From Chooz to the Ling'ao NPP:The Technology Transfer of Pressurized Water Reactor Technology from France to China

The transfer of pressurized water reactor(PWR)technology from France to China is an important event in the history of Sino-French scientific and technological relations.China has gradually achieved self-reliance in the field of PWR technology through the introduction and subsequent absorption of France's 900 MW reactors.Compared with the process of introducing and absorbing similar technology from the United States by France,China's experience has been more complicated.This circumstance reflects the differences in the nuclear power technology systems between the two countries.France's industrial strength and early acquisition of nuclear power technology laid a solid foundation for mastering PWR technology.On the other hand,although China established a weak foundation through the implementation of the"728 Project,"and tried hard to negotiate with France,the substantive content of the technology transfer was very limited.By way of the policy transition from"unhooking of technology and trade"to"integration of technology and trade,"China ultimately accomplished the absorption and innovation of PWR technology through the Ling'ao NPP.

Recent advances in high-pressure science and technology

Recently we are witnessing the boom of high-pressure science and technology from a small niche field to becoming a major dimension in physical sciences.One of the most important technological advances is the integration of synchrotron nanotechnology with the minute samples at ultrahigh pressures.Applications of high pressure have greatly enhanced our understanding of the electronic,phonon,and doping effects on the newly emerged graphene and related 2D layered materials.High pressure has created exotic stoichiometry even in common Group 17,15,and 14 compounds and drastically altered the basic σ and π bonding of organic compounds.Differential pressure measurements enable us to study the rheology and flow of mantle minerals in solid state,thus quantitatively constraining the geodynamics.They also introduce a new approach to understand defect and plastic deformations of nano particles.These examples open new frontiers of high-pressure research.

Managed Pressure Drilling Technology,As the Lost Piece of the Drilling Puzzle,Results in More Economical Benefits

The economics of drilling wells is important as we drill deeper wells whether offshore or onshore. Drilling-related problems,including stuck pipe,lost circulation,and excessive mud cost,show the need for better drilling technology.If we can solve these problems,the economics of drilling the wells will improve,thus enabling the industry to drill wells that were previously uneconomical.Managed pressure drilling techniques,at one time,having

Effects of High-Pressure Technology on the Functional Properties of Milk and Fermented Milk Products

HPP （high pressure processing） is one of the novel technologies to produce microbiologically safe food. HPP is a non-thermal food processing method, wherein the food is subjected to a very high pressure ranging between 100-800 MPa in order to prevent undesirable chemical and microbiological reactions, and hence, prolong the shelf-life. HPP is also called as ＂high hydrostatic processing, ultra-high pressure processing or isostatic processing＂. In dairy products, HHP has the potential to modify the functional properties of proteins, polysaccharides and alter biochemical reactions without significantly affecting the nutritional and sensory properties. HPP treatment induces significant changes in milk components particularly in proteins （whey proteins and caseins）, as well as on their applicability in innovative dairy productions. HPP influences technological properties of various milk products such as firmness, water-holding capacity of the gel and network structure, cheese yield, rennet coagulation time and ripening.

Characteristics and Construction Technology Analysis of Static Pressure Prestressed Pipe Piles in Construction Engineering

The development of urbanization has led to an increase in the number and scale of construction projects and the types of building construction engineering are getting advance and diverse due to the rapid development of technology.One of them is the static pressure prestressed pipe pile which is the most commonly used technology in modern building construction work.It is mainly used for pile foundation in construction work,and it has the advantages in less pollution,low noise,and high efficiency compared to the traditional pile foundation.Study on the characteristics of static pressure prestressed pipe pile must be carried out and strengthened the research to increase the effectiveness and quality of static pressure prestressed pipe pile on construction works.This paper is mainly to analyzed the characteristic and construction technology of static pressure prestressed pipe piles on building construction work.

Research on Technology of Pressure Pretreatment with Oxygen for Refractory Gold Ores

An combined technology of pressure pretreatment with oxygen on refractory gold ores is pointed out and discussed on this paper, according to the experiments included the test in 1 kg grade batch pressure pretreatment with oxygen of the concentrate from the refractory gold ores of Dongbeizhai in Sichuan province, which is called the most refractory gold ores in China. It is shown that gold recovery reach 91.73% in the combined process which is described as follows: The flotation of the sulphide gold ores is under controlled conditions, producing the concentrate for pressure pretreatment with oxygen in acidic medium and the middling for the pressure pretreatment with oxygen in alkaline medium. The thickening and washing process substitute the pressure filtration process of the pulp after pressure pretreatment. The thick slimes of the two kinds of pressure pretreatment were mixed and then enter the CIL process for simplifying the flowsheet. The possible superabundance of acid of pressure pretreatment with oxygen in acidic medium was neutralized by the tailings of flotation and the cost of neutralization will be lower. The combined technology of pressure pretreatment with oxygen has the same advantages as the normal technology of pressure pretreatment and both is helpful for environment protection.

Application of high-pressure water jet technology and the theory of rock burst control in roadway

This paper puts forward using high-pressure water jet technology to control rock burst in roadway, and analyzes the theory of controlling rock burst in roadway by the weak structure zone model. The weak structure zone is formed by using high-pressure water jet to cut the coal wall in a continuous and rotational way. In order to study the influence law of weak structure zone in surrounding rock, this paper numerically analyzed the influence law of weak structure zone, and the disturbance law of coal wall and floor under dynamic and static combined load. The results show that when the distance between high-pressure water jet drillings is 3 m and the diameter of drilling is 300 mm, continuous stress superposition zone can be formed. The weak structure zone can transfer and reduce the concentrated static load in surrounding rock, and then form distressed zone. The longer the high-pressure water jet drilling is, the larger the distressed zone is. The stress change and displacement change of non-distressed zone in coal wall and floor are significantly greater than that of distressed zone under dynamic and static combined load. And it shows that the distressed zone can effectively control rock burst in roadway under dynamic and static combined load. High-pressure water jet technology was applied in the haulage gate of 250203 working face in Yanbei Coal Mine, and had gained good effect. The study conclusions provide theoretical foundation and a new guidance for controlling rock burst in roadway.

Effect of pressure on the electrical properties of flexible NiPc thin films fabricated by rubbing-in technology

Nickel phthalocyanine(Ni Pc) film was deposited onto the surface of flexible conductive glass by rubbing-in technology and used to fabricate devices based on ITO/Ni Pc/CNT/rubber structure. The I–V characteristics of the devices were investigated under different uniaxial pressures of 200, 280, and 480 gf/cm^(2), applied perpendicular to the surface of the Ni Pc film. Results showed that the nonlinearity coefficients of the I–V curves are in the range of 2 to 3, which was found to be decreased with the increase of the pressure. The rectification ratio of the devices was estimated to be varied from 1.5 to 3 based on the applied pressure. Concluding, the resistance of the active layers was decreased with the increase of both pressure and voltage. We believe that using the rubbing-in technology under sufficient applied pressure it is possible to utilize Ni Pc for the development of various electronic devices such as diodes, nonlinear resistors, and sensors.

Managed Pressure Drilling Technology:A Research on the Formation Adaptability

Existing pressure drilling technologies are based on different principles and display distinct characteristics in terms of control pressure and degree of formation adaptability.In the present study,the constant-bottomhole-pressure(CBHP)and controlled-mud-level(CML)dual gradient drilling methods are considered.Models for the equivalent circulating density(ECD)are introduced for both drilling methods,taking into account the control pressure parameters(wellhead back pressure,displacement,mud level,etc.)and the relationship between the equivalent circulating density curve in the wellbore and two different types of pressure profiles in deep-water areas.The findings suggest that the main pressure control parameter for CBHP drilling is the wellhead back pressure,while for CML dual gradient drilling,it is the mud level.Two examples are considered(wells S1 and B2).For S1,CML dual gradient drilling only needs to adjust the ECD curve once to drill down to the target layer without risk.By comparison,CBHP drilling requires multiple adjustments to reach the target well depth avoiding a kick risk.In well B2,the CBHP method can drill down to the desired zone or even deeper after a single adjustment of the ECD curve.In contrast,CML dual-gradient drilling requires multiple adjustments to reach the target well depth(otherwise there is a risk of lost circulation).Therefore,CML dual-gradient drilling should be considered as a better choice for well S1,while CBHP drilling is more suitable for well B2.

Practical application of pressure regulating technology for fire district in Meiyukou Coal Mine

Based on the simulated laboratory experiment of pressure balance for fire ex- tinguishing,the pressure regulating technology was summarized for the fire district in Meiyukou Coal Mine.The technology includes three measures for air pressure regulation, namely applying the pressure regulating chamber to balance the air pressure of fire district, increasing the air pressure of the working face,and filling the ground surface fractures.A good effect was obtained to prevent and extinguish the fire.When the measures fail to in- crease the pressure of working face or to regulate that of air chamber,the measure to fill the ground surface fractures will play an important role.

Application of Low Pressure Plasma Technology in the Field of Environmental Protection

The characteristics of low pressure plasma produced by a gas discharges lie in thatthe energy of the electrons are much higher than that of the heavy particles in the system. Inthis paperl the low-pressure plasma treatment technology for the environmental contaminantswas synthetically studied, and the reaction processing and mechanism between the low-pressureplasma and the environmental contaminants were theoretically analyzed. At last, the prospectsand existing problems on the application of low-pressure plasma in the field of environmentalprotection were discussed.

Key technologies for construction of Jinping traffic tunnel with an extremely deep overburden and a high water pressure

Jinping traffic tunnel is one of the deepest traffic tunnels in the world with a maximum overburden of 2 375 m and the overburden over 73% of its total length is larger than 1 500 m. The tunnel is 17.5 km long and designed to provide a shortcut road between two hydropower stations： Jinping I and Jinping II of the Jinping Hydropower Project, located on Yalong River, Liangshan State, Sichuan Province, China. The tunnel is so deep that building any shafts is impossible. The construction starts from both ends （east and west ends）, and the construction length from the west end is 10 km with a blind heading. This paper deals with an overview of this project and analysis of the engineering features, as well as key technologies developed and applied during the construction, including geological prediction, rock burst prevention under a super high in-situ stress, sealing of groundwater with a high pressure and big flow rate, ventilation for a blind heading of 10 km, wet spraying of shotcrete at zones of rock burst and rich water, etc. The application of the new technologies to the construction achieved a high quality tunnel within the contract period.

Structural, Pasting, and Thermal Properties of Ultra-high Pressure-treated Lotus Seed Starch

Lotus seed starch （15%, w/w） was subjected to ultra-high pressure （UHP） at 500 MPa for 10～60 min. The effects of UHP on the structural, pasting, and thermal properties of starch were investigated using solid-state 13C CP/MAS NMR, differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）, HPSEC-MALLS-RI, and a rapid visco analyzer. The 13C CP/MAS NMR results revealed a reduction in the relative crystallinity and peak intensity of the crystalline state with increasing the UHP time. The molecular weight of native starch was 1.433 × 107 Da, which was higher than that of the UHP-treated starch. Viscograms of UHP-treated starch revealed an increase in paste viscosity, peak time, and pasting temperature and a reduction in breakdown and setback viscosity compared to the native starch. Furthermore, the DSC results showed a reduction in gelatinization temperature and gelatinization enthalpy with increasing the UHP time.

Effects of ultra-high hydrostatic pressure on foaming and physical-chemistry properties of egg white

The influences of ultra-high hydrostatic pressure treatment on foaming and physical properties (solubility, hydrophobicity and sulfhydryl content) of egg white were investigated. A pressure range of 0-500 MPa, time range of 0-20 min and pH range of 7.5-8.5 were selected. The foaming property of egg white is improved by 350Mpa and 10min. The treatment resulted in in- crease of sulfhydryl content of egg white, while solubility and hydrophobicity were significantly decreased.

Analysis on performance and test of a new type of ultra-high pressure pipe joint

Analysis as well as application of ultra-high pressure hydraulic system and elements has become a trend. The structure and operation principle of a new type of ultra-high pressure pipe joint is introduced. The structure of the new type of ultra-high pressure pipe joint is simple and is easy to be produced. The finite element model on two working conditions( preload condition with 30 N·m torque and static-loading condition with 70 MPa pressure) is built and computed. The width of contact area,the equivalent stress status,as well as the contact pressure status are plotted and analyzed. According to the national standard,test on air-tightness,blasting,and cyclic endurance is conducted and the results show that the new type of ultra-high pressure pipe joint has the sealability for ultra-high pressure up to 70 MPa,and the DN6 ultra-high pressure pipe joint can provide effective seal under70 MPa fluid pressure. The research can provide a thinking and method on designing ultra-high pressure pipe joint and push forward the development of ultra-high pressure hydraulic system.

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Hairtail Surimi in an Ultra-High Pressure Bioreactor

Amino acids have been extracted from Hairtail surimi using enzymes in an ultra-high pressure bioreactor. The extraction efficiency of different enzymes including papain, trypsin, and proteases (acid, neutral, alkaline) also has been evaluated, and it has been discovered that neutral protease behaved the best. The amino acids were analyzed using automatic amino acid analyzer, and the enzymatic digestion conditions were optimized. For neutral protease, the optimal condition was 50℃, 250 MPa, pH 7.0. Material to liquid ratio of enzyme is 6%. More than 29 amino acids were detected after 24 hours of hydrolysis;the enzymatic hydrolysis rate can reach 83.29%. The results show that enzymatic digestion under ultra-high-pressure provides a very promising approach to extract amino acids from Hairtail surimi.

Simulation about hot stamping of ultra-high strength steel on the basis of lightweight technology

With the development of automobile lightweight,it is very necessary to apply the ultra-high strength steel parts manufactured by hot stamping,which offers the possibility to reduce the weight of automobiles and maintain the safety requirement.In order to complete hot stamping,it is important to design the structure of parts reasonably,which is related with reasonable matching of strength.The objective of this paper is to guide the design of parts manufactured by hot stamping and find the forming technical requirements of vehicle performance.Through experiments,the paper obtains the stress and strain curves at different deformation temperatures and strain rates.Based on experimental data, the constitutive relationship model is established which can reflect the deformation capacity of ultra-high strength steel during the process of hot stamping.Combined with finite element simulation results of hot stamping by commercial software AUTOFORM,transfer path of load and matching law of strength,the paper determines the design criteria and forming technical requirements of parts manufactured by hot stamping.At the same time,the impact performance of front cross member internal plate is taken into consideration.

THERMAL MODELLING OF COLLISIONAL OROGENY: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ULTRA-HIGH PRESSURE METAMORPHISM

The petrological research on the ultra high pressure metamorphism (UHP) of collisional orogen indicates that the upper crustal rocks is subducted to depths exceeding 100 km, and returned to the surface rapidly. In this study, we investigate the thermal structure of collisional orogen as a slab of continental lithosphere being subducted beneath an overriding wedge of continental lithosphere by the 2 D finite element method. The advection heat transfer due to the accretion of orogenic wedge is considered. The wedge is composed of the upper crust materials through the accretion from the down going plate to the upper plate. For identifying the significance of the geometric and/or kinetic factors on the thermal structure of continental subduction, the different combinations of parameters, including dip angle of subduction zone, accretion or erosion rates, and the convergence velocity etc., are used in modelling. The time span of continental subduction in our calculation is less than 30 Ma, according to the short duration of ultra deep subduction of continental slab suggested by the preservation of metastable pre peak low pressure mineralogy assemblage in the garnet of UHP rocks. Therefore, the steep dip angle of down going plate and/or low rate of accretion favour the ultra deep subduction of upper crust materials, especially for the slower down going slab. Meanwhile, taking the erosion rate as the level of exhumation rate of UHP rocks in some orogens (i.e., 1-2 km/Ma or more) does not result in the anatexis melting of crust of the overriding plate, due to the cooling effect of the rapid down going slab. However, the temperature structures of all models are generally cooler than those recovered by thermobarometric studies of the UHP rocks. This implies the significant increase of temperature after the rapid subduction of continental slab. Following the method of Davies and von Blackenburg (1998), we show that the slab breakoff can occur at the depth exceeding 100 km. Thermal modelling on the post subduction stage shows the heating related to the plate breakoff can cause the higher temperature recorded by the exhumed UHP rocks. The higher geotherm during post subduction stage leads to the weak strength of the orogenic wedge, and favours the faster upward movement of the UHP rock slices as ductile agents. The lower temperature gradient of the subduction slab predicted by modelling suggests the cold subducting slab could have transported significant fluids to mantle depth, not released during subduction. Accordingly, the absence of coeval calc alkalic magmatism in UHP orogens might resulted from the lower temperature as well as the fluid free circumstance, both are related to the rapid subduction of cold plate. Therefore, shear heating is not needed for explanation the thermal evolution of UHP orogen. On the other hand, the post collisional or late stage granitic plutonism is closely related to the deep seated heat producing materials of the accretion wedge.

Cyclic Pulsating Pressure Enhanced Segregating Structuration of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene/Graphene Composites as High-performance Light-Weight EMI Shields

Currently,the enhancement in electromagnetic interference(EMI)performance of polymeric composite generally relies on either improving electrical conductivity(σ)for stronger electromagnetic(EM)reflections or tailoring structure for higher EM resonances.Herein,we proposed a novel technique called cyclic pulsating pressure enhanced segregating structuration(CPP-SS),which can reinforce these two factors simultaneously.The structural information was supplied by optical microscopy(OM)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM),both of which confirmed the formation and evolution of segregate structured ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE)/graphene composites.Then,the result showed that CPP-SS can significantly improve theσof samples.Ultimately,advanced specific EMI shielding efficiency of 31.1 d B/mm was achieved for UHMWPE/graphene composite at 1-mm thickness and a low graphene loading of 5 wt%.Meanwhile,it also confirmed that the intrinsic disadvantage of poor mechanical properties of conventional segregated structure composites can be surpassed.This work is believed to provide a fundamental understanding of the structural and performance evolutions of segregated structured composites prepared under CPPSS,and to bring us a simple and efficient approach for fabricating high-performance,strong and light-weight polymeric EMI shields.

Polyarylacetylene as a novel graphitizable precursor for fabricating high-density C/C composite via ultra-high pressure impregnation and carbonization

High-density carbon/carbon(C/C)composite plays a critical role in the aerospace industry owing to excellent mechanical properties and resistance to ablation.However,traditional manufacturing relies on pitch precursor and hot isostatic pressure impregnation and carbonization(HIPIC)technology,which is time-consuming and expensive.In this study,we report an innovative method utilizing polyarylacetylene(PAA)resin and ultra-high pressure impregnation and carbonization(UHPIC)technology.The extremely high char yield of PAA resin(85 wt.%)and high isotropic pressure of UHPIC(over 200 MPa)promote the densification of the composite.As a result,we achieve a high-density(1.90 g/cm^(3))C/C composite with a high degree of graphitization(81%).This composite exhibits impressive properties,including flexural strength of 146 MPa,compressive strength of 187 MPa,and thermal conductivity of 147 W/(m K).When exposed to oxyacetylene flame at 3000 K for 100 s,it displays minimal linear ablation,with a rate of 1.27×10^(-2)mm/s.This study demonstrates the exceptional graphitizable characteristic of PAA resin,setting it apart from conventional resins.Our time-saving and cost-effective approach holds significant promise for aerospace applications,particularly in harsh aerodynamic heating environments.