Preparation technology of ultra-fine powders of Auricularia auricular

Conventional mechanical method and mechanical method combined with vacuum freeze-drying technology were used to make the ultra-fine powders of edible fungus (Auricularia auricular). The content of basic nutrients, amino acid, micro structure and their properties of raw edible fungus and the edible fungus powders obtained with the two methods were analyzed and compared. The granularity size and micro-structure of the pulverized samples were analyzed by SEM and TEM technology. The average granularity size of the edible fungus powder obtained with mechanical method was 1–5 μm, while that obtained with mechanical method combined with vacuum freeze-drying process was 0.5–1 μm. The ultra-fine powders of edible fungus obtained with the two methods had better water recovery capability and quality, and their preserving time was longer than that of raw edible fungus. All the properties of the ultra-fine powders of edible fungus obtained with the vacuum freeze-drying technology were evidently superior to that of the conventional mechanical method. Keywords Auricularia auricula - Edible fungus - Ultra-fine powders - Vacuum freeze-drying CLC number TS205 Document code B Biography: YANG Chun-yu (1975), female, Ph. D. in Engineering Technology Center of Forestry and Wood Workine, Machinery, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China.Responsible editor: Zhu Hong

Optimal Conditions for Preparing Ultra-Fine CeO_2 Powders in A Submerged Circulative Impinging Stream Reactor

Cerium carbonate powders were produced in a submerged circulation impinging stream reactor （SCISR） from Ce（NO3）3· 6H2O. NH4HCO3 was used as a precipitant in the reaction. Cerium carbonate powders were roasted to produce ultra-fine cerium dioxide （CeO2） powders. The optimal conditions of such production process were obtained by orthogonal and one-factor experiments. The results showed that ultra-fine and narrowly distributed cerium carbonate powders were produced under the optimal flowing conditions. The concentrations of Ce（NO3）3 and NH4HCO3 solutions were 02,5 and 0.3 mol · L^-1, respectively. The concentration of PEG4000 added in these two solutions was 4 g · L^-1. The stirring ratio, reaction temperature, feeding time, solution pH, reaction time and digestion time were 900 r · min^- 1,80 ℃, 20 min, 5 - 6, 5 min and 1 h, respectively. The final product, CeO2 powders, was obtained by roasting the produced cerium carbonate in air for 3 h at 500 ℃. The finally produced CeO2 powders were torispherical particles with a narrow size distribution of 0.8 -2.5 μm. The crystal structure of CeO2 powders belonged to cubic crystal system and its space point 5 group was OH^5-FM3M. Under optimal conditions, powders produced by SCISR were finer and more narrowly distributed than that by Stirred Tank Reactor （STR）.

Strengthening of HT250 by modified ultra-fine ceramic powders

In this study, three kinds of modified ultra-fine ceramic powders marked A, B and C, which were prepared by each of three different modifiers mixing with a commercial SiC, were added to HT250 cast iron, respectively, and the effects of the modified ultra-fine ceramic powders on microstructure, mechanical properties and wear resistance were studied. Metallographic examination, tensile test, scanning electron microscopy, and three-dimensional surface topography were applied to analyze and compare the samples containing modified powder with the original samples. The results showed that the most obvious modification effect among the powders was seen in the sample containing powder A, with the graphite and eutectic cells being refined, the tensile strength being increased by 36.9%, and the wear resistance being improved by 45.5% and 47.2% under loads of 150 N and 300 N, respectively. The improvements of mechanical properties and wear resistance in the HT250 cast iron with the modified ultra-fine ceramic powders were attributed to the synergistic effect of the grain refinement with the powder acting as a hard particle phase and the lubrication by the graphite.

DYNAMIC RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF POLYPROPYLENE FILLED WITH ULTRA-FINE POWDERED RUBBER PARTICLES

Dynamic rheological characteristics of polypropylene (PP) filled with ultra-fine full-vulcanized powdered rubber (UFPR) composed of styrene-butadiene copolymer were studied through dynamic rheological measurements on an Advanced Rheometric Expansion System (ARES). A specific viscoelastic phenomenon, i.e. 'the second plateau', appeared at low frequencies, and exhibits a certain dependence on the amount of rubber particles and the dispersion state in the matrix. This phenomenon is attributed to the formation of aggregation structure of rubber particles. The analyses of Cole-Cole diagrams of the dynamic viscoelastic functions suggest that the heterogeneity of the composites is enhanced on increasing both particle content and temperature.

An improved sodium silicate binder modified by ultra-fine powder materials

This paper presents a new method of modifying sodium silicate binder with ultra-fine powders. The sodium silicate binder modified by ultra-fine powder A and the organic B can reduce the addition amount of the binder. The results indicate that the 24 h strength has increased by 39.9% at room temperature and the residual strength has decreased by 30.7% at 800℃, compared to the conventional sodium silicate. An available material to improve the moisture resistance was also found by adding about 2% more inorganic C, and it can increase the moist strength by 20%. In the end, the microanalyses are given to explain the modifying machanism, i. e., the ultra-fine powder A can refine the sodium silicate binder to avoid holes in the binder bond, which can increase the 24 h strength at room temperture, and can lead to more cracks in the bond after the molding sand is heated to 800℃. This is because of the stress caused by the new eutectic complex of modified sodium silicate binder.

Hydrogen Reduction:A Novel Method of Synthesizing Ultra-fine Chromic Oxide Powder

The ultra-fine chromic oxide powder was prepared by a novel gas-solid reduction reaction.Na2CrO4 was firstly reduced with hydrogen at 400-600 ℃.The obtained reduction products,mainly the mixture of NaCrO2 and sodium hydroxide（NaOH）,were converted into chromic oxide through hydrolysis followed by calcination.The obtained chromic oxide product was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction（XRD） and SEM.The results show that the hydrolysis process of sodium chromite is the key step and lower reduction temperature helps intensify the hydrolysis process.

Preparation of Ultra-fine Salbutamol Sulfate Particles by Reactive Precipitation and Characterization of Dry Powder Inhalant

The preparation of ultra-fine particles of salbutamol sulphate （SS） was accomplished with a reactive precipitation pathway, in which salbutamol and sulphuric acid were Used as reactants with the solvents of ethanol.The effects of sulphuric acid concentration, reaction temperature, stirring rate, and reaction time onthesize of the particle were investigated. A binary mixture composed of lactose and SS was prepared to evaluate SS. The results showed that ultra-fine SS particles with controlled diameters ranging between 3 μm and 0.8 μm and with a narrow distribution could be achieved. The morphology consisting of clubbed particles wassuccess.fully obtained. The purity of the particles reached above 98% with-UV detection. The dose- of dry powder inhalation was obtained by blending the particles with recrystallized lactose, which acted as a carrier. The deposition quantity of the drug in breathing tract was estimated using a twin imPinger apparatus. Compared with the Shapuer powder （purchased in the market）, the results showed that SS_particles had more quantifies.subsided in simulative lung.. _

Preparation of Well Dispersed and Ultra-Fine Ce(Zr)O_2 Mixed Oxide by Mechanochemical Processing

Ultra-fine CeO_2-ZrO_2 mixed oxide was successfully synthesized by wet-solid phase mechanochemical processing, Ce_2(CO_3)_3·8H_2O, ZrOCl_2·xH_2O and ammonia were used as reactants. It is found that the crystalline Ce_2(CO_3)_3·8H_2O and ZrOCl_2·xH_2O are changed to amorphous cerium and zirconium hydroxide precursor after milling with ammonia, and Ce_(0.15)Zr_(0.85)O_2 mixed oxide with pure tetragonal phase structure and medium particle size(D_(50))less than 1μm is formed by calcining precursor over 673 K. The XRD patterns indicate that the crystal unite size increases with rising calcining temperature due to crystal growth. However, the particle size and BET surface area of the Ce(Zr)O_2 mixed oxide decreases with rising calcining temperature, which may be attributed to the contract of particles and the vanish of holes inside grains.

Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-sized Boron Powder Prepared by Plasma Torch

Hydrogen thermal plasma jet was employed to prepare nano-sized boron powder with hydrogen reduction of BCI3. The maximum yield of nano-sized boron powders was about 50% with the operational conditions of H2/BCl3 of 4.5：1, total feed of 4.9 m3/h, and plasma power of 25 kW. The samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, field emission scanning electron microscopy （FE-SEM）, and inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry （ICP-MS）, inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectrometry （ICP-AES）, inductive combustion infrared absorption （ICIA） and infrared thermal conductivity of oxygen and nitrogen analyzer （ITCA）. The results show that the boron powders have different crystal structures with higher dispersion and purity. The average diameter is about 50 nm, and the purity is 90.29% or so. This new technology can use simple process to produce high quality boron powders, and is feasible for industrial production.

Preparation of Reactive Powder Concrete Using Fly Ash and Steel Slag Powder

To decrease the cement and SF content of RPC by using ultra-fine fly ash （UFFA） and steel slag powder （SS）, the effect of these mineral admixtures on compressive strength of RPC were investigated. The experimental results indicate that the utilization of UFFA and SS in RPC is feasible and has prominent mechanical performance. The microstructure analysis （SEM and TG-DTG-DSC） demonstrated that the excellent mechanical properties of RPC containing SS and UFFA were mainly attributed to the sequential hydration filling effect of the compound system.

Preparation of Ultrafine Tungsten Powder by Sol-Gel Method

Sol-gel method was employed for the preparation of nanoscale tungsten powder. The effects of different preparation conditions on particle size were discussed and the optimum preparation condition was found. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scan electron microscopy and so on. The results show that the intermediate is monoclinic WO3, its particle shape is approximately spherical, and the particle size distribution is narrow. The average particle size is about 60 nm. After deoxidization, WO3 turns into cubic tungsten powder with small particle size （average particle size about 120 nm） and narrow size distribution.

Preparation and properties of Nd:YAG ultra-fine powders

Ultra-fine Nd：YAG powders with different doping concentrations were synthesized by sol-gel combustion method. The pure Nd：YAG could be prepared at the low temperature of 900℃. Ethanol could improve the dispersity of powders, and the average size of the ultra-fine powders was around 250 nm. The reflection spectrum showed that there were several apparent characteristic absorption peaks and the intensity of these peaks enhanced with the increasing concentration of Nd^3＋. The luminescence spectrum, which was excited by 808 nm wavelength, exhibited several obvious emission bands in the range of 900-1150 nm. The emission intensity of Nd：YAG powders increased until the Nd content was above 3 mol.% due to the fluorescent quenching effect.

A new method of preparing NdB_(6)ultra-fine powders

Combustion synthesis method was used to prepare NdB_(6)ultra-fine powders with B_(2)O_(3),Nd_(2)O_(3)and Mg powders as the raw materials.The basic thermody-namic data of NdB_(6) were estimated.The standard forma-tion heat of NdB_(6) is-357.48 kJ·mol^(-1).The values of the heat capacity and the standard entropy are 96.87 and 86.60 J·K^(-1)·mol^(-1),respectively.The adiabatic tempera-ture of the reaction is 2726 K,which is higher than the thermodynamic criterion of 1800 K.This indicates that the combustion synthesis reaction of the B_(2)O_(3)-Nd_(2)O_(3)-Mg system could spontaneously take place by itself to generate NdB_(6).The NdB_(6) powders were characterized by X-ray diffractometer(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and differential scanning calorimetry-thermo-gravimetry(DSC-TG).The results indicate that the com-bustion products consist of NdB_(6),MgO,and a few Mg_(3)B_(2)O_(6)and Nd_(2)B_(2)O_(6).The leached products consist of single NdB_(6) phase,and its purity is 98.6 wt%.When the sample preparation pressure is 20 MPa,the average parti-cle size of NdB_(6) powders is less than 500 nm.The antioxidant ability of NdB_(6) is very strong,which is oxi-dized step by step.The apparent activation energies of the oxidation reactions are 986.14 and 313.83 kJ·mol^(-1),respectively.In addition,the reaction orders are 4.10 and 3.75,respectively.

Crystal Structure of Ba_xSr_1-xTiO₃Fine Powder

Various compositions of the system BaxSr1-xTiO3 (BST) have been elaborated both as fine powders and ceramic monoliths, using the co-precipitation route within a warmed supersaturated solution of oxalic acid. The appropriate stoichiometry was determined from the mixtures of precisely titrated aqueous solutions of cations chlorides (SrCl2, BaCl2, and TiCl4). The reason of this process was to apply low sintering temperature in production of BST samples with ultra-fine powders. These powders primarily calcined at (850°C) for (5 hr) were used to elaborate ceramics after pellets sintering at (1200°C) during (8 hrs). Indeed, XRD patterns were confirmed that the samples are a pure phase and a perovskite cubic structural type at (x = 0, 0.5, 0.6). Whereas, (x = 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1) showed a tetragonal phase. There is agreement between the FTIR and XRD analysis, by the relation of the wave vector (K) and lattice constant. It was deduced a stimulated relation between (x) and (K). The results of TEM, they were clear that the lowest particle sizes investigated of BST powders nearly (36 - 50 nm).

蛇纹石粉体表面改性研究

研究了Span60、硬脂酸、硼酸酯等8种表面活性剂对蛇纹石粉体的改性效果,确定Span60与硼酸酯以1∶1复配型表面活性剂(B1S1)作为蛇纹石粉体的改性剂。以活化指数、浊液体积为表征指标,获得了B1S1湿法改性粉体的优化工艺条件:改性剂用量5%、改性温度70℃、改性时间30min。利用SEM观察了粉体改性前后在环己烷中的分散情况。改性粉体红外光谱分析与热分析表明改性剂与粉体表面发生了化学键合与物理吸附,从而使粉体在非极性溶剂中表现出良好的分散性与悬浮稳定性。

蛇纹石超细粉体作润滑油添加剂的摩擦学性能

考察平均粒径为1.0μm的表面修饰蛇纹石超细粉体作为50CC润滑油添加剂对钢/钢摩擦副的润滑性能,研究超细粉体添加量(质量分数)对摩擦学性能的影响。通过对磨损表面的形貌、元素及微观力学性能分析,探讨蛇纹石超细粉体作为添加剂的抗磨、减摩机制。结果表明,蛇纹石超细粉体可显著改善50CC润滑油的润滑性能,降低钢/钢摩擦副的磨损,其最佳添加量为1.5%。蛇纹石超细粉体的减摩润滑机制在于:1)在铁基摩擦表面形成高硬度、低弹性模量的氧化膜,有效降低接触应力和磨粒磨损;2)释放出Al2O3杂质颗粒嵌入摩擦表面并形成微坑和孔洞,起硬质点颗粒增强与微孔储油的双重抗磨、减摩作用;3)摩擦过程中粉体粒径得到细化,形成具有减摩润滑作用的纳米级蛇纹石"第三体"颗粒。

45钢表面原位摩擦化学反应膜形成过程及力学性能

制备了一种用于原位摩擦化学处理技术的天然矿物微粉摩擦处理剂。采用环-块摩擦磨损试验机对其在柴油机油中的添加量进行了优化,研究了其在45钢表面的原位摩擦化学反应膜的形成过程及力学性能,探讨了形成机理。结果表明:处理剂含量为0.5 wt%时对45钢表面具有较好的优化效果,其摩擦因数和质量磨损率分别较基础油降低约19.7%和71.8%。摩擦处理表面较为光滑平整,形成了由铁的氧化物、铁镁硅酸盐及含碳化合物构成的摩擦化学反应膜,且随着时间的增加逐步由疏松多孔趋于致密连续,具有较高的力学性能,显著提高了45钢的表面强度及磨损抗力。

蛇纹石热处理产物作为润滑油添加剂的摩擦学性能

考察了表面修饰蛇纹石超细粉体及其热处理产物作为液体石蜡添加剂的摩擦学性能,研究了热处理温度对蛇纹石添加剂抗磨、减摩性能的影响,通过测量摩擦表面接触电阻,监测了摩擦化学反应膜的动态形成过程,利用扫描电镜、能谱仪等分析了摩擦表面形貌及元素分布.结果表明:蛇纹石粉体在摩擦表面释放氧原子,形成氧化物颗粒增强氧化膜,显著降低摩擦,改善液体石蜡的润滑性能.300～600℃的热处理在提高粉体活性的同时,保持蛇纹石的层状结构,增强其解理释氧和对摩擦表面的吸附能力,从而促进摩擦化学反应膜的形成,进一步改善蛇纹石的摩擦学性能.当热处理温度高于850℃后,蛇纹石粉体的层状结构被破坏,形成大量镁橄榄石和顽火辉石硬质相,加重磨损.

分散剂对蛇纹石在乙醇中分散性能的影响

通过对高能球磨法制备的超细蛇纹石Zeta电位的测量,选用不同分散剂,分别研究了不同超声时间和分散剂加入量条件下,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)、油酸(OA)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和三乙醇胺(TEA)4种分散剂对蛇纹石粉体在无水乙醇中分散性能的影响。并对PVP作用的蛇纹石粉体进行了红外表征。研究结果表明,粉体的分散效果随着超声时间和表面活性剂加入量的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势;不同分散剂分散效果从高到低顺序依次为PVP,油酸,十二烷基苯磺酸钠,三乙醇胺。最佳分散工艺为:pH=10,PVP质量分数2.5%,超声功率560W,超声时间43min。

超细蛇纹石粉体改善润滑油摩擦磨损性能的研究

采用行星式高能球磨机制得平均粒径为0.22μm的超细蛇纹石粉,在四球摩擦磨损试验机上研究了超细蛇纹石粉加入量及载荷对润滑油减摩抗磨性能的影响。结果表明,添加超细蛇纹石粉对提高润滑油的减摩抗磨性能有显著的作用,超细蛇纹石粉含量为0.3%时,其摩擦因数减小26.2%,磨斑直径降低19.8%;超细蛇纹石粉润滑油在高载荷下具有很好的减摩性能。钢球表面磨斑能谱分析表明,磨斑表面有超细蛇纹石粉修复镀层产生。