Prediction Model of Drilling Costs for Ultra-Deep Wells Based on GA-BP Neural Network

Drilling costs of ultra-deepwell is the significant part of development investment,and accurate prediction of drilling costs plays an important role in reasonable budgeting and overall control of development cost.In order to improve the prediction accuracy of ultra-deep well drilling costs,the item and the dominant factors of drilling costs in Tarim oilfield are analyzed.Then,those factors of drilling costs are separated into categorical variables and numerous variables.Finally,a BP neural networkmodel with drilling costs as the output is established,and hyper-parameters(initial weights and bias)of the BP neural network is optimized by genetic algorithm(GA).Through training and validation of themodel,a reliable prediction model of ultra-deep well drilling costs is achieved.The average relative error between prediction and actual values is 3.26%.Compared with other models,the root mean square error is reduced by 25.38%.The prediction results of the proposed model are reliable,and the model is efficient,which can provide supporting for the drilling costs control and budget planning of ultra-deep wells.

Characteristics of helical flow in slim holes and calculation of hydraulics for ultra-deep wells

Due to the slim hole at the lower part of the ultra-deep and deep wells, the eccentricity and rotation of drill string and drilling fluid properties have great effects on the annular pressure drop. This leads to the fact that conventional computational models for predicting circulating pressure drop are inapplicable to hydraulics design of deep wells. With the adoption of helical flow theory and H-B rheological model, a computational model of velocity and pressure drop of non-Newtonian fluid flow in the eccentric annulus was established for the cases where the drill string rotates. The effects of eccentricity, rotation of the drill string and the dimensions of annulus on pressure drop in the annulus were analyzed. Drilling hydraulics was given for an ultra-deep well. The results show that the annular pressure drop decreases with an increase in eccentricity and rotary speed, and increases with a decrease in annular flow area. There is a great difference between static mud density and equivalent circulating density during deep well drilling.

Uncertainty Analysis Method of Casing Extrusion Load for Ultra-Deep Wells

With the consideration of the randomness of complex geologic parameters for ultra-deep wells,an uncertainty analysis method is presented for the extrusion load on casing in ultra-deep wells through complex formation at a certain confidence level.Based on the extrusion load model for casing in ultra-deep wells and the prerequisite of integrity of formation-cement ring-casing,the probability and statistics theory are introduced and the sensitivity analysis on the uncertainty of extrusion load on casing is conducted.The distribution types of each formation parameters are determined statistically.The distribution type and distribution function of the extrusion load on casing are derived.Then,the uncertainty analysis of the extrusion load on casing is carried out on several ultra-deep wells in Shanqian block as case study.Several conclusions are made regarding to the field trial result.The randomness of formation elasticity modulus and formation Poisson’s ratio are the main influence factors.The equivalent density profile of extrusion load on casing in ultra-deep wells is a confidence interval with a certain confidence level,rather than a single curve;the higher the confidence level is,the larger the bandwidth of the confidence interval of equivalent density profile becomes,and the larger the range of uncertainty interval becomes.Compared with the result of uncertainty analysis,an error exists in the result of traditional single valued calculation method.The error varies with different casing program and can be either positive or negative.The application of uncertainty analysis of extrusion load on casing provides proof for the accurate determination of casing collapse safety factor.Thus,the over engineering design or under engineering design as a result of tradition casing design will be avoided.

Mechanism and prevention method of drill string uplift during shut-in after overflow in an ultra-deep well

Drill string will sustain large uplift force during the shut-in period after gas overflow in an ultra-deep well, and in serious case, it will run out of the wellhead. A calculation model of uplift force was established to analyze dynamic change characteristics of the uplift force of drill string during the shut-in period, and then a management procedure for the uplift risk during the shut-in period after gas overflow in the ultra-deep well was formed. Cross section method and pressure area method were used to analyze the force on drill string after shut-in of well, it was found that the source of uplift force was the "fictitious force" caused by the hydrostatic pressure in the well. When the fictitious force is in the opposite direction to the gravity, it is the uplift force. By adopting the theory of annular multiphase flow, considering the effects of wellbore afterflow and gas slippage, the dynamic change of the pressure and fluid in the wellbore and the uplift force of drill string during the shut-in period were analyzed. The magnitude and direction of uplift force are related to the length of drill string in the wellbore and shut-in time, and there is the risk of uplift of drill string when the length of drill string in the wellbore is smaller than the critical drill string length or the shut in time exceeds the critical shut in time. A set of treatment method and process to prevent the uplift of drill string is advanced during the shut-in period after overflow in the ultra-deep well, which makes the risk management of the drill string uplift in the ultra-deep well more rigorous and scientific.

Drill string dynamic characteristics simulation for the ultra-deep well drilling on the south margins of Junggar Basin

Improper drilling parameters may cause severe vibration of drill string which leads to reduce the rate of penetration and drilling tool premature failure accidents in the drilling process of ultra-deep well.The study on dynamic characteristics of drill string plays an important role in increasing the safety of drilling tool and optimizing the drilling parameters.Considering the influences of real borehole trajectory,interaction between bit and formation,contact between drill string and borehole wall,stiction of drilling fluid and other factors,a comprehensive drill string dynamic model was established to simulate the changes of wellhead hook load,torque,equivalent stress of drill string and BHA(bottomhole assembly)section acceleration and motion trajectory with time at different WOBs(weights on bit)and rotary speeds.The safety factor and overpull margin of wellhead drill string were calculated and the strength of drilling tool in ultra-deep well was checked using the fourth strength theory.The analysis results show that,in the drilling process of ultra-deep well,the transverse motion amplitude of the drill string near the wellhead is relatively small and vibration of drill string mainly occurs in the lower well section.As the rotary speed increases,the number of collision between lower drilling tool and borehole wall increases,wellhead transverse stress increases,change in torque is not large and change in wellhead equivalent stress is relatively small.As the WOB increases,wellhead torque will increase,axial load and equivalent stress will decrease and vibration acceleration of BHA will increase sharply.Wellhead overpull margin and safety factor will decrease with the increase of rotary speed and increase with the increase of WOB.Wellhead safety factor of S135 drilling tool in an F190.5 mm ultra-deep well on the south margins of Junggar basin changes around 1.8.The drilling tool is safe and has relatively sufficient ability to deal with the downhole accidents if a large size high steel grade drill string(F139.7 mm S135)is used.However,in view of BHA safety,neither rotary speed shall be too high nor WOB shall be too large.

Research progress and key issues of ultra-deep oil and gas exploration in China

Based on the recent oil and gas discoveries and geological understandings on the ultra-deep strata of sedimentary basins, the formation and occurrence of hydrocarbons in the ultra-deep strata were investigated with respect to the processes of basin formation, hydrocarbon generation, reservoir formation and hydrocarbon accumulation, and key issues in ultra-deep oil and gas exploration were discussed. The ultra-deep strata in China underwent two extensional-convergent cycles in the Meso-Neoproterozoic Era and the Early Paleozoic Era respectively, with the tectonic-sedimentary differentiation producing the spatially adjacent source-reservoir assemblages. There are diverse large-scale carbonate reservoirs such as mound-beach, dolomite, karst fracture-vug, fractured karst and faulted zone, as well as over-pressured clastic rock and fractured bedrock reservoirs. Hydrocarbons were accumulated in multiple stages, accompanied by adjusting and finalizing in the late stage. The distribution of hydrocarbons is controlled by high-energy beach zone, regional unconformity, paleo-high and large-scale fault zone. The ultra-deep strata endow oil and gas resources as 33% of the remaining total resources, suggesting an important successive domain for hydrocarbon development in China. The large-scale pool-forming geologic units and giant hydrocarbon enrichment zones in ultra-deep strata are key and promising prospects for delivering successive discoveries. The geological conditions and enrichment zone prediction of ultra-deep oil and gas are key issues of petroleum geology.

万米深井上部大尺寸井眼钻柱动力学特性研究

油气勘探已向更深、更复杂的超深层的万米勘探新领域推进,但上部大尺寸井眼给万米深井的钻井提出了巨大挑战:岩石硬和返速低导致钻速慢,大尺寸井眼内剧烈振动导致钻具裂纹多发,钻压小则钻速慢,钻压稍大则下部振动快速加剧从而导致大尺寸钻具使用寿命远低于预期。为此,在对比研究了深地川科1井(以下简称SDCK-1井)和毗邻8000 m超深井上部井段钻柱振动问题基础上,基于全井钻柱系统动力学模型和数值仿真方法,针对性研究了大尺寸井眼中的钻柱动力学特性。研究结果表明:①井眼尺寸越大,钻头和下部钻具的振动越剧烈,SDCK-1井二开大尺寸井眼与邻井中等尺寸井眼相比(井深500 m处),其钻头及下部钻具振动强度均值分别增加了48.0%和41.5%,比SDCK-1井三开中等尺寸3000 m井深的钻头及下部钻具振动强度均值分别高了29.0%和2.9%;②相同井眼尺寸和岩石特性情况下,下部钻具组合比钻柱整体长度对钻头振动的影响更大,优化下部钻具组合能够明显改善钻头振动,保护钻头,同时还可以提高钻头破岩能量利用效率实现钻井提速;③在大尺寸井眼中钻头破岩激励向上传播,横向振动衰减慢于轴向振动衰减,大尺寸钻头扭矩更大且钻压和扭矩波动更加明显,因此从保护下部钻具的角度出发,大尺寸井眼钻具组合对抑制横振更加有效;④大尺寸井眼中下部钻具弯矩和弯矩波动更大,现场频繁出现的钻具裂纹除受控于整体振动强度较大以外,交变弯矩是裂纹发生的重要原因。结论认为,该研究成果揭示了超深井大尺寸井眼中钻柱的动力学特性,指出了应着重控制横振和交变弯矩,该认识可以为超深井上部大尺寸井眼钻井提供技术指导。

基于管柱动力学的特深井通井组合刚度评价方法与应用

我国特深井钻井正处于快速发展阶段,受井眼尺寸大和深度深的影响,钻井过程中极易出现微井斜、扩径缩径和井壁台阶等,导致套管下入困难,因此通井钻具组合评价尤为重要。目前,现场使用的评价方法常忽略了管柱下入过程中与井壁的碰撞和变形,导致通井效果时好时坏。为了辅助现场施工,文章基于全井管柱动力学模型和HHT-α数值计算方法提出了一种能够模拟管柱下入的动态过程的通井钻具组合的评价方法,该方法考虑了实测井眼轨迹、井眼扩大率和下入阻力等要素。通过某特深井三开下套管前的钻具组合进行实例计算分析,表明井眼扩大率和套管串下入阻力对通井能力和套管下入影响较大,当井眼扩大率较小且套管串下入阻力较大时,需要使用刚度较大的多扶正器通井钻具组合。本方法可以实现实测井况条件下比较精准的刚度对比模拟,也成功指导了案例井?486 mm套管的安全下入。

增效型无土相仿生油基钻井液技术的研究与应用

针对深井超深井钻井过程中钻遇高温高压、井壁失稳及井下复杂情况的难题,基于仿生学、超分子化学以及岩石表面润湿性理论,通过优选仿生增效剂、仿生提切剂及仿生降滤失剂,配套相关处理剂,最终形成了一套适用于深井、超深井地层钻探的增效型无土相仿生油基钻井液体系。研究发现,建立的增效型无土相仿生油基钻井液体系可抗220℃高温,配制密度为2.4 g/cm^(3),破乳电压大于400 V,高温高压滤失量为3.2 mL,人造岩心在该体系中220℃下老化后的抗压强度达到7.1 MPa,平均渗透率恢复值为93.9%。现场应用情况表明,体系流变性能稳定,平均机械钻速比邻井提高16%,平均井径扩大率仅为1.25%,可有效解决深井超深井钻井过程中出现的井壁失稳难题,为我国深井超深井的钻探提供了技术保障。

四川盆地超深井钻井关键技术及发展方向

四川盆地海相碳酸盐岩油气资源丰富,但构造地层条件复杂,井筒环境苛刻。近年来,盆地深井超深井钻井关键技术的形成,支撑了油气的增储上产,为特深层油气资源勘探开发奠定了技术基础。特深层油气资源的开发需持续开展地质工程一体化设计技术攻关,通过精细刻画复杂地质体建立三维地质力学模型,指导井身结构和井眼轨道设计,同时开展基于膨胀管、随钻扩眼技术的井身结构拓展研究,并通过岩石可钻性剖面指导钻头及提速工具设计。针对深井超深井井口溢流异常监测识别滞后及钻柱振动剧烈的问题,持续研发基于大数据分析的复杂防控技术。深入开展适用于超高温超高压环境的工具、钻井液研发,研发攻关110钢级及以上膨胀管管材、抗220℃的高密度水基钻井液、抗260℃的油基钻井液体系、抗温240℃以上的水泥浆体系、高性能固井材料以及抗高温堵漏材料。同时,应紧密结合物联网、新型通信、大数据等智能技术,实现钻井全过程运算分析及管理。

塔里木盆地顺北地区顺北84X井超千米含油气重大发现及其意义

塔里木盆地顺北中部北东向走滑断裂带长期处于油气运聚富集的优势区,顺北8号走滑断裂带实钻揭示沿断裂带发育断控缝洞型油气藏,顺北84X井纵向上沿断裂带含油气高度高达1088 m,揭示断控缝洞型油气藏含油气高度大、不受现今构造高低控制。为查明断控缝洞型油气藏含油气高度的主控因素,立足顺北中部奥陶系碳酸盐岩油气藏的成藏地质条件和钻探成果,开展顺北84X井的储层、圈闭及成藏特征等石油地质条件分析,为深化断控缝洞型油气藏认识和向深层评价拓展提供支撑。研究表明:①走滑构造破碎是致密碳酸盐岩成储的关键,其储层发育深度不受碳酸盐岩地层埋深的控制,在近9000 m的埋深条件下仍发育断控缝洞型储集体;②上覆巨厚泥岩盖层顶封、两侧致密灰岩侧封、走滑断裂平面分段和纵向分层变形是形成断控缝洞型圈闭的关键;③油-源对比分析表明油气来自寒武系玉尔吐斯组烃源岩,证实了前期顺北中、东部“寒武多期供烃、构造破裂成储、原地垂向输导、晚期成藏为主、走滑断裂控富”的成藏模式的合理性。顺北84X井的发现揭示塔里木盆地超深层致密碳酸盐岩发育受走滑断裂控制,储层纵向深度大,油气充注足,超深层勘探潜力巨大。

超深特深油气井固井关键技术进展

深层超深层是油气增储上产重要接替领域,正向9000 m及以上特深层迈进。针对超深特深井上部大尺寸井眼固井面临的大尺寸套管安全下入及大排量施工等技术难题,下部深层井段固井面临的高温、高压、窄安全密度窗口、窄环空间隙等技术难题,经过持续技术攻关与实践,超深特深井固井技术取得显著进步,尤其在大尺寸大吨位套管安全下入技术、大排量固井施工技术、窄安全密度窗口精细控压固井工艺技术、抗高温固井水泥浆与前置液技术、高温高压固井配套工具、提高固井密封质量配套技术等方面均取得重要进展。该套固井技术在四川、塔里木、准噶尔、渤海湾、柴达木等盆地的超深、特深井固井中进行了应用,在亚洲最深直井PS6井、亚洲最深水平井GL3C井、国内首口“八开八完”HX1井、中国石油近年最高温度井JT1井等应用效果显著。随着油气勘探开发目标日趋复杂,超深特深井固井仍面临诸多新的挑战,需持续加强超深特深井固井基础理论、超高温固井关键材料及工作液体系、高温高压固井工具及配套固井工艺等研究,为超深特深层油气勘探开发提供更强有力的技术支撑。

四川盆地双鱼石区块特深井井身结构设计与适用性评价研究

四川盆地双鱼石区块震旦系特深井存在5个套管必封点和2个复杂风险点,井身结构设计存在较大难度。文章在调研国内外已钻特深井井身结构情况的基础上,分析认为双鱼石震旦系特深井所需套管层序多、强度高,现有国内外特深井井身结构方案无法在双鱼石区块震旦系特深井直接应用,需要自主研发。根据国内外现有钻井技术条件,文章建立了2套不使用膨胀管的适合特深井的套管和钻头尺寸匹配模型,并结合邻区钻探经验和本区块的地质特征,设计出适合双鱼石震旦系特深井的井身结构方案;然后对该井身结构开展了套管柱强度校核、水力学、钻柱力学及钻机作业能力的评价,对现有部分套管、钻杆等不满足安全钻井要求的情况,优化设计定制了专用套管、钻杆。研究结果表明,使用该套井身结构方案,作业过程中钻机负荷最大为6 856 kN,现有ZJ120型钻机及配套的70 MPa钻井泵可满足施工需求,配套设计的套管、钻柱、水力参数满足井下安全作业的需求,具有可实施性,可为国内相似区块的特深层勘探开发提供技术参考。

深井超深井钻井装备技术现状与发展趋势探讨

为助力我国深层超深层油气资源高效勘探开发,文章分析了深井超深井对钻井装备提出的挑战,论述了美国Nabors、斯伦贝谢和NOV等公司的自动化钻机、管柱自动化装备、储能节能与能源管理系统、司钻集成控制系统、智能决策与支持平台等7类产品的功能、特性;并对国内管柱自动化钻机、一键式人机交互7 000 m自动化钻机、12 000 m特深井自动化钻机、管柱自动化装备、储能节能与能源管理系统、司钻集成控制系统、钻井辅助决策与支持系统等产品发展和应用现状进行了阐述。通过技术对标分析得出:我国石油钻井装备取得了长足的进步,但从工程需求和应用上看还存在许多不足,与国外先进技术相比还有不小差距。建议国内各装备制造厂家顺应国家“碳达峰、碳中和”目标和数字化转型、智能化发展趋势,从参数强化、钻机全面自动化、装备运维数智化、司钻操控值守化和钻井作业绿色化等方面开展关键技术攻关。

深井超深井钻井液技术应用现状及发展展望

深井超深井最主要的难点是深部高温以及钻进距离长,成为限制其安全快速钻井最主要因素。文章根据深井超深井安全快速钻井对钻井液的核心需求,从抗高温钻井液技术的流变性调控、井壁稳定、防漏堵漏、降摩减阻4个方面分析了钻井液研发与应用中面临的难点,并对国内外抗高温钻井液技术、高温流变稳定技术、井壁强化钻井液技术、深井超深井防漏堵漏技术和抗高温钻井液润滑技术的现场应用及研究成果进行了综述。最后对国内钻井液技术研究领域存在的问题进行分析,并从基础理论研究、新型抗高温钻井液处理剂研发、油基钻井液防漏治漏等方面对深井超深井钻井液技术发展进行展望。

准噶尔盆地沙湾凹陷二叠系上乌尔禾组流体相态及油气藏类型

准噶尔盆地腹部地区沙湾凹陷超深层蕴含丰富的油气资源。根据烃源岩热演化模拟实验分析了沙湾凹陷二叠系上乌尔禾组烃源岩生烃产物类型,结合地层流体高温高压物性实验数据,运用相图判别法和经验参数法对沙湾凹陷征10井地层流体相态进行深入研究。研究结果表明:①沙湾凹陷征10井上乌尔禾组油气主要来自于下乌尔禾组泥质烃源岩,其有机质类型为Ⅱ1型,镜质体反射率(Ro)为1.05%~1.46%,岩石热解峰温(T_(max))为433~446℃,处于成熟—高成熟演化阶段,目前处于生轻质油阶段。②上乌尔禾组地层流体成分表现为凝析气藏的流体组成,地层温度为166.0℃,介于临界温度和临界凝析温度之间,地层压力为155MPa,远高于露点压力,地-露压差大,表明地层条件下流体呈凝析气相特征,但地下油气相态与地表采出流体相态具有一定差异。相图判别法和经验参数法烃类流体相态分析结果均显示,征10井上乌尔禾组气藏为含大油环的凝析气藏。③沙湾凹陷上乌尔禾组具有优越的成藏条件,紧邻下乌尔禾组烃源岩,油气近源垂向输导,向局部隆起区运聚,巨厚的三叠系及上乌尔禾组中上部区域盖层起到重要的封盖作用,最终在局部隆起区形成岩性-构造凝析气藏。

四川盆地超深层钻完井技术进展及其对万米特深井的启示

四川盆地超深层海相碳酸盐岩油气资源丰富,是寻找特大型油气田、开拓油气增储上产新领域的重要方向,但超深层钻完井面临地层条件更加复杂、井筒环境更加极端等工程技术挑战。为进一步指导万米特深井的安全高效钻探,通过梳理超深层钻完井技术难点,系统总结了四川盆地超深层钻完井关键技术,并提出了下步钻完井技术的发展建议。研究结果表明:①形成的超深复杂地层三压力预测监测技术精确预测了复杂地层压力系统及地应力场分布,准确刻画断层、裂缝、溶洞等展布规律,结合非常用井身结构拓展技术,提高了井身结构设计应对复杂地层钻探的能力;②形成的钻—测—固—完全过程精细控压技术,解决了超深井、特殊复杂井钻井液安全密度窗口窄导致“溢漏共存”、固井质量低等难题;③研发的高效钻头与大扭矩螺杆、扭力冲击器等抗高温提速工具,解决了深部难钻地层钻井钻头易磨损、破岩效率低的工程难题;④研发的抗高温钻井液体系提升应对高温深井的钻井液技术保障能力,升级第二代韧性水泥,解决了工作液抗高温能力不足等难题,保障超深井建井质量。结论认为,超深层钻完井技术的发展与进步,使得深井钻深能力突破9000 m已经成为现实,形成的关键技术有力地支撑了四川盆地超深层油气资源的高效勘探开发,对于万米特深层科学钻探和油气增储上产新领域拓展具有重要技术支撑作用。

超深井射孔爆轰波非线性传播及影响因素

随着油气井逐渐走向深井、超深井,射孔中完井管柱安全问题越来受到关注。基于计算流体力学原理,建立了射孔段-封隔器爆轰波传播模型,揭示了井筒完井液中爆轰波传播、反射规律,明确了完井液对爆轰波传播的影响特征。研究表明,爆轰波传播过程中表现出极强的非周期性、不规则性,传播至封隔器位置时爆轰波压力幅值降低高达75.65%,而爆轰反射波具有较好的周期性,传播至射孔段时的爆轰压力波幅值降低23.4%。完井液密度不仅对传播过程中爆轰波的幅值造成较大影响,对爆轰波波形特征也产生较大的干扰。完井液黏度对传播过程中爆轰波波形特征几乎没有影响,对爆轰波幅值有较小的影响。仅考虑爆轰波对完井管柱的影响时,应优先选择密度小、黏度大的完井液体系以降低爆轰波对井下完井管柱的冲击影响。研究结果为油气井现场完井液参数设计提供参考依据。

抗高温油基钻井液的室内研究与应用

针对YJ3-X超深大斜度井三开井段存在的裂缝发育、井漏风险高、斜井段位移长、携砂困难、摩阻扭矩大、完井下套管作业时间长等钻完井难题,室内通过乳化剂的优选对现有抗高温油基钻井液体系配方进行了优化,并根据临井出现的复杂情况模拟该井可能出现的风险,评价了优化后钻井液体系的抗岩屑污染和盐水污染性能。试验结果表明,优化后的抗高温油基钻井液具有良好的流变性,抗温达180℃,破乳电压高达1366 V,高温高压滤失量低至2 mL,抗岩屑污染达20%,抗CaCl2盐水污染达30%,静置120 h后沉降因子为0.52,可满足井下各类复杂环境的作业需求。现场应用效果表明,优化后的抗高温油基钻井液流变性稳定,具有较低的黏度和较强的触变性,井眼清洁良好,起下钻和下套管摩阻低,井壁稳定,较好地满足了YJ区块大斜度深井作业需求。

黄河三角洲盐矿超深连通水平井固井工艺技术

黄河三角洲盐矿埋深超4000m,井底温度大于140°,压力大于79MPa,是世界现役盐矿埋藏最深、开采难度最大的石盐矿床。针对深藏盐矿固井施工面临的复杂地层应力、高温高压、高矿化度、封固段长和环空间隙小等难点,为提高固井成功率,在井眼准备管串组合和固井工作液提出一些新的做法与建议,以期为超深盐井水平井固井提供参考。