Mechanical Behavior Based on Aggregates Microstructure of Ultra-high Performance Concrete

We developed ultra-high performance concrete(UHPC)incorporating mullite sand and brown corundum sand(BCS),and the quartz sand UHPC was utilized to prepare for comparison.The properties of compressive strength,elastic modulus,ultrasonic pulse velocity,flexural strength,and toughness were investigated.Scanning electron microscopy and nanoindentation were also conducted to reveal the underlying mechanisms affecting macroscopic performance.Due to the superior interface bonding properties between mullite sand and matrix,the compressive strength and flexural toughness of UHPC have been significantly improved.Mullite sand and BCS aggregates have higher stiffness than quartz sand,contributing to the excellent elastic modulus exhibited by UHPC.The stiffness and volume of aggregates have a more significant impact on the elastic modulus of UHPC than interface performance,and the latter contributes more to the strength of UHPC.This study will provide a reference for developing UHPC with superior elastic modulus for structural engineering.

Recent Progress in Improving Rate Performance of Cellulose-Derived Carbon Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Cellulose-derived carbon is regarded as one of the most promising candidates for high-performance anode materials in sodium-ion batteries;however,its poor rate performance at higher current density remains a challenge to achieve high power density sodium-ion batteries.The present review comprehensively elucidates the structural characteristics of cellulose-based materials and cellulose-derived carbon materials,explores the limitations in enhancing rate performance arising from ion diffusion and electronic transfer at the level of cellulose-derived carbon materials,and proposes corresponding strategies to improve rate performance targeted at various precursors of cellulose-based materials.This review also presents an update on recent progress in cellulose-based materials and cellulose-derived carbon materials,with particular focuses on their molecular,crystalline,and aggregation structures.Furthermore,the relationship between storage sodium and rate performance the carbon materials is elucidated through theoretical calculations and characterization analyses.Finally,future perspectives regarding challenges and opportunities in the research field of cellulose-derived carbon anodes are briefly highlighted.

High-efficiently doping nitrogen in kapok fiber-derived hard carbon used as anode materials for boosting rate performance of sodium-ion batteries

The engineering of plant-based precursor for nitrogen doping has become one of the most promising strategies to enhance rate capability of hard carbon materials for sodium-ion batteries;however,the poor rate performance is mainly caused by lack of pyridine nitrogen,which often tends to escape because of high temperature in preparation process of hard carbon.In this paper,a high-rate kapok fiber-derived hard carbon is fabricated by cross-linking carboxyl group in 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid with the exposed hydroxyl group on alkalized kapok with assistance of zinc chloride.Specially,a high nitrogen doping content of 4.24%is achieved,most of which are pyridine nitrogen;this is crucial for improving the defect sites and electronic conductivity of hard carbon.The optimized carbon with feature of high nitrogen content,abundant functional groups,degree of disorder,and large layer spacing exhibits high capacity of 401.7 mAh g^(−1)at a current density of 0.05 A g^(−1),and more importantly,good rate performance,for example,even at the current density of 2 A g^(−1),a specific capacity of 159.5 mAh g^(−1)can be obtained.These findings make plant-based hard carbon a promising candidate for commercial application of sodium-ion batteries,achieving high-rate performance with the enhanced pre-cross-linking interaction between plant precursors and dopants to optimize aromatization process by auxiliary pyrolysis.

The Influence of Chemical Admixtures on the Fluidity,Viscosity and Rheological Properties of Ultra-High Performance Concrete

To achieve higher strength and better durability,ultra-high performance concrete(UHPC)typically employs a relatively small water-binder ratio.However,this generally leads to an undesired increase in the paste viscosity.In this study,the effects of liquid and powder polycarboxylate superplasticizers(PCE)on UHPC are compared and critically discussed.Moreover,the following influential factors are considered:air-entraining agents(AE),slump retaining agents(SA),and defoaming agents(DF)and the resulting flow characteristics,mechanical properties,and hydration properties are evaluated assuming UHPC containing 8‰powder PCE(PCE-based UHPC).It is found that the spread diameter of powder PCE is 5%higher than that of liquid PCE.Among the chemical admixtures studied,AEs have the best effect on improving UHPC workability,while DFs have the worst effect.When the addition of AE and SA is 1.25‰and 14.7%of PCE,paste viscosity reduces by 35%and 19%,respectively compared to the paste with only 8‰PCE.A low AE dosage(1.25‰)decreases compressive strength by 4.1%,while SA(8.1%)increases UHPC compressive strength by 9.1%.Both AE and SA significantly delay the UHPC hydration process,reducing the hydration heat release peaks by 76%and 27%,respectively.

Effect of Shrinkage Reducing Agent and Steel Fiber on the Fluidity and Cracking Performance of Ultra-High Performance Concrete

Due to the low water-cement ratio of ultra-high-performance concrete(UHPC),fluidity and shrinkage cracking are key aspects determining the performance and durability of this type of concrete.In this study,the effects of different types of cementitious materials,chemical shrinkage-reducing agents(SRA)and steel fiber(SF)were assessed.Compared with M2-UHPC and M3-UHPC,M1-UHPC was found to have better fluidity and shrinkage cracking performance.Moreover,different SRA incorporation methods,dosage and different SF types and aspect ratios were implemented.The incorporation of SRA and SF led to a decrease in the fluidity of UHPC.SRA internal content of 1%(NSRA-1%),SRA external content of 1%(WSRA-1%),STS-0.22 and STE-0.7 decreased the fluidity of UHPC by 3.3%,8.3%,9.2%and 25%,respectively.However,SRA and SF improved the UHPC shrinkage cracking performance.NSRA-1%and STE-0.7 reduced the shrinkage value of UHPC by 40%and 60%,respectively,and increased the crack resistance by 338%and 175%,respectively.In addition,the addition of SF was observed to make the microstructure of UHPC more compact,and the compressive strength and flexural strength of 28 d were increased by 26.9%and 19.9%,respectively.

Effect of sintering temperature on cycling performance and rate performance of LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_2

LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 powder was prepared by mixing LiOH·H2O and co-precipitated Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1（OH）2 at a molar ratio of 1：1.05, followed by sintering at different temperatures. The effects of temperature on the morphology, structure and electrochemical performance were extensively studied. SEM and XRD results demonstrate that the sintering temperature has large influence on the morphology and structure and suitable temperature is very important to obtain spherical materials and suppresses the ionic distribution. The charge-discharge tests show that the electrochemical performance of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 powders becomes better with the increase of temperature from 700 ℃ to 750 ℃ and higher temperature will deteriorate the performance. Although both of materials obtained at 750 ℃ and 780 ℃ demonstrate almost identical cyclic stability at 2C rate, which delivers 71.9%retention after 200 cycles, the rate performance of powder calcined at 780 ℃ is much poorer than that at 750 ℃. The XRD results demonstrate that the poor performance is ascribed to more severe ionic distribution caused by higher temperature.

Dynamic interactive bitwise meta-holography with ultra-high computational and display frame rates

Interactive holography offers unmatched levels of immersion and user engagement in the field of future display.Despite of the substantial progress has been made in dynamic meta-holography,the realization of real-time,highly smooth interactive holography remains a significant challenge due to the computational and display frame rate limitations.In this study,we introduced a dynamic interactive bitwise meta-holography with ultra-high computational and display frame rates.To our knowledge,this is the first reported practical dynamic interactive metasurface holographic system.We spa-tially divided the metasurface device into multiple distinct channels,each projecting a reconstructed sub-pattern.The switching states of these channels were mapped to bitwise operations on a set of bit values,which avoids complex holo-gram computations,enabling an ultra-high computational frame rate.Our approach achieves a computational frame rate of 800 kHz and a display frame rate of 23 kHz on a low-power Raspberry Pi computational platform.According to this methodology,we demonstrated an interactive dynamic holographic Tetris game system that allows interactive gameplay,color display,and on-the-fly hologram creation.Our technology presents an inspiration for advanced dynamic meta-holography,which is promising for a broad range of applications including advanced human-computer interaction,real-time 3D visualization,and next-generation virtual and augmented reality systems.

Research Progress in Improving the Rate Performance of LiFePO_4 Cathode Materials

Olivine lithium iron phosphate(Li Fe PO4) is considered as a promising cathode material for high power density lithium ion battery due to its high capacity, long cycle life, environmental friendly, low cost, and safety consideration. The theoretical capacity of Li Fe PO4 based on one electron reaction is 170 m Ah g-1at the stable voltage plateau of 3.5 V vs. Li/Li+. However, the instinct drawbacks of olivine structure induce a poor rate performance, resulting from the low lithium ion diffusion rate and low electronic conductivity.In this review, we summarize the methods for enhancing the rate performance of Li Fe PO4 cathode materials,including carbon coating, elements doping, preparation of nanosized materials, porous materials and composites,etc. Meanwhile, the advantages and disadvantages of above methods are also discussed.

Design of Eco-friendly Ultra-high Performance Concrete with Supplementary Cementitious Materials and Coarse Aggregate

Aiming to investigate the mix design of eco-friendly UHPC with supplementary cementitious materials and coarser aggregates, we comprehensively studied the workability, microstructure, porosity, compressive strength, flexural strength, and Young’s modulus of UHPC. Relationship between compressive strength and Young’s modulus was obtained eventually. It is found that the compressive strength, flexural strength, and Young’s modulus of UHPC increase by 19.01%, 10.81%, and 5.99%, respectively, when 40 wt% cement is replaced with supplementary cementitious materials. The relationship between compressive strength and Young’s modulus of UHPC is an exponential form.

Main properties of ultra-high performance fiber reinforced cement composites under couple effect of load and environment

This study aims to reveal the mechanism that how the content of steel fibers and strength grades affect the macro performance of the ultra-high performance fiber reinforced cementitious composite （UHPFRCC） and to study the UHPFRCC durability under the combined effect of loads and environments. Three types of high and ultra-high performance fiber reinforced cement composites with different strength grades （100, 150, 200 MPa） and different steel fiber volume fractions （0%, 1%, 2%, 3%） are prepared. The main properties of mechanical performance and short-term durability are studied. A preloading frame is designed to apply a four- point load external flexural stress with a stress selection ratio of 0.5 for UHPFRCC150 specimens. The results show that the growth in strength grade with a proper content of steel fiber greatly increases the strength and toughness of the HPFRCC and the UHPFRCC while decreasing the dry-shrinkage ratio. For the loaded specimens, the existence of steel fiber can reduce the negative influence of tensile stress on the Cl- penetration resistance of the UHPFRCC in addition to improving its ability to resist the freeze-thaw damage.

Dynamic Mechanical Behaviour of Ultra-high Performance Fiber Reinforced Concretes

Ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concretes （UHPFRC） were prepared by replacing 60% of cement with ultra-fine industrial waste powder. The dynamic mechanical behaviour of UHPFRC with different fiber volume fraction was researched on repeated compressive impact in four kinds of impact modes through split Hopkinson pressure bar （SHPB）. The experimental results show that the peak stress and elastic modulus decrease and the strain rate and peak strain increase gradually with the increasing of impact times. The initial material damage increases and the peak stress of the specimen decreases from the second impact with the increasing of the initial incident wave. Standard strength on repeated impact is defined to compare the ability of resistance against repeated impact among different materials. The rate of reduction of standard strength is decreased by fiber reinforcement under repeated impact. The material damage is reduced and the ability of repeated impact resistance of UHPFRC is improved with the increasing of fiber volume fraction.

Preparation of Heavyweight Ultra-high Performance Concrete Using Barite Sand and Titanium-rich Heavy Slag Sand

The heavyweight ultra-high performance concrete(HUHPC)was prepared with barite sand partially replaced by titanium-rich heavy slag sand(THS)at replacement proportion of 0%,30%,50%,70%and 100%in this work.The results show that THS incorporation can effectively improve the mechanical properties and reduce the volume shrinkage of HUHPC.The HUHPC with 50%THS replacement reaches an apparent density of 2890 kg/m^(3)(for fresh HUHPC),28 d compressive strength of 129 MPa,28 d flexural strength of 23 MPa,28 d flexural toughness of 28.4,56 d volume shrinkage of 359×10^(-4) and,as expected,excellent durability.Microstructural investigation demonstrates that the internal curing of pre-wetted THS promotes the hydration of the surrounding cement paste thereby strengthening the interfacial transition zone,resulting in the“hard shell”formation around aggregate to“protect”the aggregate.Additionally,the“pin structure”significantly improves the cement paste-aggregate interfacial connection.The combination of“hard shell protection”and“pin structure”remarkably improve the mechanical properties of HUHPC produced with porous THS aggregate.

Tree-Based Solution Frameworks for Predicting Tunnel Boring Machine Performance Using Rock Mass and Material Properties

Tunnel Boring Machines(TBMs)are vital for tunnel and underground construction due to their high safety and efficiency.Accurately predicting TBM operational parameters based on the surrounding environment is crucial for planning schedules and managing costs.This study investigates the effectiveness of tree-based machine learning models,including Random Forest,Extremely Randomized Trees,Adaptive Boosting Machine,Gradient Boosting Machine,Extreme Gradient Boosting Machine(XGBoost),Light Gradient Boosting Machine,and CatBoost,in predicting the Penetration Rate(PR)of TBMs by considering rock mass and material characteristics.These techniques are able to provide a good relationship between input(s)and output parameters;hence,obtaining a high level of accuracy.To do that,a comprehensive database comprising various rock mass and material parameters,including Rock Mass Rating,Brazilian Tensile Strength,and Weathering Zone,was utilized for model development.The practical application of these models was assessed with a new dataset representing diverse rock mass and material properties.To evaluate model performance,ranking systems and Taylor diagrams were employed.CatBoost emerged as the most accurate model during training and testing,with R2 scores of 0.927 and 0.861,respectively.However,during validation,XGBoost demonstrated superior performance with an R2 of 0.713.Despite these variations,all tree-based models showed promising accuracy in predicting TBM performance,providing valuable insights for similar projects in the future.

Yield performance and optimal nitrogen and phosphorus application rates in wheat and faba bean intercropping

Yield performance in cereal and legume intercropping is related to nutrient management,however,the yield response of companion crops to nitrogen(N)input is inconclusive and only limited efforts have focused on rationed phosphorous(P)fertilization.In this study,two multi-year field experiments were implemented from 2014-2019 under identical conditions.Two factors in a randomized complete block design were adopted in both experiments.In field experiment 1,the two factors included three planting patterns(mono-cropped wheat(MW),mono-cropped faba bean(MF),and wheat and faba bean intercropping(W//F))and four N application rates(N0,0 kg N ha^(-1);N1,90 and 45 kg N ha^(-1) for wheat and faba beans,respectively;N2,180 and 90 kg N ha^(-1) for wheat and faba beans,respectively;and N3,270 and 135 kg N ha^(-1) for wheat and faba beans,respectively).In field experiment 2,the two factors included three P application rates(P0,0 kg P_(2)O_(5) ha^(-1);P1,45 kg P_(2)O_(5) ha^(-1);and P2,90 kg P_(2)O_(5) ha^(-1))and the same three planting patterns(MW,MF,and W//F).The yield performances of inter-and mono-cropped wheat and faba beans under different N and P application rates were analyzed and the optimal N and P rates for intercropped wheat(IW)and MW were estimated.The results revealed that intercropping favored wheat yield and was adverse to faba bean yield.Wheat yield increased by 18-26%,but faba bean yield decreased by 5-21% in W//F compared to MW and MF,respectively.The stimulated IW yield drove the yield advantage in W//F with an average land equivalent ratio(LER)of 1.12.N and P fertilization benefited IW yield,but reduced intercropped faba bean(IF)yield.Nevertheless,the partial LER of wheat(pLER_(wheat))decreased with increasing N application rates,and the partial LER of faba bean(pLER_(faba bean))decreased with increasing P application rates.Thus,LER decreased as N input increased and tended to decline as P rates increased.IW maintained a similar yield as MW,even under reduced 40-50% N fertilizer and 30-40% P fertilizer conditions.The estimated optimum N application rates for IW and MW were 150 and 168 kg ha^(-1),respectively,and 63 and 62 kg ha^(-1) for P_(2)O_(5),respectively.In conclusion,W//F exhibited yield advantages due to stimulated IW yield,but the intercropping yield benefit decreased as N and P inputs increased.Thus,it was concluded that modulated N and P rates could maximize the economic and ecological functions of intercropping.Based on the results,rates of 150 kg N ha^(-1) and 60 kg P_(2)O_(5) ha^(-1) are recommended for IW production in southwestern China and places with similar conditions.

Fast analysis of derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil by ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography after supercritical fluid extraction enrichment

An efficient and environment-friendly method for simultaneous determination of 13 typical derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH)in petroleum-polluted soil with nitro-,oxy-and alkylfunctional group was developed using supercritical fluid extraction(SFE)followed by ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography(UHPSFC).Parameters of UHPSFC,including type of stationary phase and mobile phase modifiers,gradient elution process,backpressure,column temperature,and the flow rate of mobile phase,were systematically optimized,achieving a fast separation within4.2 min.Limits of detection(LOD)were 0.005-0.1μg mL^(-1)or 0.1-2.0 ng g^(-1),respectively,with a good repeatability(RSD<5.0%).Before UHPSFC-PDA analysis,the PAH-derivatives in soil samples were effectively enriched in 15.0 min using SFE with an online carbon nanotubes(CNTs)collection trap.The soil samples were analyzed by the proposed method and the results were verified by GC-MS.Thus,SFE equipped with an online CNTs trap followed by UHPSFC-PDA analysis,which only consumed about2.0 mL organic solvent for a whole run,has been demonstrated to be an efficient way for screening and quantitative analysis of trace-level PAH-derivatives in soil samples.

Hierarchically Micro/Nanostructured Current Collectors Induced by Ultrafast Femtosecond Laser Strategy for High-Performance Lithium-ion Batteries

Commercial Cu and Al current collectors for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)possess high electrical conductivity,suitable chemical and electrochemical stability.However,the relatively flat surface of traditional current collectors causes weak bonding strength and poor electrochemical contact between current collectors and electrode materials,resulting in potential detachment of active materials and rapid capacity degradation during extended cycling.Here,we report an ultrafast femtosecond laser strategy to manufacture hierarchical micro/nanostructures on commercial Al and Cu foils as current collectors for high-performance LIBs.The hierarchically micro/nanostructured current collectors(HMNCCs)with high surface area and roughness offer strong adhesion to active materials,fast electronic delivery of entire electrodes,significantly improving reversible capacities and cyclic stability of HMNCCs based LIBs.Consequently,LiNi_(0.5)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.3)O_(2)(NCM523)cathode with Al HMNCC generated a high reversible capacity after 200 cycles(25%higher than that of cathode with Al CC).Besides,graphite anode with Cu HMNCC also maintained prominent reversible capacity even after 600 cycles.Moreover,the full cell assembled by graphite anode with Cu HMNCC and NCM523 cathode with Al HMNCC achieved high reversible capacity and remarkable cycling stability under industrial-grade mass loading.This study provides promising candidate for achieving high-performance LIBs current collectors.

Comparison of pharmacokinetics of different oral Panax notoginseng saponins using ultra-high performance liquid mass spectrometry

Objective:To discuss and compare the plasma pharmacokinetics after three oral Panax notoginseng saponin(PNS)administrations in beagle dogs.PNS is the main active ingredient of the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)Panax notoginseng.Although its outstanding therapeutic efficacy has been demonstrated by various researchers,its broader application is restricted by the low bioavailability of PNS.Methods:An ultra-high performance liquid chromatographyetandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS)method for the simultaneous quantification of notoginsenoside R1,ginsenoside Rg1,ginsenoside Rb1,ginsenoside Rd,and ginsenoside Re in beagle dog plasma was developed and validated.The plasma samples were subjected to liquideliquid extraction with acetone and methanol,and separated on an ACQUITY C18 column(100×2.1 mm ID,1.7 mm)using acetonitrile and water as the mobile phase with a run time of 4.5 min.Results:The analytes were detected without interference in Selected Reaction Monitoring mode with positive electrospray ionization.The validated method was successfully used in comparative pharmacokinetic studies of the five saponins in beagle dogs after oral administration of three PNS preparations.Blood samples were collected up to 192 h after administration and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using DAS 3.20 and SPSS 17.0.The AUC_(0-t)values of Re and R1 were significantly higher in soft capsules than in hard capsules.However,the AUC_(0-t)values between hard and soft capsules were not significantly different for the other three componentsdRb1,Rd and Rg1.Conclusion:Our intuitive analysis suggests that the bioavailability of PNS in soft capsules is greater than in hard capsules.

Understanding De-protonation Induced Formation of Spinel Phase in Li-rich Layered Oxides for Improved Rate Performance

Constructing layered-spinel composites is important to improve the rate performance of lithium-rich layered oxides.However,up to now,the effect of microstructure of composites on the rate performance has not been well investigated.In this study,a series of samples were prepared by a simple protonation and de-protonation for the pristine layered material(LiMnNiCoO)obtained by sol-gel method.The characterizations of XRD,Raman and oxidation-reduction potentials of charge-discharge curves demonstrated that these samples after de-protonation are layered-spinel composites.When these composites were tested as a cathode of lithium-ion batteries,the sample treated with 0.1 M of nitric acid exhibited higher discharge capacities at each current density than that of other composites.The outstanding rate performance is attributed to the high concentration of conduction electron resulting from the low average valence state(44.2%of Ni)as confirmed by its high conductivity(1.124×10??mat39800Hz)and ambient temperature magnetic susceptibility(8.40×10emu/Oe?mol).This work has a guiding significance for the synthesis of high rate performance of lithium battery cathode materials.

Dynamic Compression Behavior of Ultra-high Performance Cement-based Composite with Hybrid Steel Fiber Reinforcements

Ultra-high performance cement-based composites (UHPCC) is promising in construction of concrete structures that suffer impact and explosive loads.In this study,a reference UHPCC mixture with no fiber reinforcement and four mixtures with a single type of fiber reinforcement or hybrid fiber reinforcements of straight smooth and end hook type of steel fibers were prepared.Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) was performed to investigate the dynamic compression behavior of UHPCC and X-CT test and 3D reconstruction technology were used to indicate the failure process of UHPCC under impact loading.Results show that UHPCC with 1% straight smooth fiber and 2% end hook fiber reinforcements demonstrated the best static and dynamic mechanical properties.When the hybrid steel fiber reinforcements are added in the concrete,it may need more impact energy to break the matrix and to pull out the fiber reinforcements,thus,the mixture with hybrid steel fiber reinforcements demonstrates excellent dynamic compressive performance.

Simultaneous determination of kolliphor HS15 and miglyol 812 in microemulsion formulation by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with nano quantity analyte detector

A novel method for simultaneous determination of kolliphor HS15 and miglyol 812 in microemulsion formulation was developed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a nano quantitation analytical detector （UHPLC-NQAD）. All components in kolliphor HS15 and miglyo1812 were well separated on an Acquity BEH C18 column. Mobile phase A was 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid （TFA） in water and mobile phase B was acetonitrile. A gradient elution sequence was programed initially with 60% organic solvent, slowly increased to 100% within 8 min. The flow rate was 0.7 mL/min. Good linearity （r 〉 0.95） was obtained in the range of 27.6-1381.1 μg/mL for polyoxyl 15 hydroxystearate in kolliphor HS15, 0.8-202.0 μg/mL for caprylic acid triglyceride and 2.7-221.9μg/mL for capric acid triglyceride in miglyol 812. The relative standard deviations （RSD） ranged from 0.6% to 1.7% for intra-day precision and from 0.4% to 2.7% for inter-day precision. The overall recoveries （accuracy） were 99.7%-101.4% for polyoxyl 15 hydroxystearate in kolliphor HS15, 96.7%-99.6% for caprylic acid triglyceride, and 94.1%- 103.3% for capric acid triglyceride in miglyol 812. Quantification limits （QL） were determined as 27.6 μg/ mL for polyoxy115 hydroxystearate in kolliphor HS15, 0.8 μg/mL for caprylic acid triglyceride, and 2.7 μg/ mL for capric acid triglyceride in miglyol 812. No interferences were observed in the retention time ranges of kolliphor HSI5 and miglyol 812. The method was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, QL, and robustness. The proposed method has been applied to microemulsion for- mulation analyses with good recoveries （82.2%-103.4%）.