MECHANICAL-ELECTRIC COUPLING DYNAMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ULTRA-HIGH SPEED GRINDING MOTORIZED SPINDLE SYSTEM

On the basis of the traditional mechanical model of a grinding wheel rotor and the mechanical-electric coupling model with ideal sinusoidal supply, taking high-frequency converting current of inverter power switches into further consideration, a modified mechanical-electric coupling model is created. The created model consists of an inverter, a motorized spindle, a grinding wheel and grinding loads. Some typical non-stationary processes of the grinding system with two different supplies, including the starting, the speed rising and the break in grinding loads, are compared by making use of the created model. One supply is an ideal sinusoidal voltage source, the other is an inverter. The theoretical analysis of the high-order harmonic is also compared with the experimental result. The material strategy of suppressing high-order harmonic mechanical-electric coupling vibration by optimizing inverter operating parameters is proposed.

Development and Prospectives of Ultra-High-Speed Grinding Technology

Ultra-high-speed grinding(UHSG)is a significant and powerful machining method in view of the enhanced productivity and precision demands.Previous researches regarding formation mechanisms and crucial technologies are comprehensively and thoroughly summarized to highlight state-of-art technology of UHSG.On the basis of the interdependence between process and machine innovations,theoretically,grinding mechanisms in strain hardening,strain rate strengthening,thermal softening,size effect and process characteristics need more in-depth studies to clarify the dominance of UHSG.Technically,CFRP wheel integrating with the brazed bonding has a prominent advantage in bonding strength and grit′s configuration over vitrified bonding,which would be superior in UHSG.Furthermore,external high pressure cooling combining with inner jet cooling methods,accompanied by scraper plates to alleviate the effect of air boundary,are crucial and practical measures for realizing effective cooling in UHSG.Grinding processes,especially those being related to grinding parameters and precise in-process measuring approaches,are also prerequisite for fitting and investigation of UHSG.

Theoretical Study on Non-transmission High Efficient Parallel Camber Grinding Machine

Be directed against the development trend of modern CNC grinding machine towards high precision and high efficiency, some general weaknesses of existing camber grinding machine are analyzed in detail. In order to develop new type CNC camber grinding machine that can grind complex die, and genuinely achieved accurate feed and high efficient grinding, a new type camber grinding machine is put forward, called non-transmission virtual-shaft CNC camber grinding machine. Its feed system is a parallel mechanism that is directly driven by linear step motor. Therefore, traditional transmission types, such as the ball lead-screw mechanisms, the gears, the hydraulic transmission system, etc. are cancelled, and the feed system of new type CNC camber grinding machine can truly possess non-creep, good accuracy retentiveness a wide range of feed-speed change, high kinematical accuracy and positioning precision, etc. In order to realize that the cutting motion is provided with high grinding speed, step-less speed variation, high rotational accuracy, good dynamic performance, and non-transmission, the driving technology of hollow rotor motor is applied to drive the spindle of new type grinding machine,thus leading to the elimination of the transmission parts of cutting motion. The principle structure model of new type camber grinding machine is advanced. The selection, control gist and driving circuit line of the linear step motor are expounded. The main technology characteristics and application advantages of non-transmission virtual-shaft CNC camber grinding machine are introduced.

Applications of High-Efficiency Abrasive Process with CBN Grinding Wheel

High-efficiency abrasive process with CBN grinding wheel is one of the important techniques of advanced manufacture. Combined with raw and finishing machining, it can attain high material removal rate like turning, milling and planning. The difficult-to-grinding materials can also be ground by means of this method with high performance. In the present paper, development status and latest progresses on high-efficiency abrasive machining technologies with CBN grinding wheel relate to high speed and super-high speed grinding, quick point-grinding, high efficiency deep-cut grinding, creep feed deep grinding, heavy-duty snagging and abrasive belt grinding were summarized. The efficiency and parameters range of these abrasive machining processes were compared. The key technologies of high efficiency abrasive machining, including grinding wheel, spindle and bearing, grinder, coolant supplying, installation and orientation of wheel and workpiece and safety defended, as well as intelligent monitor and NC grinding were investigated. It is concluded that high efficiency abrasive machining is a promising technology in the future.

轴承内圆轴向超声高速磨削理论建模与试验研究

目的以GCr15材料的6309型轴承内圆为研究对象,探究高转速超声磨削过程中超声辅助振动对磨粒运动轨迹、磨削后表面粗糙度、圆度以及微观形貌的影响规律。方法基于超声内圆磨削磨粒切削轨迹及超声振幅与砂轮转速对轨迹影响的理论仿真,构建磨削去除量与磨削表面粗糙度的理论模型,通过对轴承内圆进行超声磨削试验,研究高转速(16000~22000 r/min)下各工艺参数对内圆表面质量的影响并验证理论粗糙度评价模型。结果超声振幅的增大使磨粒与内圆接触轨迹变长,但随砂轮转速的提高,磨粒切削轨迹的密集程度也有所下降。振幅和砂轮转速的增大可使切削去除量增大、粗糙度降低,铬刚玉粒度100#陶瓷结合剂砂轮磨削GCr15轴承内圆后,其表面质量更有优势,单因素下表面质量变化趋势与理论分析结果相一致。结论在相同磨削参数下,1.5μm振幅超声磨削可使内圆圆度降至0.92μm,粗糙度降至130.5 nm,与传统磨削相比,粗糙度最高减小了41.5%,圆度最高减小了52.6%。在高转速下,各因素按砂轮对磨削后表面质量的影响由大到小的顺序依次为砂轮转速、超声振幅、进给速度,当磨粒线速度超过41.8 m/s、进给速度超过600 mm/min、振幅超过1.5μm时,表面质量呈下降趋势。

CFRP砂轮高速外圆磨削稳定性分析

为分析不同影响因素对CFRP砂轮高速外圆磨削稳定性的影响,采用铁木辛柯梁理论对具有阶梯特征的工件进行动力学分析,结合锤击试验测得砂轮动态特性,对高速磨削过程中的砂轮-工件两自由度系统进行了磨削稳定性分析。在对阶梯工件进行动力学分析的过程中,发现阶梯特征对于动态特性的影响较小,误差小于2%。在稳定性分析中发现,不同的砂轮转速和不同的工件磨削位置均会影响磨削稳定性。磨削位置越靠近工件中心,工件刚度越弱,磨削稳定性降低易诱发颤振;而在靠近顶尖支撑的位置,由于工件刚度增强,该位置的磨削稳定性将同时受到工件和砂轮的动力学性能的影响。通过磨削试验验证了分析方法的有效性,试验结果表明,工件磨削位置的刚度差异将会影响加工表面质量,由磨削失稳导致的粗糙度增幅可达51.6%。

体育器材SAE1008低碳钢高速磨削砂轮工艺优化

利用CBN砂轮高速磨削处理技术,对体育器材用SAE1008钢开展单因素测试,对比了不同磨削工艺下表层残余应力变化特征,并分析了相关影响因素。研究结果表明:当砂轮线速度到达60m/s时,获得了较大切向力,残余压应力相对其它工艺条件明显减小。当砂轮进给速增大后,形成线性降低的残余压应力,获得了更大比磨削能和更小残余压应力。位于(0.5~0.6)mm/min范围内呈现拉应力状态,应力作用造成的层深介于(100~150)μm,形成了更高磨削温度。230/270砂轮相对其它砂轮在磨削阶段形成更小表面残余应力,沿深度方向也产生了残余拉应力。该研究为设计减小残余拉应力以及改善钢材工件表面组织结构完整性的高速磨削技术提供了一定的参考价值。

基于五轴平台的枞树型轮槽铣刀加工工艺分析

轮槽成型铣刀是加工汽轮机轮毂槽的重要工具,其结构复杂且加工困难。为提高加工效率和精度,以某型高速钢轮槽铣刀为例,提出基于五轴平台的加工工艺方法。使用UG软件基于五轴车铣复合机床规划粗加工刀具路径,并采用专用后置处理器生成数控加工程序,通过虚拟机床进行仿真验证;采用NUMROTO软件规划精加工路径,获得磨削NC代码并进行虚拟加工验证;进行实际切削验证,通过DOOSAN PUMA SMX2600ST车铣复合加工中心对刀具进行粗加工后,在SAACKE UWIF五轴工具磨床上完成刀具的精加工。实验结果证明,该工艺方法不仅能保证产品质量符合工艺设计要求,而且制造效率提高了20%。

高速机械粉磨对油基钻屑灰渣活性的影响

对油基钻屑灰渣进行了高速机械粉磨处理,研究了粉磨时间(0~7 min)对灰渣粒径分布和比表面积的影响,分析了掺灰渣胶砂试件的力学性能,并进行了XRD、SEM、FTIR微观分析。结果表明:与未粉磨处理的灰渣相比,粉磨3 min灰渣的粒径分布范围缩小至1.220~40.100μm,D50降低了60.9%,比表面积增大了27.6%;与其他粉磨时间的灰渣相比,用粉磨3 min的灰渣等质量取代30%水泥所制备的胶砂试件的28 d抗压强度最高,28 d抗折强度也较高;适宜的粉磨时间能够促进灰渣中的活性Si O2、Al2O3等与水泥水化产物Ca(OH)2发生二次水化反应,生成C-S-H凝胶和AFt,提高胶砂结构的密实度。

钢轨快速打磨车动力学仿真研究

为研究钢轨快速打磨车服役时的动力学性能,建立了考虑打磨小车与大车、磨石与钢轨之间相互作用的钢轨快速打磨车模型,并进行动力学仿真分析,得到了该车在直线和曲线上运行时不同作业状态下的动力学性能。研究表明:钢轨快速打磨车的大车在自运行、非工作和工作状态下的临界速度分别为178 km/h、176 km/h、169 km/h,打磨小车在非工作和工作状态下的临界速度分别为145 km/h、119 km/h,均能满足80 km/h及以上的速度要求。在不同半径的曲线轨道上运行时,大车和打磨小车的曲线通过性能均随曲线半径的增大而提高,且均能满足标准要求。在不同欠超高量的曲线轨道上运行时,欠超高量越小,打磨小车在作业状态和非作业状态下的曲线通过性能越好,作业状态受欠超高量的影响相较非作业状态较小,且打磨小车的曲线通过安全性在所研究的超高范围内均能满足标准要求。

高速铁路级配碎石填料振动压实劣化机制研究

揭示振动荷载下高速铁路路基级配碎石填料压实劣化的影响机制对提高路基服役性能具有重要意义。首先,采用智能振动压实仪开展级配碎石填料振动压实试验,探究级配碎石填料物理指标干密度ρd、力学指标动刚度K与振动压实劣化的相关性;其次,对不同振动压实阶段的级配碎石填料进行X-CT(X-ray Computed Tomography)扫描试验,揭示级配碎石填料振动压实劣化的主控因素;最后,基于劣化主控因素建立不同劣化程度的高精度三维振动压实离散元模型,探究级配碎石填料压实劣化与主控因素的内在联系,进而深入揭示级配碎石填料振动压实劣化的细观机制。研究结果表明:振动压实过程中,可通过动刚度K曲线的“拐点”表征级配碎石填料振动压实劣化状态;通过X-CT试验明确级配碎石填料振动压实劣化的主控因素为粗颗粒研磨破碎,进一步提出研磨度DF指标量化级配碎石填料的压实劣化程度;振动压实离散元模型中级配碎石填料的细观结构演化特征表明,随着DF的增加,填料各向异性、力学配位数、粗颗粒接触力均逐渐减小,从而使级配碎石填料的内部结构稳定性和动刚度K减小,且当DF≥0.68时,各向异性、力学配位数、粗颗粒接触力链与动刚度K减小速率均降低。研究结果对高速铁路路基级配碎石填料的振动压实质量控制具有重要指导意义。

高速磨钻在侵袭性骨肿瘤治疗中的应用效果

目的:探讨高速磨钻在侵袭性骨肿瘤治疗中的应用效果。方法:选取2019年3月—2023年5月北京朝阳中西医结合急诊抢救医院收治的66例侵袭性骨肿瘤患者作为研究对象,根据随机数字表法分为研究组与常规组,各33例。常规组接受常规刮除术治疗,研究组采用高速磨钻刮除治疗。比较两组疾病复发情况、肿瘤转移情况、术后感染率、骨关节功能、骨愈合时间。结果:研究组疾病复发率、肿瘤转移率低于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组术后总感染率低于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.039)。术前,两组Lysholm评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后1个月,两组Lysholm评分高于术前,且研究组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组骨愈合时间短于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论:高速磨钻在侵袭性骨肿瘤治疗中的应用效果较好,能够降低疾病复发率、肿瘤转移率、术后感染率,改善骨关节功能,促进骨愈合。

CRH380B型动车组晃车原因分析及整改措施

CRH380B型动车组在运营过程中多次出现低频晃动现象,晃动具有频率低、持续时间长短不一的特点。针对这一问题,采集和分析某动车组车轮镟后列车运行数据,发现车体存在0.79 Hz单一振动主频。调查分析表明,该区段钢轨内侧实测廓形与设计廓形存在较大偏差,偏差最大达到0.8 mm,与镟后车轮匹配发现,轮轨匹配性能不佳,等效锥度偏小,容易造成低频晃动。建立车辆-轨道耦合模型,经过仿真分析可知,当钢轨廓形内侧偏差大于0.5 mm时,镟后车轮和凹磨车轮均容易出现晃车现象。因此,建议将钢轨廓形内侧偏差控制在0.4 mm以内。钢轨打磨维修后钢轨实测廓形与设计廓形中内侧偏差控制在±0.2 mm以内,车体横向振动加速度明显减小,主频为0.8 Hz振动消失,动车组运行平稳性良好。

钢轨铣磨技术在高速铁路小半径曲线的应用

为解决高速铁路进出站或临近管界的小半径曲线钢轨表面疲劳伤损问题,修复钢轨廓形,结合现场调查数据,分析了小半径曲线地段钢轨廓形质量、轨面状态、钢轨廓形偏差和轮轨接触关系。从轮轨关系角度分析了轨面疲劳伤损产生原因,提出了利用钢轨铣磨车和道岔打磨车的综合整治方案。结果表明:铣磨打磨作业后钢轨廓形质量和轨面状态得到明显改善;轮轨接触点分布位置更加合理,分布范围更加均匀,有效避免了轨面应力集中问题;动检车横向加速度明显减小,轮轨接触关系得到改善。

Compound machining of silicon carbide ceramics by high speed end electrical discharge milling and mechanical grinding

A compound process that integrates end electrical discharge (ED) milling and mechanical grinding to machine silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics is developed in this paper. The process employs a turntable with several uniformly-distributed cylindrical copper electrodes and abrasive sticks as the tool, and uses a water-based emulsion as the machining fluid. End electrical discharge milling and mechanical grinding happen alternately and are mutually beneficial, so the process is able to effectively machine a large surface area on SiC ceramic with a good surface quality. The machining principle and characteristics of the technique are introduced. The effects of polarity, pulse duration, pulse interval, open-circuit voltage, discharge current, diamond grit size, emulsion concentration, emulsion flux, milling depth and tool stick number on performance parameters such as the material removal rate, tool wear ratio, and surface roughness have been investigated. In addition, the microstructure of the machined surface under different machining conditions is examined with a scanning electron microscope and an energy dispersive spectrometer. The SiC ceramic was mainly removed by end ED milling during the initial rough machining mode, whereas it is mainly removed by mechanical grinding during the later finer machining mode; moreover, the tool material can transfer to the workpiece surface during the compound process.

Comparative investigation on high-speed grinding of TiCp/Ti–6Al–4V particulate reinforced titanium matrix composites with single-layer electroplated and brazed CBN wheels

In order to develop the high-efficiency and precision machining technique of TiCp/Ti - 6Al-4V particulate reinforced titanium matrix composites （PTMCs）, high-speed grinding experiments were conducted using the single-layer electroplated cubic boron nitride （CBN） wheel and brazed CBN wheel, respectively. The comparative grinding performance was studied in terms of grinding force, grinding temperature, grinding-induced surface features and defects. The results display that the grinding forces and grinding temperature obtained with the brazed CBN wheel are always lower than those with the electroplated CBN wheel. Though the voids and microcracks are the dominant grinding-induced surface defects, the brazed CBN wheel produces less surface defects compared to the electroplated wheel according to the statistical analysis results. The max mum materials removal rate with the brazed CBN wheel is much higher than that with the electroplated one. All above indicate that the single-layer brazed CBN super-abrasive wheel is more suitable for high-speed grinding of PTMCs than the electroplated counterpart.

基于车体低频横向晃动分析的60N钢轨打磨限值研究

为解决国内部分服役动车组在运营过程中产生车体低频横向晃动问题(以下简称“晃车”),提高车体平稳性和旅客乘坐的舒适性,基于对部分晃车区段(打磨目标为60N钢轨的高速铁路干线)开展跟踪调研与测试的基础上,对比工务系统打磨后左右轨对称情况下,不同偏差值的钢轨廓形对应车体低频横向晃动的差异;并结合动力学仿真软件研究不同偏差值的钢轨廓形对于晃车现象的影响,找出打磨目标为60N钢轨的合理打磨限值并提出相应的打磨措施与建议。结果表明:晃车区段左右股钢轨工作边相较于打磨目标廓形60N钢轨存在过打磨导致等效锥度过小,是造成动车组晃车的重要原因;以车体横向振动加速度、车体横向晃动主频和轮轨匹配等效锥度等值为主要依据,提出60N钢轨在横坐标15 mm处的负偏差为0.1 mm时,会出现晃车现象,建议工务系统以60N钢轨为目标廓形时,按照正偏差打磨,打磨值宜按+0.1 mm控制。

一种拖拉机盘座类零件“以车代磨”加工工艺研究

研究了某型拖拉机零件的“以车代磨”加工工艺,对原来采用磨床加工的典型零件进行了工艺研究,并提出用全机能数控车床代替磨削加工的工艺方案。

高速铁路钢轨百米周期性不平顺整治技术

针对高速铁路钢轨百米周期性不平顺问题,综合分析既有钢轨打磨技术的优缺点,兼顾打磨效果、天窗时间和经济性,提出以大机快速打磨和小机打磨为主、大机传统打磨为辅的综合整治策略;通过调整小机打磨和大机快速打磨的顺序,设计了两种打磨方案,并选取典型区段进行对比试验。结果表明:小机打磨+大机快速打磨+大机传统打磨、大机快速打磨+小机打磨+大机传统打磨两种打磨方案均可以有效治理钢轨百米周期性不平顺,同时保证了钢轨廓形打磨质量;大机快速打磨+小机打磨+大机传统打磨方案总体打磨效果更优。

外圆高速磨削颤振可靠性研究

磨削颤振严重影响了加工精度和表面质量,以外圆高速磨削为研究对象,基于再生颤振机理,建立了工件-砂轮动力学模型,求解了理论临界磨削深度,并绘制了稳定性叶瓣图;考虑动力学参数的不确定性,建立了磨削加工系统可靠性模型,采用改进一次二阶矩法求解磨削深度的可靠性;通过模态试验获得系统频响函数,并计算了磨削颤振可靠度;最后,选取15种工况开展颤振可靠性磨削试验,并通过工件表面振纹对颤振进行辨识。结果表明稳定性叶瓣图预测结果可能存在误差,利用磨削颤振可靠度对其评判,可提高预测结果的准确性。