半径和有效瓦斯抽采半径,考察了超高压水力割缝技术的应用效果。研究结果表明:超高压水力割缝技术具有切割速度快、切割半径大等特点,相当于在钻孔周围煤体开采极薄保护层,平均单刀割缝时间9 min,单刀出煤量0.32~0.42 t,等效割缝半径为1.55~1.78 m;超高压水力割缝组单孔平均抽采浓度76.5%,单孔平均抽采纯量为0.089 m^(3)/min,分别是普通钻孔的4.58倍和4.05倍,是水力冲孔的1.2倍和1.43倍,可见该技术可以大幅度提高卸压增透及瓦斯抽采效果。

基于机器学习的急倾斜巨厚煤层掘进巷道冲击地压预测方法

针对急倾斜巨厚煤层掘进巷道冲击地压前兆信息挖掘不充分的困境,以新疆乌东煤矿急倾斜巨厚煤层掘进巷道的冲击危险预警为背景,探究了多项物理指标的演化规律,采用BP神经网络、随机森林(RF)、支持向量机(SVM)、梯度提升决策树(GBDT)等4种机器学习算法,分别建立了急倾斜巨厚煤层掘进巷道冲击地压的预测模型,并对各模型预测性能进行了验证和实例分析,明确了掘进条件下神经网络算法对急倾斜巨厚煤层各指标的敏感性分布。研究结果表明:机器学习算法能够有效提取出各物理指标发展趋势中蕴含的冲击前兆特征其中BP神经网络算法的建模精度最高,相较于其他模型平均绝对误差分别降低了58.44%55.64%,26.37%;R^(2)分数分别提高了11.25%,8.37%,3.66%;依据BP神经网络算法得到的各物理指标敏感性排序分别为A(b)值、b值、矿震活动度S值、等效能级参数EEM值、缺震值、算法复杂性AC值;应用R值评分法对乌东煤矿急倾斜巨厚煤层掘进巷道的冲击预警进行了效能验证结果表明该模型预测准确率较好,总体预测准确率为90.65%,并成功预测了掘进期间的两次大能量事件,该方法适用于急倾斜巨厚煤层掘进巷道的防冲预警,建立的模型对于冲击地压危险的预测有着较好的潜力,研究结果可为类似条件下急倾斜煤层冲击危险的演化发展提供参考。

特厚煤层小煤柱稳定性及合理护巷宽度分析

针对特厚煤层小煤柱稳定性差的问题,以一煤矿为例,介绍一种特厚煤层小煤柱稳定性及合理护巷宽度分析方法。首先,将煤矿作业面各岩层密度、抗拉强度等参数录入到FLAC(Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua)软件内,由该软件自动构建出煤层三维立体模型,之后以此为基础,根据作业面开采情况分别向模型施加一定应力,由软件自动对模型掘进巷道、回采阶段及小煤柱巷道围岩力学特性进行分析,以寻找出整个巷道内的薄弱点,最后根据力学特征分析结果,设计出最佳的小煤柱巷道支护方案,提升整个特厚煤层的稳定性,防止煤矿开采过程中出现巷道坍塌等问题,具有一定的应用价值。

特厚煤层综放面超前支护液压支架设计及应用

为了降低特厚煤层综放工作面巷道超前段单体柱支护风险,简化支护工艺,提高作业效率,基于不连沟煤矿特厚煤层地质赋存与综放开采工艺特点,开展了特厚综放工作面巷道超前支护液压支架选型设计,并进行了现场工业性试验。现场试验结果表明,应用ZQL2×6500/27/50D型端头超前液压支架过程中,巷道超前段顶板最大下沉量为127 mm,两帮最大移近量为466 mm,工作面液压支架最大工作阻力为46 MPa,巷道超前段顶板和两帮变形得到了有效控制。现场试验取得了较好的效果,可为特厚煤层综放工作面超前液压支架支护技术提供参考。

特厚煤层窄煤柱沿空掘巷变形特征及控制研究

为保障窄煤柱沿空掘巷技术在金山煤矿特厚煤层综放面的成功应用,以13102回风顺槽与邻近采空区留设8 m窄煤柱掘进为工程背景,借助工程类比、矿压监测、现场调研等手段进行围岩科学控制方案的研究,结果表明:初始支护条件下逐渐发展为围岩整体失稳,针对性提出“固帮护巷”支护原则,设计锚杆索多层次固帮及窄煤柱注浆方案,新掘段巷道表面变形量较小且逐渐稳定,顶板离层量在合理范围内,取得较好控制效果。

特厚煤层综放工作面窄煤柱沿空掘巷技术

为解决庞庞塔矿综放工作面沿空巷道变形较大、资源浪费较严重的问题,以9-301综放工作面为工程背景,借助数值模拟、工程类比、现场实测等手段对沿空巷道煤柱宽度及支护方案展开研究,结果表明:9 m煤柱整体承载性能优于其他留设方案,有利于巷道的支护;采用高强预应力锚网索非对称支护方案有效将巷道表面变形量控制在设计允许范围内,提高了资源利用率并降低巷道维护难度。

浅埋极薄煤层切顶留巷无煤柱开采技术应用研究

为提高极薄煤层煤炭资源回收,降低巷道掘进矸石产出,消除因煤层开采导致的地表生态破坏,采用理论分析、数值模拟和工程试验结合的方法,对浅埋极薄煤层切顶留巷无煤柱开采可行性进行了研究,对浅埋极薄煤层工作面切顶留巷参数进行了设计,并提出留巷围岩控制技术。沿空巷道实施切顶后,垮落顶板对上覆岩层形成有效支撑,同时留巷顶板形成短悬臂结构,降低覆岩活动对留巷围岩影响;与传统留煤柱开采相比,切顶留巷无煤柱开采技术能有效修复工作面两端覆岩裂隙发育及地表裂缝。现场实践表明:留巷形成后,工作面后方70~100 m两帮移近量在25~45 mm;切顶留巷无煤柱开采技术应用后,地表无明显裂缝产生,且提高了煤炭资源回收率,应用效果较好。