Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction Process of Polysaccharides from American Ginseng and Evaluation of Its Immunostimulating Activity

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction （UAE） of American ginseng polysaccharides （AGP） was investigated using response surface methodology. Three-factor-three-level Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize the ultrasonic power, extraction time and ratio of water to raw material to obtain a high AGP yield. The analysis of variance and response surface plots indicated that ultrasonic power was the most important factor affecting the extraction yield. The optimal conditions were ultrasonic power 400 W, extraction time 71 min, and ratio of water to raw material 33 mL g-1. Under these conditions, the yield of AGP was 8.09%, which was agreed closely to the predicted value. Gas chromatography （GC） analysis showed that AGP was composed of arabinose, rhamnose, galactose, glucose, and galacturonic acid. Fourier transform infrared spectra revealed the general characteristic absorption peaks of AGP. In addition, AGP exhibited good immunostimulating activities by up-regulating the production of nitric oxide and cytokines. Compared with hot water extraction, UAE required shorter extraction time and gave a higher extraction yield, without changing the structure and immunostimulating activity of AGP. The results indicated that UAE could be an effective and advisable technique for the large scale production of plant polysaccharides.

Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Ajuga nipponensis extract by ultrasonic-assisted extraction

Objective: To investigate suitable condition for extraction of the active components from Ajuga nipponensis(A. nipponensis). Methods: Orthogonal experimental design was used to determine the optimal extraction parameters for ecdysterones and flavonoids. Finally, the hepatoprotective abilities of A. nipponensis extracts were evaluated by CCl_4-induced animal models. Results:Maximum yields of flavonoids(7.87±0.10) mg/g and ecdysterones(0.73±0.02) mg/g could be obtained when the extraction time was 50 min, the extraction temperature was 60 ℃, and the ratio of sample to 70%(v/v) ethanol was 1:20(w/w). The antioxidant property of A. nipponensis was correlated to the concentration of its extracts. At 5 mg/m L, A. nipponensisextract scavenged 84.8% of DPPH radical and had absorbance values of 2.43±0.04 reducing power. Upon CCl_4-induced liver injury, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase decreased significantly after the mice were treated with A. nipponensis. Histological researches also explained that A. nipponensis reduced the extent of liver lesions induced by CCl_4. Conclusions: A. nipponensis exhibited potent antioxidant activity in chemical experimental models and hepatoprotective effect against CCl_4-induced liver damage.

Ultrasonic wave extraction and simultaneous analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phthalic esters in soil

A method is developed for detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and Phthalic Acid Esters(PAEs) in soil samples. Ultrasonic Wave Extraction under airtight circumstances is adopted to extract the analytes in soil samples with n-hexane–acetone(V:V=1:1) as extraction solvent. This method has several advantages, including high extraction efficiency, short time, convenience and simplicity. It can be used to detect polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and Phthalic Acid Esters(PAEs) in soil.

超声辅助-GC-MS联用分析斯里兰卡桂叶油挥发性成分

采用超声辅助萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用法(Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)分析斯里兰卡桂叶油中挥发性成分。结果表明,①斯里兰卡桂叶油中共检测出32种挥发性成分,包含烯烃类、酚类、酯类、醇类、醛酮类、杂环类化合物;②其中酚类化合物总含量最高,为23.05 mg/g,占总挥发性物质的81.10%;③斯里兰卡桂叶油中含量较高的物质为丁香酚(23.05 mg/g)、苯甲酸苄酯(1.04 mg/g)、芳樟醇(0.53 mg/g)、氧化石竹烯(0.43 mg/g)、反式肉桂醛(0.15 mg/g)。

Box-Behnken响应面法优化淫羊藿粗多糖的超声辅助提取工艺

【目的】探明淫羊藿粗多糖的超声辅助提取最佳工艺,为药用植物淫羊藿多糖提取及利用提供依据。【方法】以淫羊藿为研究对象,采用超声辅助提取法结合单因素试验筛选提取淫羊藿粗多糖的最佳提取温度、料液比和提取时间,在此基础上采用响应面法优化淫羊藿粗多糖提取工艺。【结果】淫羊藿粗多糖的最优提取工艺参数为提取温度60℃、料液比1∶20(g∶mL)、提取时间为40 min,此条件下淫羊藿粗多糖提取率为7.47%,与理论值(7.57%)基本相符。重复试验的相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.65%,满足试验要求。【结论】通过响应面法优化了淫羊藿粗多糖提取工艺,能够更加高效快捷进行淫羊藿粗多糖提取,且该提取工艺的提取得率较稳定,为今后更好开发淫羊藿粗多糖资源奠定基础。

白肾豆中α-淀粉酶抑制剂的超声波辅助提取工艺研究

目的:研究白肾豆中α-淀粉酶抑制剂提取的最优工艺。方法:采用超声波辅助提取白肾豆中α-淀粉酶抑制剂,研究了白肾豆粉细度、提取时间、提取温度、超声功率和料液比对白肾豆中α-淀粉酶抑制剂得率的影响。结果:通过单因素和正交实验,确定了最佳工艺条件为料液比1∶10(g∶mL)、提取温度60℃、提取时间100 min、超声功率200 W。依照优化条件进行重复试验,此时白肾豆中α-淀粉酶抑制剂的得率为4.51%。

高效液相色谱法测定花生中β-谷甾醇的含量

目的:建立超声波辅助萃取-高效液相色谱法快速检测花生中β-谷甾醇的分析方法,并应用该方法对辽宁、山东和河南3个花生种植大省不同品种花生中β-谷甾醇的含量进行分析测定。方法:样品经85%乙醇溶液(乙醇∶水=85∶15,V∶V)超声提取,离心,中性氧化铝去色素和杂质后,经Agilient ZORBAX SB-C_(18)色谱柱分离,二极管阵列检测器检测,外标法定量。结果:β-谷甾醇在1.0~100.0 mg·L^(-1)范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,回归方程为y=10.070x+2.348(r=0.9999);平均加标回收率为88.5%~106.9%,相对标准偏差为2.31%~4.73%(n=6),检出限为0.5 mg/100 g。运用该方法对30个花生样品进行检测,不同品种花生β-谷甾醇含量在31.6~77.0 mg/100 g。结论:该方法简单快捷、重复性好、准确度和灵敏度较高,适用于花生中β-谷甾醇的快速检测。

GC-MS Analysis of Essential oil and n-Hexane Extract from Moso Bamboo

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the chemical composition and yield of essential oil and n-hexane extract from moso bamboo to find active compounds with potential value. [Method] Essential oil and n-hexane extract were respectively extracted from moso bamboo of four different ages by using hydrodistillation and ultrasonic-assisted extraction with n-hexane, and analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry （GC/MS）. [Result] The results show that cedrol （46.39%） is the first principal volatile component in essential oil of the middle stem of 7-year old moso bamboo; dibutyl phthalate （59.46%） is the first principal volatile component in n-hexane extract of the middle stem of 3-year old moso bamboo; yield of n-hexane extract is higher than that of essential oil from moso bamboo. [Conclusion] Cedrol is an active compound with potential value.

Determination of Lignans in Schisandra sphenanthera and Schisandra chinensis Using Ionic Liquid-based Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction and High-performance Liquid Chromatography

A green, rapid and precise sample pretreatment technique, IL-based UAE（ionic liquid-based ultrasonic- assisted extraction）, was coupled with high-performance liquid chromatographic separation to identify the main effective components in Schisandra sphenanthera（S, sphenanthera） and Schisandra chinensis（S, ehinensis） including schisantherin A, schisandrin A, and deoxyschizandrin. Four different types of ionic liquids have been investigated, finally [C6MIM][BF4] was used as the extraction solvent. A powder form of S. sphenanthera and S. chinensis was mixed with the [C6MIM][BF4] to produce a suspension. This suspension was ultrasonically extracted in a water bath at room temperature. Several of the process parameters were optimized, including the type of ionic liquid used and its volume, the sample amount, the size of the sample particle, the extraction time, etc. HPLC calibration curves were estab-lished for all the analytes and proved to be linear（r〉0.9999）. The lowest detection level for schisandrin A was 0.12μg/mL, for schisantherin A was 0.08 μg/mL, and for deoxyschizandfin was 0.10μg/mL. The recoveries of the target compounds were from 74.19% to 109.33%. The standard deviations for detection were generally no more than 6.31%. In contrast to conventional extraction methods, the IL-based UAE did not involve volatile organic volatile solvents, and the analysis time, required sample and solvent vohtrnes were also lower than those of the conventional techniques.

南瓜中β-胡萝卜素提取工艺优化及稳定性研究

以南瓜粉为原料,探究了超声辅助乙醇法提取β-胡萝卜素的最佳工艺条件,以单因素试验为基础,进行正交试验考察各影响因素,同时探究所提取β-胡萝卜素的稳定性,包括光照、温度、pH和金属离子的影响。结果表明,南瓜中β-胡萝卜素最佳提取参数为超声时间80 min、超声温度50℃、料液比1∶8(g/mL),在此参数下,β-胡萝卜素提取量为(23.811±0.589)mg/g。在稳定性方面,光照会加速β-胡萝卜素降解,使其保留率加速下降;在100℃时保留率下降较快;在酸性(pH 4)和碱性(pH 8,10)条件下,保留率都有所降低;Na^(+)、K^(+)、Mg^(2+)、Ca^(2+)、Fe^(2+)、Zn^(2+)、Al^(3+)对其具有减色作用,Fe^(3+)具有增色作用。该研究为南瓜色素在调味品中的应用提供了理论参考。

超声-酶法辅助提取青叶胆多酚工艺优化及抗氧化性研究

以青叶胆为材料,采用超声-酶法辅助提取青叶胆多酚(Swertia leducii Franch.polyphenols,SLP)并研究其抗氧化性,为开发利用SLP提供参考依据。在考察单因素试验基础上,利用响应面试验优化超声-酶法辅助提取SLP工艺条件,并通过测定SLP对DPPH自由基(DPPH·)、羟自由基(·OH)的清除率和总抗氧化能力来评价其多酚抗氧化性。结果表明,SLP最佳提取条件为:液料比29∶1(mL/g)、乙醇体积分数60%、超声温度32℃、超声时间29 min、超声功率300 W、纤维素酶用量7.0%(以青叶胆干粉质量为基准,下同),此时SLP提取量为(16.38±0.21)mg/g,与模型预测值(16.42 mg/g)接近;在质量浓度为0.007 mg/mL时,SLP对DPPH·清除能力稍弱于药维生素C清除能力,SLP对·OH清除能力和总抗氧化能力均明显强于药维生素C。超声-酶法辅助提取是一种有效提取SLP的方法;SLP具有较强的抗氧化活性,是一种具有开发潜力的抗氧化剂。

超声-酶辅助双水相提取枳壳黄烷酮工艺的建立与优化

枳壳是我国柑橘属常见的药食同源植物,所含丰富的黄烷酮即新橙皮苷和柚皮苷,是其主要的药理成分。为提高枳壳新橙皮苷和柚皮苷的提取分离效率,该研究采用响应面法优化了超声辅助双水相提取的最佳条件,并进一步建立超声-酶辅助双水相法(ultrasonic-enzyme assisted aqueous two-phase extraction,UEA-ATPE)提取工艺和制备液相色谱分离纯化方法。结果表明,(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4)/乙醇为最佳双水相体系,建立并优化的UEA-ATPE最佳工艺条件为乙醇质量分数27%,(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4)质量分数21%,超声功率137 W,复合酶质量比为中性蛋白酶∶果胶酶=1∶1。在此条件下,新橙皮苷和柚皮苷的得率分别为(92.27±2.13)、(72.24±1.56)mg/g,优于水煎煮法、50%乙醇浸提法、超声辅助95%乙醇提取法和超声辅助双水相法,同时此新方法提取液中杂质的种类和含量更少。提取液经制备型液相色谱进一步分离纯化后,得到了纯度为99.37%的新橙皮苷。该方法具有提取效率高、绿色环保的优点,有助于枳壳作为保健食品的精深开发利用,提升其经济附加值。

超声波-微波辅助提取杜仲叶多糖工艺优化及其体外抗凝血活性分析

为开发我国丰富的杜仲叶资源,研究超声波-微波辅助提取杜仲叶多糖的最优工艺条件及其理化性质和体外抗凝血活性。首先通过单因素实验确定超声波功率、提取温度、微波功率、料液比、提取时间等影响多糖得率因素的范围,然后通过Plackett-Burman试验筛选关键影响因素,再采用Box-Behnken试验对工艺条件进行优化,分析了所得杜仲叶精制多糖的分子量、单糖组成等理化性质及活化部分凝血酶原时间(APTT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、凝血酶时间(TT)等抗凝血指标。结果表明,料液比、提取时间、提取温度为关键影响因素,最优提取工艺条件为超声波功率130 W、提取温度49℃、微波功率200 W、料液比1:30(g:m L)、提取时间20 min。在此条件下,杜仲叶多糖的实际得率为4.02%±0.03%,与理论得率4.08%接近。所得杜仲叶精制多糖的重均分子质量(M_(w))为1653 kDa,单糖组成及摩尔比为果糖37.3%、葡萄糖35%、N-乙酰-D氨基葡萄糖14.6%、半乳糖8.6%、阿拉伯糖4.4%。分析结果显示,杜仲叶多糖为β型酸性多糖。与阴性对照相比,杜仲叶多糖能极显著延长APTT(P<0.01),而当杜仲叶多糖浓度为8 mg/mL时,PT、TT亦能极显著延长(P<0.01),说明杜仲叶多糖主要通过内源性途径影响凝血系统,同时也能够通过外源性、共同途径来影响凝血过程。此研究可为我国丰富的杜仲叶资源的高值化开发利用提供理论依据和技术参考。

Isolation and purification of carbazole contained in anthracene slag by extraction combined with medium pressure liquid chromatography

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction(UAE)combined with medium pressure liquid chromatography(MPLC)was designed for carbazole separation from anthracene slag(AS).The effects of liquid/solid ratio,temperature,and extraction times on carbazole separation were investigated.When using CC14 and ethyl acetate as extraction solvents and combining with MPLC,carbazole recovery and purity are 75.1%and 95.4%,respectively.The mechanism for carbazole separation were presumed by examining intermolecular interactions such as N-H…π,π-π,and C-Cl…πinteractions.These results demonstrate that UAE/MPLC has a considerable potential as a green and promising strategy for separating and purifying carbazole and other chemicals from AS.

双指标融合Box-Behnken设计优化广西特产拟黑多刺蚁提取工艺

本研究以广西特产拟黑多刺蚁为原料,提取浸膏及水溶性蛋白含量。在单因素考察的基础上,采用Box-Behnken设计响应面法优化提取工艺。采用浸膏得率、浸膏中水溶性蛋白含量为优化指标,考察以液料比、提取温度、提取时间对提取工艺的影响。最佳提取工艺为:液料比19.924,提取温度48.04℃,提取时间60 min,在此最优提取条件下浸膏得率为53.112%、浸膏中水溶性蛋白含量为77.164%。优化拟黑多刺蚁水溶性蛋白提取的工艺条件,对拟黑多刺蚁的研究开发综合利用具有重要意义。

超声波-酶协同提取西藏猫乳总黄酮工艺及抗氧化活性

以西藏猫乳茎枝为试材,采用超声波-酶协同法提取其中的总黄酮,通过单因素试验与响应面设计法对提取工艺进行优化,得到最佳工艺参数。在该基础上,将超声波-酶协同法与超声波法、酶解法进行比较,考察其抗氧化活性,以期为西藏猫乳的进一步开发利用提供参考依据。结果表明:超声波-酶协同提取西藏猫乳总黄酮最优条件为纤维素酶浓度0.31 mg·mL^(-1)、乙醇浓度53%、酶解pH 5.0、酶解时间2 h、酶解温度50℃、超声温度50℃、液料比40∶1 mL·g^(-1)、超声时间30 min,在该条件下,总黄酮提取量为17.01 mg·g^(-1),提取工艺稳定可靠。与超声波法和酶解法比较,超声波-酶协同提取总黄酮含量较高,且具有更好的DPPH·和ABTS+·清除能力。

萝卜叶多酚的超声波辅助提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性研究

为提高萝卜叶资源的利用率,并发掘其潜在应用价值,探究了萝卜叶多酚的超声波辅助提取工艺,并对其抗氧化活性进行了评估。通过在单因素实验基础上引入Box-Behnken响应面法,对萝卜叶多酚的超声波辅助提取工艺进行了优化。通过体外实验的评估,进一步验证了其抗氧化能力。结果表明,在超声温度为68℃、液料比为32 mL/g、乙醇体积分数为63%以及超声时间为31 min的最佳工艺条件下,萝卜叶多酚可以被高效地提取,其提取率达到了60.84 mg/g,且相对误差低至0.73%,充分证实了响应面分析方法优化该提取工艺的有效性和可行性。萝卜叶多酚展现出一定的抗氧化特性,对DPPH自由基、O_(2)^(-)自由基的半抑制质量浓度(half maximal inhibitory concentration,IC_(50))分别为78.91、403.55 mg/L,为进一步研发其作为天然植物源抗氧化剂提供了参考。

超声辅助水剂法提取硅藻土中玉米蜡脂的工艺优化

为了提高玉米油精炼的附加值,并实现硅藻土的可循环利用,以玉米油精炼副产物含蜡脂的硅藻土为原料,采用超声辅助水剂法提取玉米蜡脂,考察了不同提取条件对玉米蜡脂提取率的影响,并通过响应面法优化玉米蜡脂提取的工艺条件。结果表明:超声辅助水剂法提取玉米蜡脂的最佳工艺条件为超声功率480 W、超声时间4 h、提取温度95℃、料液比1∶3,在此条件下玉米蜡脂提取率为(59.46±0.91)%。综上,超声辅助水剂法可以有效提取硅藻土中的玉米蜡脂。

金花葵花黄酮超声辅助提取工艺优化及性能

以金花葵花为原料,采用超声辅助提取法提取了金花葵花黄酮,通过单因素实验和正交实验优化了提取工艺,评估了最佳工艺条件下提取的金花葵花黄酮的抗氧化活性及安全性。结果表明,金花葵花黄酮最佳提取工艺为:料液比(g∶m L)1∶15、体积分数80%的乙醇水溶液为溶剂、超声功率300 W、超声时间35 min、提取温度75℃,在该条件下,金花葵花黄酮提取率为89.97%。质量浓度为1.00 g/L金花葵花黄酮对1,1-二苯基-2-苦基苯肼自由基、羟基自由基和2,2’-联氮-双(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)自由基的清除率最高,分别为94.81%、95.24%、82.80%;对三者的半数抑制质量浓度(IC_(50))分别为106.00、70.06和213.80μg/m L。金花葵花黄酮质量浓度≤0.4 g/L时,其对红细胞溶血率均<10%,属于轻度刺激;质量浓度为1.00 g/L的金花葵花黄酮对鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜无溶血。

响应面优化超声辅助乙醇提取银杏叶莽草酸工艺

以银杏干叶为试材,采用超声辅助70%乙醇提取莽草酸,通过单因素试验和响应面试验优化提取工艺,研究了料液比、提取温度、提取时间、提取次数对莽草酸提取得率的影响,优化了银杏叶莽草酸的最佳提取工艺,以期为银杏叶莽草酸的提取提供参考依据。结果表明:最佳工艺条件为料液比1∶8 g·mL^(-1),提取温度66℃,提取时间65 min(每提取1次),提取次数2次。该条件下测得银杏叶莽草酸提取得率量为1.805%,与理论得率(1.883%)接近。