High-speed penetration of ogive-nose projectiles into thick concrete targets:Tests and a projectile nose evolution model

The majority of the projectiles used in the hypersonic penetration study are solid flat-nosed cylindrical projectiles with a diameter of less than 20 mm.This study aims to fill the gap in the experimental and analytical study of the evolution of the nose shape of larger hollow projectiles under hypersonic penetration.In the hypersonic penetration test,eight ogive-nose AerMet100 steel projectiles with a diameter of 40 mm were launched to hit concrete targets with impact velocities that ranged from 1351 to 1877 m/s.Severe erosion of the projectiles was observed during high-speed penetration of heterogeneous targets,and apparent localized mushrooming occurred in the front nose of recovered projectiles.By examining the damage to projectiles,a linear relationship was found between the relative length reduction rate and the initial kinetic energy of projectiles in different penetration tests.Furthermore,microscopic analysis revealed the forming mechanism of the localized mushrooming phenomenon for eroding penetration,i.e.,material spall erosion abrasion mechanism,material flow and redistribution abrasion mechanism and localized radial upsetting deformation mechanism.Finally,a model of highspeed penetration that included erosion was established on the basis of a model of the evolution of the projectile nose that considers radial upsetting;the model was validated by test data from the literature and the present study.Depending upon the impact velocity,v0,the projectile nose may behave as undistorted,radially distorted or hemispherical.Due to the effects of abrasion of the projectile and enhancement of radial upsetting on the duration and amplitude of the secondary rising segment in the pulse shape of projectile deceleration,the predicted DOP had an upper limit.

Stability analyses of the mass abrasive projectile high-speed penetrating into concrete target. Part Ⅰ: Engineering model for the mass loss and nose-blunting of ogive-nosed projectiles

The mass loss and nose blunting of a projectile during high-speed deep penetration into concrete target may cause structural destruction and ballistic trajectory instability of the penetrator,obviously reducing the penetration efficiency of penetrator.Provided that the work of friction between projectile and target is totally transformed into the heat to melt penetrator material at its nose surface,an engineering model is established for the mass loss and nose-blunting of the ogive-nosed projectile.A dimensionless formula for the relative mass loss of projectile is obtained by introducing the dimensionless impact function I and geometry function N of the projectile.The critical value V c0of the initial striking velocity is formulated,and the mass loss of projectile tends to increase weakly nonlinearly with I/N when V0〉V c0,whilst the mass loss is proportional to the initial kinetic energy of projectile when V0

Stability analyses of the mass abrasive projectile high-speed penetrating into concrete target. Part Ⅱ: Structural stability analyses

The initial oblique and attacking angles as well as the asymmetrical nose abrasion may lead to bending or even fracture of a projectile,and the penetration efficiency decreases distinctly.The structural stability of a high-speed projectile non-normally penetrating into concrete and the parametric influences involved are analyzed with the mass abrasion taken into account.By considering the symmetrical or asymmetrical nose abrasion as well as the initial oblique and attacking angles,both the axial and the transverse drag forces acting on the projectile are derived.Based on the ideal elastic-plastic yield criterion,an approach is proposed for predicting the limit striking velocity（LSV）that is the highest velocity at which no yielding failure has occurred and the projectile can still maintain its integral structural stability.Furthermore,some particular penetration scenarios are separately discussed in detail.Based on the engineering model for the mass loss and nose-blunting of ogive-nose projectiles established in Part I of this study,the above approach is validated by several high-speed penetration tests.The analysis on parametric influences indicates that the LSV is reduced with an increase in the asymmetrical nose abrasion,thelength-diameter-ratio,and the concrete strength,as well as the oblique and attacking angles.Also,the LSV raises with an increase in the initial caliber-radius-head（CRH）and the dimensionless cartridge thickness of a projectile.

A mass abrasion model with the melting and cutting mechanisms during high-speed projectile penetration into concrete slabs

In this study,ogive-nose projectile penetration into concrete slabs was tested at initial projectile impact velocities ranging from 1325.0 m/s to 1425.0 m/s.The depth of penetration and mass loss of the projectiles were measured,and the residual projectiles were recovered after the penetration tests.Scanning electron microscopy and metallographic microscopy of the microstructures were performed on various sections and outer surfaces of the projectiles taken from different locations of the residual projectiles,to analyze the intrinsic mechanisms of mass abrasion.The analysis results reveal that,during high-speed projectile penetration,projectile abrasion is caused by multiple mechanisms.Based on the cavity expansion theory,a projectile penetration model was established by considering the two main mass loss mechanisms observed in the microscopic tests.The theoretical predictions of the penetration depth,mass loss rate,and change of projectile head are consistent with the experimental results obtained both in this study and previous research.

A digital calibration technique for an ultra high-speed wide-bandwidth folding and interpolating analog-to-digital converter in 0.18-μm CMOS technology

A digital calibration technique for an ultra high-speed folding and interpolating analog-to-digital con- verter in 0.18-μm CMOS technology is presented. The similar digital calibration techniques are taken for high 3-bit flash converter and low 5-bit folding and interpolating converter, which are based on well-designed calibration reference, calibration DAC and comparators. The spice simulation and the measured results show the ADC produces 5.9 ENOB with calibration disabled and 7.2 ENOB with calibration enabled for high-frequency wide-bandwidth analog input.

An ultra high-speed 8-bit timing interleave folding＆interpolating analog-to-digital converter with digital foreground calibration technology

A 2-Gsample/s 8-b analog-to-digital converter in 0.35μm BiCMOS process technology is presented. The ADC uses the unique folding and interpolating algorithm and dual-channel timing interleave multiplexing technology to achieve a sampling rate of 2 GSPS.Digital calibration technology is used for the offset and gain corrections of the S/H circuit,the offset correction of preamplifier,and the gain and clock phase corrections between channels.As a result of testing,the ADC achieves 7.32 ENOB at an analog input of 484 MHz and 7.1 ENOB at Nyquist input after the chip is self-corrected.

超高强度平头圆柱形弹体对低碳合金钢板的高速撞击实验

为分析不同组分低碳合金钢板抗超高强度低碳合金钢弹体的高速撞击性能及破坏模式,以两种典型防弹特种钢SS、AS以及常见的Q235A钢为研究对象,通过静态拉伸、静态压缩及动态压缩测试,获得静态拉伸和压缩性能参数以及1 000~6 000s^(-1)应变率范围内的力学行为,分析了材料组分与力学性能的相关性。采用弹道枪加载撞击方法,获得了两种超高强度合金钢平头圆柱形弹体对3种钢板(14.5~15.9mm厚)的弹道极限速度,通过分析获得了不同工况下的极限比吸收能,讨论了合金钢板在弹体高速撞击下破坏模式的差异,分析了材料力学性能与破坏模式的相关性。研究表明:3种合金钢板抗弹体撞击性能与材料屈服强度正相关,但其性能间的差异远小于屈服强度间的差异;在超高强度合金钢平头圆柱形弹体的高速撞击下,3种钢板的失效机制与其力学性能密切相关,Si和Mn含量高的AS钢呈硬脆性特征,其断裂失效主要取决于材料的剪切强度,而Si和Mn含量较低的SS钢和Q235A钢具有良好的塑性,其断裂失效主要取决于材料的压缩强度和剪切强度。

基于气动热的引信磁流体发电

针对传统电池和涡轮发电机难以适应远程弹药长时高速飞行等潜在问题,提出基于气动热的引信用磁流体发电机。利用高速弹丸飞行时头部高温气体电离后产生的等离子体,进入发电通道切割磁力线进行发电,为引信电路提供能源。仿真结果表明:设计方案满足磁流体发电条件,基于气动热的引信用磁流体发电机具有一定的可行性。

大质量钨合金动能块高速侵彻超高强度钢靶作用特性

为研究超高强度钢靶抗大质量钨合金动能块的侵彻性能及破坏特性,基于弹道炮开展了215 g圆柱形钨合金动能块高速侵彻半无限超高强度G50钢靶和低强度45钢靶试验,获得了不同速度侵彻下两种钢靶的侵彻深度和成坑体积。试验表明,不同于低强度钢靶的近似圆柱体成坑特性,钨合金动能块侵彻超高强度钢靶时,在靶板内形成了类锥形弹坑,成坑侧面和坑底均有拉伸崩落裂纹;分析了超高强度钢靶的侵彻破坏特性,指出侵彻过程中钨合金动能块局部破碎引起靶板内的卸载拉伸剥落和动能块的侵彻锐化行为联合导致了类锥体弹坑的形成。通过数值模拟验证了超高强度钢靶的高速侵彻破坏机制。

SiC陶瓷/UHMWPE纤维复合结构抗12.7 mm穿甲燃烧弹试验与仿真

针对SiC陶瓷板、超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)纤维板层合而成的复合结构,为掌握组元厚度对其抗弹性能的影响规律,进行12.7 mm穿甲燃烧弹对复合结构的侵彻试验,获得不同撞击速度下的侵彻效果。建立弹体对复合结构侵彻的有限元计算模型,并通过试验验证计算模型的可靠性。采用被验证的计算模型对12.7 mm穿甲燃烧弹侵彻不同厚度组元的复合结构进行仿真计算,分析复合结构在弹体侵彻下的破坏机制及抗弹性能影响因素。研究结果表明:所建立的有限元模型能够可靠计算12.7 mm穿甲燃烧弹对复合结构的侵彻效应;复合结构抗弹性能随组元厚度增加呈线性增加,SiC陶瓷对抗弹性能的影响较UHMWPE纤维板大;随SiC陶瓷与UHMWPE纤维板厚度比的增加,复合结构抗弹体侵彻性能先增强后减小,当厚度比在0.2~0.4之间时,复合结构抗弹体侵彻性能最佳。

基于改进的剔除平均多目标恒虚警处理方法

针对传统恒虚警方法在超高射速弹丸多目标环境中适应性差的问题,提出了基于改进的剔除平均(TMCA)多目标恒虚警处理方法。该方法在临近单元平均的基础上,剔除不满足条件的参考单元,以实现对杂波功率电平的估计,并结合双检测门限,对超高射速弹丸多目标回波进行处理。实测数据处理结果表明,本算法可以有效抑制噪声和杂波的影响,为后续的数据处理奠定基础。

超高分子量聚乙烯织物/聚脲柔性复合材料的抗破片侵彻机制

为研究平纹机织叠层和三维角联锁增强聚脲柔性复合材料的抗侵彻性能,以15 mm角联锁整体织物及叠层平纹织物(单层厚度0.39 mm,40层)为研究对象,通过表面喷涂聚脲制备2种不同织物结构的超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)织物/聚脲柔性复合材料;采用1.1 g柱状楔形破碎片,开展了弹道侵彻实验,并获取了弹道极限速度和比吸能;在此基础上,借助超景深显微镜及计算机断层扫描仪,观察侵彻后UHMWPE织物/聚脲柔性复合材料的表面及内部损伤形貌,分析抗破片侵彻机制。研究结果表明:UHMWPE织物/聚脲柔性复合材料抗破片侵彻性能具有明显的织物结构效应;相较于同厚度的叠层平纹织物增强聚脲柔性复合材料,角联锁织物增强聚脲柔性复合材料的弹道极限速度提升了4.9%;对于未被穿透的UHMWPE织物/聚脲柔性复合材料,其被侵彻过程主要包括聚脲对破片的包裹、剪切冲塞和纤维拉伸断裂破坏;叠层平纹织物的主要失效模式为剪切冲塞、分层失效,角联锁织物主要为纤维拉伸变形、拉伸断裂破坏。

超高强度钢G31的动态力学性能及断裂阈值

为了研究超高强度钢G31的动态力学性能,通过对G31钢进行动、静态力学性能实验,得到G31钢的动、静态力学性能,并由实验数据拟合得到了G31钢的本构方程。通过金相显微镜观察了实验前后试样的金相图。结果表明:在动态压缩条件下,G31的力学行为表现为变形初期的应变强化阶段和变形后期的温度软化阶段;在变形后期实验曲线与拟合本构方程曲线有较大差异。仿真对比分析结果证实,变形温升是造成该差异的主要原因。观察金相图发现,材料在较高应变率下发生绝热剪切断裂,并由相关理论计算得到了试件的绝热剪切断裂阈值范围。

超细晶钨基材料穿甲弹芯侵彻靶板的试验研究

对常用的钨合金穿甲弹和特制的超细晶钨基穿甲弹进行靶场侵彻对比试验.试验表明,相同条件下,超细晶穿甲弹穿透率大于普通穿甲弹,验证了弹芯材料晶粒度的大小对穿甲的侵彻性能有重要影响.超细晶纳米粉末经过二次烧结制成的弹芯材料晶粒细小,均匀,减少和避免了侵彻过程中弹芯头部出现的"蘑菇头"现象,产生了绝热剪切破坏,有"自锐"效应.超细晶钨基穿甲弹的侵彻能力明显高于钨合金穿甲弹.

弹体侵彻超高性能混凝土反弹效应理论初探

为了探究弹体在侵彻超高性能混凝土过程中弹体出现的反弹现象,基于空腔膨胀理论,分析了弹体从侵彻到反弹全过程的受力情况;分别以一维弹性杆弹性势能模型和一维应力波模型为理论基础,推导得到两种反弹速度的解析解,分析了影响反弹速度的物理量;通过数值模拟复现了弹体反弹现象,验证了理论模型的合理性,数值计算结果和两种解析解吻合良好。研究表明:侵彻阻力使弹体积累变形势能,侵彻结束后变形势能释放造成弹体反弹;反弹初速与着靶速度无关,与靶体材料的屈服强度和弹头形状系数等成正比,与弹体弹性模量和密度成反比。

卵形弹中低速侵彻UR50超早强混凝土靶机理

为研究早强混凝土的抗侵彻性能和养护龄期的关系,利用35 mm弹道炮和35CrMnSiA制缩比卵形弹对两种养护期下产品名为UR50的超早强混凝土进行了侵彻试验,根据试验数据对两种龄期的超早强混凝土的侵彻响应特性进行对比分析。之后为进一步研究弹体侵彻超早强混凝土的响应机理,引入刚性弹侵彻半无限靶的响应模型进行理论研究,并利用别列赞公式分析了超早强混凝土中特种钢纤维对抗侵彻性能的提升。试验结果表明:弹体中低速侵彻超早强混凝土靶的过程可分为冲击开坑和稳定侵彻两个阶段;超早强混凝土养护7 d就可以达到养护28 d时的抗侵彻性能。利用刚性弹侵彻半无限靶的响应模型对养护7 d和28 d的超早强混凝土的量纲为一的侵彻深度预测值与试验侵彻深度进行对比,发现其最大相对误差分别为29.13%和17.50%,通过对响应模型中两种龄期超早强混凝土的计算无侧限抗压强度进行修正,使其侵彻深度计算值符合实际结果。

一种非平稳复杂环境下的自适应恒虚警算法

针对当前恒虚警算法在非平稳强干扰环境下检测适应性能较差的问题,提出了一种自适应恒虚警检测方法。该算法利用二阶统计假设与Shapiro-Wilk检验得到具有均匀分布的杂波背景估计,并且结合频域加窗处理方法,对超高射速脱壳弹弹丸多目标回波进行处理,消除了卡瓣频谱干扰的影响。实测数据表明,该算法不需要任何关于背景环境的先验信息,可以适应多种回波数据,实现了在复杂强干扰环境中对目标的精确检测。

A dynamic constitutive model of ultra high toughness cementitious composites

In this study,an explicit dynamic constitutive model was established for ultra high toughness cementitious composites(UHTCCs).The model,based on the Holmquist–Johnson–Cook(HJC)model,includes tensile and compressive damage evolution,hydrostatic pressure,strain rate,and the Lode angle effect.The proposed model was embedded in LS-DYNA software and then comprehensive tests were carried on a hexahedral brick element formulation under uniaxial,biaxial,and triaxial stress states to verify its rationality through comparisons with results determined by the HJC and Karagozian&Case(K&C)models.Finally,the proposed model was used to simulate the damage caused to UHTCC targets subjected to blast by embedded explosive and projectile penetration,and predictions were compared with corresponding experimental results.The results of the numerical simulations showed that our proposed model was more accurate than the HJC model in predicting the size of the crater,penetration depth,and the distribution of cracks inside the target following the blast or high-speed impact loading.

高能炸药驱动下弹体膨胀破碎过程试验研究

为了获得高能炸药驱动下战斗部壳体破碎机理,选取新型弹体材料30Cr Mn Si Ni2A钢、40Cr Mn Si B钢以及典型弹体材料50Si Mn VB钢,采用超高速摄影技术拍摄壳体静爆,获得了不同弹体材料壳体膨胀破碎过程,引入弹体径向膨胀系数,建立了考虑弹体材料性能影响的壳体径向膨胀距离随时间变化的函数关系式,并试验测定了三种材料弹体形成破片的最大初速。分析试验结果发现,新型弹体材料壳体膨胀速度和破片初速更大,相比50Si Mn VB钢壳体,30Cr Mn Si Ni2A钢和40Cr Mn Si B钢壳体形成破片的最大初速分别提高了19.0%和31.9%。不同合金钢材料壳体形成破片初速沿壳体轴向分布规律相同,最大初速出现在距起爆点约70%圆筒长度处。该研究结果将为杀爆战斗部壳体材料选取及设计提供参考依据。

高速集束弹丸对超低空目标的作战效能分析

为了应对以巡航导弹为主的超低空突防目标对重要军事目标的威胁，发展特定的“超近程拦截”技术是目前国内外在防御系统领域重点关注的方向之一。分析超近程拦截系统的作战效能在武器系统论证、设计、研制、试验乃至应用中具有重要的指导意义。本文从坐标系转化和误差分析出发，建立了以集束爆炸成型弹丸火力为代表的超近程拦截系统对空中目标命中概率数学模型，建立了单个EFP和集束EFP对目标的命中概率物理模型；计算了不同作战距离、目标在不同速度以及多个火力单元组合拦截下的命中概率，得出了在超低空近区拦截条件下尽可能缩短拦截距离对提高命中概率有极其明显的效果等结论。