In order to estimate the shelf-life of cow milk sterilized by instant treated with Ultra Heat Temperature(UHT) in a relatively short time,the accelerated shelf-life testing (ASLT) was designed and conducted,selecting ...In order to estimate the shelf-life of cow milk sterilized by instant treated with Ultra Heat Temperature(UHT) in a relatively short time,the accelerated shelf-life testing (ASLT) was designed and conducted,selecting the histological change of the sterilized milk caused by fat droplets creaming as its criteria.The stability index (SI) and the viscosity variation of the sterilized milk were determined at preservation conditions of 20,25,30,35,40 and 45℃,using Turbiscan technology.The result showed that the SI was slightly higher for 25℃ than for 20℃,elevating linearly for temperature from 25℃ to 40℃,and decreased for 40℃ to 45℃.The SI data for 25℃ to 40℃ were fitted well with equation SIt=0.062t-1.382 (R2=0.990).If a ratio SIt/SI25℃ called as accelerated ratio (AR) was defined,the AR values calculated from the equation were 3.6,4.3 and 5.0 for 35,37.5 and 40℃,respectively,which were agreement with the data from ASLT.So,the model could be used for the prediction of the shelf-life of sterilized milk by UHT process.展开更多
为研究奶牛夏季热应激对其行为和产奶量的影响,该文选取了东北地区典型的舍饲散养奶牛场,通过对整个夏季牛舍环境指标以及奶牛阴道温度、行为参数和产奶性能的连续监测,探究了东北地区奶牛热应激状况及其对行为和生产性能的影响。结果表...为研究奶牛夏季热应激对其行为和产奶量的影响,该文选取了东北地区典型的舍饲散养奶牛场,通过对整个夏季牛舍环境指标以及奶牛阴道温度、行为参数和产奶性能的连续监测,探究了东北地区奶牛热应激状况及其对行为和生产性能的影响。结果表明,夏季该场奶牛经历轻度和中度热应激的时间分别占40.9%和17.9%,每天12:00—20:00是中度热应激高发时段。从轻度到中度热应激,奶牛的核心体温(core body temperature,CBT)从38.8℃上升到39.3℃,且其体温变化滞后于环境参数的变化。由无热应激到中度热应激,奶牛躺卧时间比例从51.3%下降至42.3%,站立时间则相应增加。当日均温湿指数(temperature-humidity index,THI)大于75时,奶牛产奶量显著降低9.2%(P<0.05)。东北地区夜间开放运动场,有利于奶牛缓解白天热应激的影响,降低减产损失。展开更多
为探究北京地区荷斯坦牛牛奶尿素氮(MUN)的影响因素及夏季热应激相关指标对MUN的影响,实测北京地区7个牛场2016年7、8月的荷斯坦牛直肠温度和体况评分(BCS),收集北京地区68个牛场生产性能测定数据,利用固定模型分析环境和生理因素,以及4...为探究北京地区荷斯坦牛牛奶尿素氮(MUN)的影响因素及夏季热应激相关指标对MUN的影响,实测北京地区7个牛场2016年7、8月的荷斯坦牛直肠温度和体况评分(BCS),收集北京地区68个牛场生产性能测定数据,利用固定模型分析环境和生理因素,以及4%乳脂校正乳(FCM)、乳蛋白量和体细胞分(SCS)对MUN全年测定值的影响,并重点分析夏季MUN随BCS和直肠温度的变化趋势。结果表明:数据测定月份和产犊季节对MUN影响极显著(P<0.01),冬季MUN水平偏低,夏季普遍较高,春季产犊的牛MUN高于其他产犊季节;泌乳121~180 d MUN水平最高;MUN随胎次的增加显著降低(P<0.05);SCS、FCM和乳蛋白率分别与MUN夏季测定值呈极显著的回归关系(P<0.01);BCS对夏季MUN影响显著(P<0.05),但直肠温度对MUN无显著影响(P>0.05)。综上,利用产犊季节和测定月份可以预估群体MUN的水平,夏季则可通过奶牛体况变化及泌乳性能预测个体MUN,及时调整饲养管理,管控夏季奶牛健康和牛奶品质。展开更多
文摘In order to estimate the shelf-life of cow milk sterilized by instant treated with Ultra Heat Temperature(UHT) in a relatively short time,the accelerated shelf-life testing (ASLT) was designed and conducted,selecting the histological change of the sterilized milk caused by fat droplets creaming as its criteria.The stability index (SI) and the viscosity variation of the sterilized milk were determined at preservation conditions of 20,25,30,35,40 and 45℃,using Turbiscan technology.The result showed that the SI was slightly higher for 25℃ than for 20℃,elevating linearly for temperature from 25℃ to 40℃,and decreased for 40℃ to 45℃.The SI data for 25℃ to 40℃ were fitted well with equation SIt=0.062t-1.382 (R2=0.990).If a ratio SIt/SI25℃ called as accelerated ratio (AR) was defined,the AR values calculated from the equation were 3.6,4.3 and 5.0 for 35,37.5 and 40℃,respectively,which were agreement with the data from ASLT.So,the model could be used for the prediction of the shelf-life of sterilized milk by UHT process.
文摘为研究奶牛夏季热应激对其行为和产奶量的影响,该文选取了东北地区典型的舍饲散养奶牛场,通过对整个夏季牛舍环境指标以及奶牛阴道温度、行为参数和产奶性能的连续监测,探究了东北地区奶牛热应激状况及其对行为和生产性能的影响。结果表明,夏季该场奶牛经历轻度和中度热应激的时间分别占40.9%和17.9%,每天12:00—20:00是中度热应激高发时段。从轻度到中度热应激,奶牛的核心体温(core body temperature,CBT)从38.8℃上升到39.3℃,且其体温变化滞后于环境参数的变化。由无热应激到中度热应激,奶牛躺卧时间比例从51.3%下降至42.3%,站立时间则相应增加。当日均温湿指数(temperature-humidity index,THI)大于75时,奶牛产奶量显著降低9.2%(P<0.05)。东北地区夜间开放运动场,有利于奶牛缓解白天热应激的影响,降低减产损失。
文摘为探究北京地区荷斯坦牛牛奶尿素氮(MUN)的影响因素及夏季热应激相关指标对MUN的影响,实测北京地区7个牛场2016年7、8月的荷斯坦牛直肠温度和体况评分(BCS),收集北京地区68个牛场生产性能测定数据,利用固定模型分析环境和生理因素,以及4%乳脂校正乳(FCM)、乳蛋白量和体细胞分(SCS)对MUN全年测定值的影响,并重点分析夏季MUN随BCS和直肠温度的变化趋势。结果表明:数据测定月份和产犊季节对MUN影响极显著(P<0.01),冬季MUN水平偏低,夏季普遍较高,春季产犊的牛MUN高于其他产犊季节;泌乳121~180 d MUN水平最高;MUN随胎次的增加显著降低(P<0.05);SCS、FCM和乳蛋白率分别与MUN夏季测定值呈极显著的回归关系(P<0.01);BCS对夏季MUN影响显著(P<0.05),但直肠温度对MUN无显著影响(P>0.05)。综上,利用产犊季节和测定月份可以预估群体MUN的水平,夏季则可通过奶牛体况变化及泌乳性能预测个体MUN,及时调整饲养管理,管控夏季奶牛健康和牛奶品质。
