Toward high-sulfur-content,high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries:Review of materials and technologies

Lithium sulfur batteries(LSBs)are recognized as promising devices for developing next-generation energy storage systems.In addition,they are attractive rechargeable battery systems for replacing lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)for commercial use owing to their higher theoretical energy density and lower cost compared to those of LIBs.However,LSBs are still beset with some persistent issues that prevent them from being used industrially,such as the unavoidable dissolution of lithium polysulfide intermediates during electrochemical reactions and large volume expansion(up to 80%)upon the formation of Li_(2)S,resulting in serious battery life and safety limitations.In the process of solving these problems,it is necessary to maintain a high sulfur content in the cathode materials to ensure that the LSBs have high energy densities and excellent cycle performance.In this review,the novel preparation methods and cathode materials used for preparing LSBs in recent years are reviewed considering the sulfur content and cycle performance.In addition,the problems and difficulties in practically applying cathode materials are described,and the development trend is discussed.

Carbon,Nitrogen,and Sulfur Contents in Marine Phytoplankton Cells and Biomass Conversion

In this study,we isolated and cultured phytoplankton along the coast of China and measured the cellular carbon,nitrogen,and sulfur contents under four temperatures.The results showed that the contents of the cellular elements varied widely among different phytoplankton.We found that temperature is one of the important factors affecting the carbon,nitrogen,and sulfur contents in phytoplankton cells;however,the degree of influence of temperature is different for different kinds of phytoplankton.By measuring the nitrogen content in cells,we found that the C:N ratio indirectly measured in the experiment fluctuated in the range of 3.50-8.97,and the average C:N ratio was 5.52.In this experiment,we accurately measured the cell elemental contents at different temperatures and transformed the cell count results into carbon,nitrogen,and sulfur contents to express the biomass.This method ensures that the contribution of species that are small in number but with a large cell volume in biomass is considered.Moreover,this method comprehensively considers the interspecific differences of species and the uneven distribution of elements in phytoplankton cells,which is of significance in the estimation of marine carbon and nitrogen budget.The distribution of nitrogen content in marine phytoplankton can well indicate the marine eutrophication caused by human activities.Climate change can affect the community structure and element composition of marine phytoplankton,meanwhile marine carbon and nitrogen element can regulate the climate to a certain extent.

The Impact of Sulfur Fertilizer Concentration on the Nutrient Concentration of Parts of the Soybean Plant

Soybean is a crucial crop utilized for both food and oil production,with balanced crop nutrition being a key determinant of soybean yield throughout its growth cycle.Sulfur,an essential nutrient for crop growth,substantially impacts soybean yield.In this study,two soybean cultivars,Laidou 2 and Hefeng 55,were used to study the changes in nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,and sulfur contents in soybean plants at different growth stages.Additionally,the effects of dry matter accumulation under five different sulfur levels were examined.The results showed that the sulfur levels had varying effects on the nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,and sulfur contents and accumulation in different parts of the soybean plants.There were marked differences in the accumulation and distribution of dry matter in different parts of the soybean plant.Soybean dry matter weight shows the best overall performance under the S80 treatment.With increasing sulfur nutrition,the nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,and sulfur contents in various plant parts exhibited an unimodal trend,reaching maximum values when the sulfur content was 80 mg/L.This study elucidates the dynamic changes in nutrient elements in soybeans under different sulfur levels and is important in guiding the rational application of sulfur fertilizers in agricultural production.

Effects of Sulfur Fertilizer Application Methods on Grain Protein Content During Filling Stage of Winter Wheat

[ Objective] The experiment aimed to provide a theoretical base of optimal cultivation management for the high yield and good quality and high efficiency of winter wheat. [ Method] The effects of two sulfur fertilizer application methods on dynamic changes of grain protein content and glutenin content of Yumai 49 and Yumai 66 during wheat grain filling stage were studied under the field conditions. [Result] Both the grain protein and glutenin content of two cultivars were increased by sulfur fertilizer, particularly, the effects on Yumai 49 were more significant.[ Conclusion] The grain content and glutenin content of different wheat cultivars could be increased by taking different sulfur fertilizer application methods.

Regulation of carbon distribution to construct high-sulfur-content cathode in lithium-sulfur batteries

Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)battery is regarded as one of the most promising next-generation energy storage systems due to the ultra-high theoretical energy density of 2600 Wh kg^(-1).To address the insulation nature of sulfur,nanocarbon composition is essential to afford acceptable cycling capacity but inevitably sacrifices the actual energy density under working conditions.Therefore,rational structural design of the carbon/sulfur composite cathode is of great significance to realize satisfactory electrochemical performances with limited carbon content.Herein,the cathode carbon distribution is rationally regulated to construct high-sulfur-content and high-performance Li-S batteries.Concretely,a double-layer carbon(DLC)cathode is prepared by fabricating a surface carbon layer on the carbon/sulfur composite.The surface carbon layer not only provides more electrochemically active surfaces,but also blocks the polysulfide shuttle.Consequently,the DLC configuration with an increased sulfur content by nearly 10 wt%renders an initial areal capacity of 3.40 mAh cm^(-2) and capacity retention of 83.8%during 50 cycles,which is about two times than that of the low-sulfur-content cathode.The strategy of carbon distribution regulation affords an effective pathway to construct advanced high-sulfur-content cathodes for practical high-energy-density Li-S batteries.

Influence of sulfur addition/solids content ratio on removal of heavy metals from mine tailings by bioleaching

The effect of sulfur addition/solids content(SA/SC)ratio on heavy metals(e.g.copper,zinc and lead)obtained from mine tailings by indigenous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria was studied,and the changes in the chemical forms of heavy metals after bioleaching were explored.The results show that the solubilization of metals is significantly influenced by SA/SC ratio,and SA/SC ratio of 2.50 is found to be the best for bacterial activity and metal solubilization among six SA/SC ratios tested(such as 1.00,1.33,1.50,1.67,2.00 and 2.50)under the chosen experimental conditions.The pH decreases fast and the maximum solubilizations of copper and zinc are respectively 81.76% and 84.35% while that of lead only reaches 40.36%.After bioleaching,the chemical forms of heavy metals have changed.The metals remained in mine tailings are mainly found in residual fractions,which is harmless to the surrounding environment.

Development and Commercial Application of RFCC Catalyst for Reducing Sulfur Content in Gasoline

The sulfur-reducing functional component the Lewis acid-base pair compound and associated active zeolite component were developed to prepare the RFCC catalyst DOS for reducing sulfur content in gasoline. The results of catalyst evaluation have revealed that the Lewis acid-base pair compound developed hereby could enhance the conversion of macromolecular sulfur compounds by the catalyst to promote the proceeding of desulfurization reactions, and the synergetic action of the selected zeolite and the Lewis acid-base pair compound could definitely reduce the olefins and sulfur contents in gasoline. The heavy oil conversion capability of the catalyst DOS thus developed was higher coupled with an enhanced resistance to heavy metals contamination to reduce the sulfur content in gasoline by over 20%. The commercial application of this catalyst at the SINOPEC Jiujiang Branch Company has revealed that compared to the GRV-C catalyst the oil slurry yield obtained by the catalyst DOS was reduced along with an improved coke selectivity, an increased total liquid yield, and a decreased olefin content in gasoline. The ratio of sulfur in gasoline/sulfur in feed oil could be reduced by 20.3 m%.

A crosslinking hydrogel binder for high-sulfur content S@pPAN cathode in rechargeable lithium batteries

High-energy density lithium-sulfur(Li-S) batteries have received intensive attention as promising energy storage system.Among diverse sulfur-based cathodes,sulfurized pyrolyzed poly(acrylonitrile)(S@pPAN)cathode delivered superior electrochemical performance.However,the sulfur content of S@pPAN is relatively low(<50 wt%),which significantly limits the energy density.Herein,a hydrogel SA-Cu binder was proposed with a crosslinking network constructed by Cu^(2+) ions.The introduction of Cu^(2+) ions enabled excellent electrochemical behaviors of S@pPAN cathode even with high sulfur content of 52.6 wt% via chemical interaction with sulfur and polysulfide.Moreover,a favorable cathode interphase was formed containing electrochemically active and conductive CuSx.S@pPAN/SA-Cu exhibited a high sulfur utilization of 85.3%,long cycling stability over 1000 cycles and remarkable capacity of 1200 mAh g_(s)^(-1) even at10 C.Furthermore,ascribed to the improved electrode structure,high-loading electrode(sulfur loading:4 mg cm^(-2)) displayed stable cycling with areal capacity of 5.26 mAh cm^(-2)(1315 mAh g_(s)^(-1)) after 40 cycles.This study provides new directions to prepare high-sulfur content and high-loading S@pPAN cathode for higher energy density.

Effect of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on the Stability of Hydrogenation Catalyst for Producing Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel

The effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)on the stability of the hydrogenation catalyst for production of ultra-low sulfur diesel was studied in a pilot plant using Ni-Mo-W/γ-Al_(2)O_(3)catalyst.The mechanisms of catalyst deactivation were analyzed by the methods of elemental analysis,nitrogen adsorption-desorption,thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry(TG-MS)technology,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and high resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM).The results demonstrated that PAHs had little effect on the activity of catalyst at the beginning of operation,during which the reaction temperature was increased by only 1-4℃.However,the existence of PAHs significantly accelerated the deactivation of catalyst and weakened the stability of catalyst.This phenomenon could be explained by the reason that the catalyst deactivation is not only related to the formation of carbon deposit,but is also closely related to the loss of pore volume and the decrease of Ni-W-S phase ratio after adding PAHs.

Study on MIP Technology for Production of EUROⅣClean Gasoline 1.Analysis of Rules for Transformation of Sulfur Compounds and Factors Influencing Sulfur Content in MIP Naphtha

The rules of MIP reactions for catalytic cracking of sulfur compounds and its influence on the sulfur content in the MIP naphtha were studied.The mam factors influencing the sulfur content in the MIP naphtha were thought to be the sulfur content of feedstock and were closely related with the olefin content of naphtha.Taking into account the characteristic features of MIP process,the methods for reducing the sulfur content in the MIP naphtha were comprised of decreasing the sulfur content of feedstock by hydrotreating and decreasing the olefin content of naphtha through promoting hydrogen transfer reactions.Therefore,the EuroⅣclean gasoline with low sulfur content and low olefin content could be obtained directly through the MIP technology.

Effects of sulfur dioxide on growth， gas exchange rate and leaf sulfur content of massion pine seedlings

The effects of sulfur dioxide(SO_2) on the dry weight growth gas exchange rate and leaf sulfur content of massion pine(Pinus massoniana Lamb. )were investigated. The results obtained in this study show that the dry weight growth and net photosynthetic rate of masson pine seedlings are reduced by exposure to SO_2 at ≥100 ppb. From these results,one of the main causes in the dieback of masson pine forest reported in Chongqing,China may be relatively high concentrations of atmospheric SO_2 in the relevant area.

Hierarchically porous Fe/N/S/C nanospheres with high-content of Fe-Nx for enhanced ORR and Zn-air battery performance

Heteroatom-doped carbon-based transition-metal single-atom catalysts(SACs) are promising electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR). Herein, with the aid of hierarchically porous silica as hard template, a facile and general melting perfusion and mesopore-confined pyrolysis method was reported to prepare single-atomic Fe/N–S-doped carbon catalyst(FeNx/NC-S) with hierarchically porous structure and well-defined morphology. The FeNx/NC-S exhibited excellent ORR activity with a half-wave potential(E_(1/2)) of 0.92 V, and a lower overpotential of 320 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2)for OER under alkaline condition. The remarkable electrocatalysis performance can be attributed to the hierarchically porous carbon nanospheres with S doping and high content of Fe-Nx sites(up to 3.7 wt% of Fe), resulting from the nano-confinement effect of the hierarchically porous silica spheres(NKM-5) during the pyrolysis process. The rechargeable Zn-air battery with FeNx/NC-S as a cathode catalyst demonstrated a superior power density of 194.5 mW cm-2charge–discharge stability. This work highlights a new avenue to design advanced SACs for efficient sustainable energy storage and conversion.

The influence of ultra-low moisture content on the seed viability of rice in store

This paper deals with the influence of ultra-lowmoisture content and the rate of desiccation on rice seed viability and physiological property bydesiccating using four kinds of desiccants(phos-

SPA-H钢低氧出钢的生产技术实践

针对生产SPA-H钢冶炼中低氧控制出钢技术开展研究,分析了相关热力学理论及低氧出钢必要性,确定了SPA-H钢合理低氧范围应为(198~333)×10^(-6)。为实现低氧控制开展了技术改进,合理控制转炉终渣成分,合理排产,实行灵活的溅渣护炉措施;改进冶炼制度,采用“一批料”模式或留少量料模式,改进氧枪工作参数,降低平均枪位,优化枪位控制,保证低枪位拉碳时间,终点温度按照1680℃控制,碳按照0.06%~0.11%控制;采用碳—氧修正模型、转炉质谱仪等辅助手段。改进后,平均终点氧含量降低,氧含量80%控制在选定合理范围,磷、硫、碳及锰含量控制水平均有提升。

沉积岩中黄铁矿含量及其硫同位素组成连续测定方法研究

沉积岩中黄铁矿的含量和硫同位素组成研究可以用于判断沉积环境特征,反演成岩成矿过程。设计了一套多通道的黄铁矿硫提取装置,确定了装置的加热温度为130℃,实验时间为2h,优化了实验流程,实现一次提取同时满足黄铁矿含量及其同位素组成测定需要。采用亚甲基蓝分光光度法测定硫含量和元素分析仪-气体同位素质谱法测定黄铁矿硫同位素组成。亚甲基蓝分光光度法的标准曲线的线性相关性R^(2)=0.9999,黄铁矿样品的加标回收率介于94%~100%之间,10次测量的相对标准偏差为1.9%。黄铁矿经过铬还原法提取生成的硫化银的硫同位素组成的测试结果和本身的测试结果在误差范围内一致,精度≤0.2‰,可以满足沉积岩中黄铁矿硫同位素测试需求。

某高硫含砷难处理金矿选冶试验研究

针对某金矿中硫、砷含量过高且易泥化导致金回收率低的问题,采用阶段磨矿阶段浮选—浮选尾矿非氰浸出工艺流程开展试验研究。研究结果表明:在一段磨矿细度-0.074 mm占75.6%、二段磨矿细度-0.043 mm占78.1%,酸化水玻璃用量为1 650 g/t,硫酸铜用量为350 g/t,丁基黄药+丁铵黑药用量为(240+96) g/t,松醇油用量为160 g/t的条件下进行浮选试验,浮选尾矿采用非氰浸出剂进行非氰浸出,最终获得了浮选金精矿金回收率84.40%,浮选尾矿金浸出率10.52%,总金回收率94.92%的回收指标。研究结果对开发该类金矿资源具有重要指导意义。

内蒙古某含碳高硫锌锡矿石选矿试验研究

内蒙古某含碳高硫锌锡矿石锌品位1.02%、锡品位0.86%,硫和碳含量分别为14.02%、1.68%。矿石矿物组成较复杂,主要有用矿物为闪锌矿、锡石和黄铁矿,脉石矿物主要为石英、绿泥石和绢云母等。为确定矿石合理的开发利用工艺,采用预先脱碳—浮重联合工艺流程开展选矿试验研究。结果表明,矿石经预先脱碳、1粗1扫1精锌硫混选、1粗1扫3精锌硫分离浮选流程处理,闭路试验可得到Zn品位为45.16%、Zn回收率为71.19%的锌精矿,S品位为46.92%、S回收率81.91%的硫精矿;浮选尾矿采用摇床重选,经粗选、精选、复选和中矿再选,可获得Sn品位45.52%、Sn回收率81.99%的锡精矿,以及Sn品位3.13%、Sn回收率11.09%的锡中矿。所设计试验流程较好地解决了矿石中有机碳对浮选的不利影响,综合回收了有价矿物,可为同类矿石的开发利用提供理论借鉴。

渤南油田注水沿程水质劣化原因评价

针对渤南油田注水流程沿程水质劣化的问题,利用色谱、质谱、光谱等分析仪器检测悬浮固体颗粒的组成。结合悬浮固体颗粒组分的检测结果及水质数据,证明水中Fe^(2+)/Fe^(3+)与S^(2-)反应生成硫化物沉淀,是沿程水质劣化的主要原因。目测及机理分析表明水中溶解氧也参与了沉淀反应,即亚铁离子氧化成铁离子进而生成氢氧化铁沉淀。现场采用氧化法去除亚铁离子和硫离子,试验后硫离子含量稳定为0,总铁的质量浓度由10.65 mg/L下降到0.05 mg/L。

柴油含硫量对国六重型柴油机排放的影响

基于某款国六重型柴油机,搭载全流发动机台架,分别采用3种不同典型硫含量的柴油,对比世界统一瞬态循环(WHTC)下NO_(x)、HC和CO排放的差异。结果表明:随着柴油含硫量的升高,NO_(x)排放量也会显著升高,但HC、CO的排放量一直维持在较低水平,无明显变化。

药用橡胶塞中可提取硫和4-叔辛基苯酚及2-巯基苯并噻唑的检测

目的建立高效液相色谱法同时测定药用卤化丁基橡胶塞中可提取硫、4-叔辛基苯酚及2-巯基苯并噻唑的含量。方法使用甲苯-甲醇混合溶液作为提取溶剂,采用ZORBAX SB-C_(18)(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-水(85:15),流速1.0 mL·min^(-1),检测波长280 nm,柱温为40℃,进样量20μL。结果可提取硫、4-叔辛基苯酚和2-巯基苯并噻唑的检测质量浓度线性范围分别为0.20~501.00μg·mL^(-1)(r=0.9998)、0.20~502.95μg·mL^(-1)(r=0.9999)、0.22~547.53μg·mL^(-1)(r=0.9998),检出限分别为0.40、0.25和0.15μg·mL^(-1);精密度、稳定性的相对标准偏差(RSD)均<3%;提取回收率分别为93.5%~104.8%、99.0%~100.6%和103.0%~107.7%;迁移回收率分别为97.0%~101.8%、98.7%~110.3%和89.3%~94.0%。结论该方法灵敏快速、操作简便、重复性好,可用于药用卤化丁基橡胶塞中可提取硫、4-叔辛基苯酚及2-巯基苯并噻唑含量的测定。