Layout and support design of a coal roadway in ultra-close multiple-seams

A roadway within ultra-close multiple-seams(RUCMSs) is one of the most difficult supported coal roadways to deal with in underground coal mines. This is usually due to the unknown stress distributions, improper roadway layout, and unreasonable support parameters. In order to solve this support problem and effectively save RUCMSs from frequent and abrupt disasters(such as serious deformation of the surrounding rock, roof cave ins, and coal side collapse), a comprehensive method is adopted here which includes theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and field monitoring. A mechanical model was constructed to determine the stress distribution in the coal pillar after two sides of a longwall panel had been mined. Based on this model, the horizontal, vertical, and tangential stress equations for the plane below the floor of the upper-left coal pillar were deduced. In addition, a typical coal mine(the Jinggonger colliery, located in Shuozhou city, Shanxi province, China) with an average distance between its 9# and 11# coal seams of less than 8.0 was chosen to conduct research on the proper layout and reasonable support required for a typical coal roadway located within coal seam 11#. Using FLAC3D(Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua in 3-Dimensions) numerical software, eight schemes were designed with different horizontal distances(d) between the center lines of the coal pillar and the roadway in the lower coal seam(RLCS). The simulations and detailed analysis indicate that the proper distances required are between 22.5 and 27.5 m. A total of 20 simulation schemes were used to investigate the factors influencing the support provided by the key bolts(bolt length, spacing, distance between two rows, installation angle, and pre-tightening force). The results were analyzed and used to determine reasonable values for the support parameters. Field results show that the stability and strength of the RLCS can be effectively safeguarded using a combination of researched stress distribution characteristics, proper layout of the RLCS, and correct support parameters.

Comparative study of mining methods for reserves beneath end slope in flat surface mines with ultra-thick coal seams

The paper aims to identify a reasonable method for mining ultra-thick coal seams in an end-slope in surface mine, With a case study of Heidaigou surface coal mine(HSCM), the paper conducted a comparative research on three mining methods, namely Underground Mining Method(UMM), Highwall Mining System(HMS) and Local Steep Slope Mining Method(LSSMM). A model was firstly established to simulate the impact that UMM and HMS exert on monitoring points and surface deformation. The way that stripping and excavation amount varies with different slope angle, and the corresponding end slope stability were analyzed in the mode of LSSMM. Then a TOPSIS model was established by taking into account six indicators such as recovery ratio, technical complexity and adaptability, the impact on surface mining production, production safety and economic benefits. Finally, LSSMM was determined as the best mining method for mining ultra-thick coal seams in end slope in HSCM.

Effect of Mild-calcined Coal Gangue Additionon Hot Strength and Refractoriness Under Loadof Ultra Low Cement Castablesin Al_2O_3-SiO_2 System

This work explored the way to improve hot modulus q/＇ rupture （HMOR） and refractoriness under load （RUL） by adding mild-calcined coal gangue （MCG） in Al2O3 -SiO2 ultra low cement （ULC） castables, making use of the in-situ effect of the MCG during heating-up. The influence of respective additions of 5%, 10% and 1.5% of the MCG powders calcined at 700℃ was investigated on HMOR at 1400 ℃ and RUL of the castables. With increased addition of the MCG, HMOR and RUL become significantly enhanced. At 10% of the MCG addition, HMOR reaches 3 MPa, as compared to 0. 3 MPa in the case of no MCG addition. RUL of the specimens dried at 110 ℃for 24 h can be increased by some 270 ℃ with 10% of the MCG addition. RUL 0.11 the specimens preheated at 1 500℃ for 3 h maintains the growth trend with the MCG addition increasing. The microstructure of the heated castable samples was investigated by means of SEM. The in-situ formed needle-like and interlaced mullite in the matrix is contributive to the tmprovement.

Preparation of Ultra-Clean Coal by Selective Oil Agglomeration

This paper deals with the preparatiou of ultra-clean coals by selective oil agglomeration. It has been found that the deashing method used has high deashing rate and high combustible recovery but low oil consumption. So it will be widely used in the future. The ash content of coal 1# and 2# is reduced to less than 1%. It has been summarized that the main factors affecting deashing are coal rank, oil consumption, pulp density as well as particle size.

Triboelectrostatic Separation-an Efficient Method of Producing Low Ash Clean Coal

At present, coal is mainly consumed as fuel. In fact, coal is also a kind of precious raw material in chemical industry on the premise that some harmful minerals should be removed from coal. The paper presents the results of the research on producing low ash (<2%) coal with triboelectrostatic separator used for producing high-grade active carbon. The test is conducted in bench-scale system, whose capacity is 30～100 kg/h. The results indicate that: 1) the ash content of clean coal increases with the increase of solid content of feedstock, on the contrary, the yield of clean coal is declining; 2) a high velocity may result in a good separation efficiency; 3) for the same solid content, the reunion caused by intermolecular force makes the separation efficiency drop down when the ultra-fine coal is separated; 4) the separation efficiency is improved with the increase of electric field intensity, but there is a good optimized match between the electric field intensity and yield of clean coal; 5) a low rank coal is easy-to-wash in triboelectrostatic separation process; 6) the yield of clean coal can be enhanced and the ash decreased through adapting optimized conditions according to various coals.

Geochemical characteristics of ultra-deep natural gas in the Sichuan Basin, SW China

The natural gas components and geochemistry of 38 ultra-deep gas wells(burial depth greater than 6 000 m) in the Sichuan Basin were analyzed to determine the genesis of ultra-deep natural gas in the basin. The ultra-deep natural gas components of the basin have the following characteristics: Methane has an absolute advantage, which can be up to 99.56% with an average of 86.6%; ethane is low, with an average of 0.13%; there is nearly no propane and butane. So it is dry gas at over-mature thermal stage. The content of H2 S can be up to 25.21%, with an average of 5.45%. The alkane gas isotopes are: the carbon isotope varies from-32.3‰ to-26.7‰ for methane and from-32.9‰ to-22.1‰ for ethane. There is nearly no carbon isotopic reversal among methane and its homologues. Hydrogen isotope varies from-156‰ to-114‰ for methane, and from-103‰ to-89‰ for some ethane. The carbon isotope of CO_2 varies from-17.2‰ to 1.9‰ and most of them fall within the range of 0±3‰. According to the δ^(13)C_1-δ^(13)C_2-δ^(13)C_3 plot, except some wells, all other ultra-deep gas wells are dominated by coal-derived gas. Based on the CO_2 origin distinguishing plot and δ^(13)C_(CO_2), except some individual wells, most of the ultra-deep CO_2 are of carbonate metamorphic origin. H2 S in the ultra-deep layer of Longgang and Yuanba gas fields belongs to thermochemical sulfate reduction(TSR), while H2 S from Well Shuangtan belongs to thermal decomposition of sulfides(TDS).

不同粗糙度煤岩界面超低摩擦效应与声发射特征试验研究

为了揭示动载扰动作用下煤岩界面粗糙度对超低摩擦型冲击地压影响机制,采用自行研制的煤岩界面超低摩擦试验装置,以沈阳红阳三矿1082 m采深煤岩体为研究对象,通过改变煤块与砂岩块体表面粗糙度来模拟煤岩界面不同粗糙特性,以粗糙度系数表征煤岩界面粗糙程度,工作块体水平位移表征冲击过程中超低摩擦效应强度,声发射能量为工作块体摩擦滑动过程中的信号参数,进行应力波扰动下不同粗糙度煤岩界面超低摩擦试验.研究结果表明:(1)超低摩擦滑动过程中,工作块体水平位移、声发射能量计数以及累计能量曲线呈现出孕育阶段、激发阶段、稳定阶段变化特征;(2)煤岩界面粗糙度越小,工作块体水平位移和声发射能量峰值越大,煤岩界面越易发生超低摩擦效应;(3)不同煤岩界面粗糙度下,相比于其他扰动频率, 2 Hz时更易发生超低摩擦效应;(4)给出了声发射能量峰值与煤岩界面粗糙度系数对应关系.声发射能量峰值可以有效表征超低摩擦效应强度,可以用声发射能量峰值预测超低摩擦效应强度.

急倾斜特厚煤层冲击地压防治探索与总结

急倾斜特厚煤层开采顶板破断运动复杂,应力和能量演化规律特殊,在深部“三高一扰动”影响下,冲击地压防治不容乐观。基于某矿2016年冲击地压事故后急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段开采冲击地压防治经验,从急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段开采冲击地压发生机理、瓦斯突出与冲击地压综合防治和冲击地压管理详细介绍了该矿7年来急倾斜特厚煤层冲击地压防治经验。冲击地压发生机理方面,建立了顶板岩层倾斜悬臂梁模型,揭示了顶、底板覆岩结构破断失稳演化过程,划分了夹持煤体受力状态分区,提出了急倾斜特厚煤层冲击“夹持理论”。瓦斯突出与冲击地压综合防治方面,基于冲击地压灾害控制解危技术的强度弱化减冲理论,结合原有防突措施体系,提出了既能防冲且对防突有利的解危措施,形成了某矿瓦斯/CO_(2)突出-冲击地压“双防”技术体系,建立了适用于某矿急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段开采的冲击地压防治体系,以钻屑量和瓦斯吸解值验证了瓦斯突出防治的强度保障,同时以加强实施卸压措施工作面的微震事件分布及各能级总频次和能量对比,论证说明了卸压方案防治效果的有效性。冲击地压管理方面,形成了预测评价、监测预警、治理预防、效果检验、安全防护和教育培训“六位一体”综合防治架构,基于《煤矿安全规程》和《防治煤矿冲击地压细则》等各项规定,制定了Q/YJMD-—FC 0104-2022《窑街煤电集团有限公司煤矿冲击地压防治第四部分:冲击地压防治技术规范》。

巨厚煤层物质组成特征与成因机制——以柴北缘鱼卡地区中侏罗统为例

厚煤层蕴含着丰富的地质信息,在全球碳循环中扮演着重要的角色。国内外深时地层中厚煤层广泛分布,近年来其成因机制逐渐成为煤地质学的研究热点。为明晰等时层序地层格架中的巨厚煤层的物质组成特征与形成机理,选取柴北缘鱼卡地区中侏罗统层序S1湖侵体系域发育的巨厚煤层M7为研究对象,等间隔连续采样并进行室内显微组分与矿物鉴定,依据煤层关键界面的识别原理、显微组分与矿物的古环境指示意义进行综合分析。结果显示:显微组分中镜质组体积分数最高(48.5%),惰质组体积分数同样较高(37.22%),类脂组所占比例很低,仅为3.32%。矿物组分体积分数较为稳定,平均值为10.96%。依据煤层与碎屑沉积的交替出现、显微组分与矿物体积分数在垂向上的变化趋势,识别出了多种关键界面,包括陆化面(TeS)、陆地暴露面(ExS)、沼泽化面(PaS)、湖侵淹没面(GUTS)与可容空间转换面(ARS)。沿沉积倾向在向陆与向湖方向分别选择钻孔,与鱼卡煤矿对比分析沼泽环境垂向演化过程。鱼卡煤矿巨厚煤层M7识别出4个沉积旋回,向陆以及向湖方向的YQ6–22与YQ6–12中由陆源碎屑、湖相沉积所分隔的M7–1—M7–3则均识别出3个沉积旋回。发现了巨厚煤层中蕴含的高分辨率层序,经过分析划分为4个四级层序,结合煤层中关键界面所对应的层序界面,揭示了巨厚煤层的成因机制。建立了层序地层格架中的多期泥炭沼泽垂向叠置模式,可进一步应用于国内外更多深时地层中巨厚煤层的研究。

煤的冲击倾向性对深部煤岩界面超低摩擦效应影响研究

为了揭示动载扰动下煤的冲击倾向性对超低摩擦型冲击地压的影响机制,以不同冲击倾向性煤块为研究对象,首先通过单轴压缩试验测定了煤样冲击倾向性,然后采用自行研制的煤岩界面超低摩擦试验装置,以煤块滑动位移、动能表征冲击过程中超低摩擦效应强度,开展了应力波扰动下不同冲击倾向性煤块超低摩擦试验。研究结果表明:(1)超低摩擦效应强度受扰动频率影响存在频率显著影响区,强、弱、无冲击倾向性煤块频率显著影响区分别为2.5~3.5 Hz、2.0~3.0 Hz、1.5~2.5 Hz,频率显著影响区内煤岩界面更易发生超低摩擦效应。随着煤块冲击倾向性增强,频率显著影响区域整体右移。(2)超低摩擦效应强度与扰动幅值正相关,在高强度扰动下强冲击倾向性煤更易发生超低摩擦效应。(3)建立了有效弹性能释放速率指数与动能之间的拟合函数关系式,实现了用煤的冲击倾向性指标综合评价超低摩擦效应强度。

不同参数高效超超临界机组经济性分析及建议

本文根据目前大量已投运二次再热机组运行经验,结合某660MW项目高效一次再热和二次再热不同的高效超超临界参数,结合对应的汽机热平衡图参数,通过对THA、80%THA、60%THA三个运行负荷进行了相关的机组经济性参数的计算和对比,通过分析提出了在选择一次再热或二次再热参数上的一些建议和结论。

煤岩组合体冲击倾向性对超低摩擦型冲击地压的影响机制

为揭示煤岩组合体冲击倾向性程度对超低摩擦型冲击地压的影响机制,以不同冲击倾向性煤岩组合体为研究对象,在对煤岩组合试件进行冲击倾向性测定的基础上,采用自行研制的煤岩界面超低摩擦试验装置,以发生超低摩擦效应时的水平位移、动能、摩擦力为指标,探究煤岩组合体冲击倾向性与垂直应力波扰动频率、扰动振幅之间的关系特征。研究结果表明:(1)受扰动频率影响,弱、强冲击倾向煤岩组合体易发生超低摩擦效应的频率显著影响区分别为2.0~3.0,2.5~3.5 Hz,且随着冲击倾向性程度的增强,频率显著影响区逐渐右移。(2)相比于弱冲击倾向性煤岩组合体,强冲击倾向性煤岩组合体发生超低摩擦效应时水平位移、动能和摩擦力降幅较大,煤块易发生超低摩擦滑动。(3)随着煤岩组合体剩余能量指数的增大,冲击倾向性程度逐渐增强,动能呈指数规律增大,煤块越易发生超低摩擦滑动。研究结果可为超低摩擦型冲击地压的预测和防治提供参考。

综放工作面围岩控制与智能化放煤技术现状及展望

分析了厚及特厚煤层智能化综放工作面围岩控制技术与智能化放顶煤技术发展现状及存在的问题,从巷道围岩高效支护、工作面超前支护、坚硬特厚顶煤冒放性、液压支架位姿监测及智能化放顶煤5个方面提出了工程实际需求。针对综放工作面实现安全、高效、智能化开采存在的技术难题与工程需求,对综放工作面围岩控制技术、智能化放煤技术进行了研究:构建了坚硬特厚煤层顶煤悬臂梁力学模型,研发了提高顶煤冒放性及放出率关键技术,实现了坚硬特厚煤层超大采高综放开采;研发了单元式超前液压支架顶梁可旋转自复位装置,实现了液压支架顶梁根据巷道顶板倾斜角度自动旋转支护,有效提高了单元式超前液压支架对巷道顶底板的适应性;提出了采用巷道支护液压支架替代传统锚网支护结构的思路,具有支护效率高、成本低、节省工作面超前支护等优点;开发了基于立柱与尾梁千斤顶行程的综放液压支架支护姿态监测装置与算法,提高了液压支架支护姿态解算效率与精度;提出了基于透明地质模型、煤量监测装置与煤矸识别装置融合的智能放煤控制方法,可有效解决多夹矸层特厚顶煤智能化放煤技术难题。提出智能地质保障技术、机器视觉精准测量与智能感知技术、综放工作面设备智能精准自适应控制技术、综放工作面数字孪生技术等是智能化综放开采技术与装备的发展趋势。

浅埋巨厚富镓煤层的非均质性与反射波响应特征

华北石炭系—二叠系部分煤层富含战略性金属镓。为了探讨利用反射波响应解译浅埋巨厚煤中镓元素含量的可能性,以研究程度较深的准格尔煤田黑岱沟矿6号煤为例,综合样品实测、地震岩石物理建模、主成分分析等方法,表征煤层中物质组成、镓元素含量及载体矿物、弹性参数的纵向非均质性;综合煤层反射波响应正演模拟、地震属性分析和AVO分析等方法,表征煤层反射波运动学、动力学和AVO响应与煤层矿物富集类型间的相关关系。研究结果表明,按煤质可以将6号煤划分为三个层段,每个层段的矿物富集类型有明显区别;中上层段煤层巨厚,煤中镓元素的主要载体矿物为勃姆石,勃姆石与镓元素含量强线性正相关,纵波阻抗等弹性参数与勃姆石、镓元素含量正相关;当煤层流体饱和状态已知时,煤层顶底板反射波的双程旅行时差与振幅交会图可以有效区分煤层的矿物富集类型;煤层顶底板反射波的AVO截距与梯度交会图,可以有效区分煤层的流体饱和状态和矿物富集类型,是解译煤中镓元素含量的一种有效方法。本次研究成果不仅能够直接应用于浅埋巨厚煤中镓资源勘探,还能为煤中其他战略性金属的勘探研究提供方法借鉴。

特厚煤层底板断层破坏与顶板垮断联动效应的CFDEM模拟研究

特厚煤层采场空间大、覆岩扰动范围广,顶板垮断产生的强扰动加卸荷载易导致底板断层破坏加剧。通过数值模拟研究特厚煤层底板断层突水与顶板垮断联动效应机理规律是开展水害防治的基础,关键在于掌握加卸载下岩体渐进破坏与裂隙流耦合特征。构建加卸载下拉、剪损伤演化方程,结合有效偏/球应力为基本变量的屈服准则与塑性势函数,得到完整岩块的塑性损伤本构;建立拉/剪、混合型加卸载过程中塑性位移与强度劣化关系,以平方拉剪应力与B-K准则为初始、完全断裂准则,形成非贯通裂隙断裂本构;提出岩块分离、压缩、剪切判据,结合实验数据建立离散块体间挤压、剪切摩擦本构与剪胀方程。基于质量/动量守恒、状态方程,并结合流体体积与浸没边界方法,形成裂隙岩体气−水二相流模拟理论。由此形成CFDEM数值计算程序,并将加卸载下塑性损伤、断裂、挤压/摩擦、流体属性分别赋予实体单元(岩块)、黏聚力单元(非贯通裂隙)、接触对(贯通裂隙)、欧拉单元(水和气)。根据宁武煤田北部矿区工程地质条件,建立特厚煤层底板断层突水与顶板垮断联动效应数值计算模型。结果表明:①CFDEM耦合程序及相应的理论模型可数值实现特厚煤层覆岩及底板断层从(准)连续体到离散体转化,以及地下水在裂隙中运移;②模拟条件下特厚煤层含断层底板的采动裂隙包络线呈w形,最深处超过55 m位于断层及其上盘,最浅处23 m位于断层下盘,而无构造底板处的破坏深度为24~36 m,已导通奥灰含水层;③特厚煤层底板普遍出现二次破坏现象。表现为无构造底板在超前工作面处破坏深度为24.0~29.3 m,但在采空区内普遍增加至31.5~36.0 m;断层及其上盘在超前工作面处裂隙总开度为0.34~0.86 m,但在采空区内迅速增加至3.6 m,形成突水优势通道。④底板断层突水与顶板垮断联动效应的根源在于覆岩高位关键岩层垮断失稳、砌体梁下沉与二次断裂,并导致底板二次破坏,突水风险加剧。

燃用高硫煤锅炉空预器选型分析

为有效解决2×660MW燃用高硫煤超超临界机组空预器堵塞问题,研究了回转式空预器和管式空预器特性,分析了机组特点,提出了回转式空预器和管式空预器两级换热器串联方案,并探究了该方案对机组锅炉效率的影响。研究表明,相比于常规回转式空预器方案,采用回转式空预器和管式空预器两级换热器串联方案时,回转式空预器的出口排烟温度高于烟气酸露点,有效解决了机组空预器腐蚀堵塞问题,同时在保证设备安全下使锅炉效率提高1%。

240t/h循环流化床锅炉深度灵活调峰工程示范

煤电深度灵活调峰是促进可再生能源电力消纳、减少CO_(2)排放的重要举措。但燃煤锅炉深度灵活调峰存在负荷下调深度受限和NO_(x)排放高的技术难题。本文首次采用循环流化床耦合煤粉预热的技术路线,改建了现役240 t/h高温高压循环流化床锅炉,试验结果表明,锅炉负荷调节深度降低18%,且实现了零喷氨超低NO_(x)排放。240 t/h循环流化床锅炉深度灵活调峰工程示范的成功运行,为燃煤电站深度灵活调峰技术的发展提供了支撑。

化学团聚耦合低温省煤器强化除尘协同脱硫废水零排放试验研究

煤燃烧产生的细颗粒物和烟气脱硫产生的脱硫废水是燃煤电厂污染治理的难点。该文提出一种化学团聚耦合低温省煤器强化除尘协同脱硫废水零排放的处理工艺。将加入团聚剂的工艺水或脱硫废水通过双流体雾化喷入低温省煤器前烟道,细颗粒物在化学团聚剂液桥力的作用下发生团聚长大,沿程水分蒸发后,液桥力转化为固桥力形成大的团聚体,耦合低温省煤器促进静电除尘器对细颗粒物的脱除效率。示范试验结果表明,运行化学团聚可使粉尘排放浓度降低63.1%,168 h内平均粉尘排放浓度为2.66 mg/m^(3);基于运行数据优化了团聚剂喷量与低温省煤器循环水量;连续运行脱硫废水对强化除尘效果没有明显影响,实现了超低排放以及脱硫废水零排放。

330 MW循环流化床锅炉深度调峰技术

为推进“双碳”政策的实施,消纳波动性较强的新能源并网发电,当前对火电机组的深度调峰要求越来越高。循环流化床(circulating fluidized bed,CFB)锅炉机组在深度调峰低负荷运行工况有着先天优势,但实现20%以下的超低负荷运行依然面临众多的困难,如炉内流化的稳定性、氮氧化物的排放及炉内局部超温带来的安全性等问题。以某330 MW CFB锅炉的深度调峰技术应用为例,介绍了输煤筛分破碎系统、风帽节流圈、下二次风管等机组部件的改造,并配合烟气再循环等技术应用,成功实现了18%的超低负荷深度调峰运行,同时也很好地控制了NOx的排放。最后总结了CFB机组超低负荷深度调峰技术的关键点和难点,对深度调峰运行带来的潜在问题进行了分析,并提出了相应的解决措施。研究结果具有重要的工程借鉴作用。

矿物填料对水性超薄型防火涂料性能的影响

【目的】研究不同矿物填料及其复配比例对水性超薄型防火涂料性能的影响。【方法】以水性环氧/纯丙复配乳液作成膜物质;聚磷酸铵、季戊四醇、三聚氰胺作膨胀体系;钛白粉(TiO_(2))、煤矸石(CG)、膨润土(BT)、水滑石(LDH)作矿物填料进行了XRF、TG、FTIR和SEM分析。【结果】结果显示:单一矿物填料的防火性能由强到弱排序为TiO_(2),CG,BT,LDH.单一TiO_(2)填料防火涂料燃烧80min炭层膨胀倍率达到13.6,钢板背温为274.9℃,其炭层结构存在强度弱的问题。复配矿物填料能够达到高效防火、节能低耗、经济环保的目标,同时为矿物填料的高值化利用提供了一种新途径。当TiO_(2)、BT、LDH复配质量比为6∶2∶2时,燃烧炭层膨胀倍率为14.9,钢板背温仅为268.8℃;TiO_(2)、BT、CG复配质量比为8∶1∶1时,膨胀倍率为14.5,钢板背温仅为261.0℃,防火性能优于单一矿物填料。扫描电镜观测发现,BT、CG和LDH的加入使炭层表面结构更致密,结构更坚固。红外光谱分析可知,炭层的残留物中存在磷化物和金属氧化物,炭层结构强度增强。热重分析两种防火涂料的残炭量依次为36.35%、36.92%,炭层热屏蔽性能提高。