Study on the Ultrastructures of Antennal Sensilla in Helicoverpa armigera

The morphology and structures of antennal sensilla of Helicoverpa armigera are observed under scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Antennae of Helicoverpa armigera are made up of scapus,pedicel and flagellum that the latter consists of 70 - 82 segments. The inner side surface of antenna is cataphracted and most of the antennal sensilla lie on its outer, upper and lower surfaces. Both the antennae of male and female contain five kinds of antennal sensilla, namely, sensillum trichodeum, sensillum basiconicum, sensillum chaeticum, ear-shaped sensillum and sensillum coeloconicum, and the kinds, number and distribution of antennal sensilla of both sexes are similar. There are a large number of serrate cuticular processes on antennal surface, especially on the middle and basic parts of antenna. Sensillum trichodeum and sensillum basiconicum, the main chemical odor receptors on antennae of Helicoverpa armigera, consist of cuticularwall, sheath cells, lymph and dendrites. There are significant differences between the internal structures of the two kinds of sensilla. In sensillum trichodeum, the cuticular-wall is thicker, less lipophilic pore channels and has one or a few dendrites, while in sensillum basiconicum, the cuticular-wall is thinner, abundant lipophilic pore channels and has much more dendrites.

Therapeutic Actions of the Chinese Herbal Formulae with Cold and Heat Properties and Their Effects on Ultrastructures of Synoviocytes in Rats of the Collagen-Induced Arthritis

The therapeutic actions of Qing Luo Yin (QLY清络饮) with heat property and Wen Luo Yin (WLY温络饮) with cold property on pain, swelling of the ankle, arthritis index and ultrastructures of synoviocytes were compared in rats of type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), with tripterygium glycosidorum (TG) used as control. The results indicated that both QLY and WLY could reduce pain, swelling of the ankle and the arthritis index of CIA, and QLY had better effects in reducing the swelling of the ankle and controlling the secondary pathological lesions as compared with WLY. Investigation on the ultrastructures of synoviocytes indicated that both QLY and WLY could reduce the number of Golgi apparatus, rough surface endoplasmic reticulum, dense bodies, matrix filaments and vacuoles so as to suppress the excessive secretion of synoviocytes in rats of CIA.

A Srudy on Ultrastructures of Normal 5-8 Week Human Placental Villi

ＡＳｒｕｄｙｏｎＵｌｔｒａｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｓｏｆＮｏｒｍａｌ５－８ＷｅｅｋＨｕｍａｎＰｌａｃｅｎｔａｌＶｉｌｌｉＬｉＳｈｕｌａｎ；ＺｈｕＱｉｄｉｎｇ．（ＡＣＴＡＡＣＡＤＥＭＩＡＥＭＥＤＩＣＩＮＡＥＮＡＮＪＩＮＧ，１９９４，１４（１）：２６－２９）Ａ...

Myelin histology:a key tool in nervous system research

The myelin sheath is a lipoprotein-rich,multilayered structure capable of increasing conduction velocity in central and peripheral myelinated nerve fibers.Due to the complex structure and composition of myelin,various histological techniques have been developed over the centuries to evaluate myelin under normal,pathological or experimental conditions.Today,methods to assess myelin integrity or content are key tools in both clinical diagnosis and neuroscience research.In this review,we provide an updated summary of the composition and structure of the myelin sheath and discuss some histological procedures,from tissue fixation and processing techniques to the most used and practical myelin histological staining methods.Considering the lipoprotein nature of myelin,the main features and technical details of the different available methods that can be used to evaluate the lipid or protein components of myelin are described,as well as the precise ultrastructural techniques.

Time-dependent impact of a high-fat diet on the intestinal barrier of male mice

BACKGROUND Excessive saturated fat intake compromises the integrity of the intestinal mucosa,leading to low-grade inflammation,impaired mucosal integrity,and increased intestinal permeability,resulting in the migration of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)to other tissues.AIM To evaluate the chronic effects(at 10 and 16 wk)of a high-fat diet(HFD)(with 50%energy as fat)on the phylogenetic gut microbiota distribution and intestinal barrier structure and protection in C57BL/6 mice.METHODS Forty adult male mice were divided into four nutritional groups,where the letters refer to the type of diet(control and HFD or HF)and the numbers refer to the period(in weeks)of diet administration:Control diet for 10 wk,HFD for 10 wk,control diet for 16 wk,and HFD for 16 wk.After sacrifice,biochemical,molecular,and stereological analyses were performed.RESULTS The HF groups were overweight,had gut dysbiosis,had a progressive decrease in occludin immunostaining,and had increased LPS concentrations.Dietary progression reduced the number of goblet cells per large intestine area and Mucin2 expression in the HF16 group,consistent with a completely disarranged intestinal ultrastructure after 16 wk of HFD intake.CONCLUSION Chronic HFD intake causes overweight,gut dysbiosis,and morphological and functional alterations of the intestinal barrier after 10 or 16 wk.Time-dependent reductions in goblet cell numerical density and mucus production have emerged as targets for countering obesity-driven intestinal damage.

Cell wall ultrastructures of the Proterozoic acritarch Leiosphaeridia asperata and their implications for biological affinity

Abundant sphaeroidal acritarch Leiosphaeridia asperata,with vesicle size ranging from 13 to 360 μm,occurred in the Proterozoic Liulaobei Formation shales in Huainan,Anhui Province.TEM/SEM studies of these sphaeroidal acritarchs have revealed complex ultrastructures,including ridges,bands,and possible trilaminar structures(TLS).Ridges,spaced ~1 μm apart,are distributed regularly on the vesicle internal surface of one specimen.Some specimens have alternating electron-dense and electron-tenuous bands that are perpendicular to vesicle walls.Some specimens have trilaminar structures(TLS),while a few others have both bands and TLS.These wall ultrastructures provide evidence that the Liulaobei leiosphaerids are of green microalgae.The variation in wall ultrastructures may represent various stages in a life cycle or developmental phases in the cyst formation analogous to some modern chlorophyceaen microalgae.

Ultrastructures in the Spirotheca of Fusulinella (Fusulinid foraminifer)

An SEM study has been conducted to examine the ultrastructures in the spirotheca of Fusulinella and to reveal the ultra-features of the basic layers consisting of the spirotheca of Fusulinella. The study has demonstrated that the diaphanotheca in the spirotheca of Fusulinella could be considered as a secondary structure.

Testis Development and Ultrastructural Features During Spermatogenesis in Cultured Small Yellow Croaker,Larimichthys polyactis

The small yellow croaker Larimichthys polyactis is an economically important marine fish in Northeast Asia.Currently,its natural resources are threatened by overfishing and environmental pollution.Therefore,research on the reproductive system of the fish is crucial.Here,we studied the testis development and ultrastructural features of spermatogenesis in cultured L.polyactis using anatomical,histological,and ultrastructural techniques.A pair of testes,consisting of a central sperm duct and radial seminiferous lobules,were observed.The reproduction cycle of testes can be divided into stages I–VI.March to May was confirmed as the breeding season for male L.polyactis,while April is the ideal period for artificial breeding.The male L.polyactis can attain sexual maturity within 1 year.The spermatogenesis of L.polyactis comprised spermatogonium,spermatocyte,spermatid,and mature spermatozoon.The morphology of spermatogenic cells changed obviously during spermiogenesis,including nuclear shaping,midpiece and flagellum formation.The mature sperms consist of an ellipsoidal head,a short midpiece,and a long flagellum.The anterior of the head with a kidney-shaped nucleus can be distinguished.The midpiece is located posterior to the head and includes four to six spherical mitochondria.The flagellum has irregular lateral fins.The testis of L.polyactis is an unrestricted lobular type,with cystic spermatogenesis,type II spermiogenesis,and type II spermatozoa.These features are highly similar to those of other Sciaenid species.Our findings provide useful insights into the mechanism underlying testis development and spermatogenesis of L.polyactis,which can facilitate the artificial breeding of this species.

Intervention of Xuduan Zhongzi Formula on spermatogenesis epididymal morphological changes in a mice model of oligospermia

Objective:To investigate the intervention of Xuduan Zhongzi Formula on the epididymis structure of model of oligospermia mice.Methods:Ten of the 45 male mice were labeled as the normal group,and the remaining 35 mice were injected with chloral hydrate for five consecutive days,and the randomly selected five mice were anesthetized with chloral hydrate.The left epididymis was removed,and a few sperm were found in the epididymis under the optical microscope,indicating successful construction of the model.They were randomly divided into three groups:the normal group,the L-carnitine group and the Xuduan group with 10 rats in each group.The the L-carnitine group and the Xuduan group were administrated with equivalent dose of human solvent,and the normal group and the model group were administrated with normal saline.After 8 weeks of intragastric administration,all experimental mice were killed,and the left epididymis was extracted for sperm detection,seminal plasma biochemical detection,HE staining,and electron microscopy.Results:In the model group,enlarged epididymal epithelial cells,vacuolar degeneration of primary and basal cells,and edema of interstitial cells and vascular dilation were found.Compared with the normal group,semen concentration,activity,SOD,A-glucosidase and fructose in the model group were significantly decreased,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01).After eight weeks of drug intragastric treatment,the semen concentration,activity,SOD,A-glucosidase and fructose in the Xuduan group were significantly increased compared with the model group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01).Conclusion:Xuduan Zhongzi Formula can significantly improve the epididymal structure,the microenvironment of epididymal sperm maturation and the stability of epididymal epithelial structure of oligospermia model mice,creating conditions for sperm maturation in the epididymis.

Possible Nature of an Electron Dense Substance in the Thylakoid Lumen of Chloroplasts

The fixation of leaves of Tanacetum vulgare L. in glutaraldehyde makes it possible to isolate chloroplasts without sacrificing an electron dense substance in the thylakoid lumen. The extraction of lipids from the chloroplasts isolated from the leaves preliminarily fixed in glutaraldehyde has demonstrated that glycerolipids (galactolipids and phospholipids) are not manifested in TLC, whereas isoprenoid lipids (chlorophyll, carotenoids) are manifested. Presumably, isoprenoid lipids are not fixed with glutaraldehyde and are extracted from the thylakoid membrane. The ultrastructural control demonstrates that the electron dense substance from the thylakoid lumen is also extracted. It is possible that this substance is of isoprenoid nature.

丘脑下部促黄体素释放激素类似物(LHRH-A)对文昌鱼精子发生的影响:组织学及其超微结构的研究

本文报道将LHRH-A注射到文昌鱼体腔,可促使其精巢发育的实验结果。发育的精巢占实验动物总数的87％,没有变化者占17％。组织学和电镜观察指出LHRH-A可激发A型精原细胞分裂为B型精原细胞,促使初级精母细胞发育为次级精母细胞和精细咆。另外,LIRH-A有促使精于的释放的作用。 我们认为LHRH-A可激发文昌鱼的生精活动。

中国鲎变形细胞超微结构的进一步观察

中国鲎的变形细胞可在血液中发育成熟,根据其超微结构,可分为原始变形细胞、幼变形细胞和变形细胞三个阶段。 变形细胞受到外环境或内毒素的刺激后,第一型颗粒出现一系列变化,最终把内容物释放到细胞外。与此同时,细胞表面形成若干胞质性突起,边缘带分散断裂,质膜下和胞质性突起中出现微丝。第二型颗粒无变化,提示它们和血液凝胶化过程无直接关系。

诸暨市畜牧兽医学会为该市畜禽生产服务

诸暨市畜牧兽医学会为该市畜禽生产服务诸暨市科协王晓聪浙江省诸暨市畜牧兽医学会围绕经济建设，开展技术服务。在过去的一年里组织技术攻关３项，参加科技咨询服务达７５００多人次，产生社会经济效益３７０万元，为该市畜禽生产的发展作出了贡献。生猪是诸暨市农业的四...

Dynamic and ultrastructural study of sphincter of Oddi in early-stage cholelithiasis in rabbits with hypercholesterolemia

AIM To study the relationship between pre-formation of gallstone and the kinetics and ultra-structure of sphincter of Oddi.METHODS Adult female rabbits were used anddivided into 3 groups,and fed with either normalor high cholesterol diet for four or eight weeks.Each group contained eight rabbits.Themanometry of sphincter of Oddi,biliarycineradiography,gallbladder volumemeasurement and ultrastructure observationunder electron microscope were performed.RESULTS In groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ,the basalpressure in low-pressure ampulla or highpressure zone of sphincter of Oddi waselevated,the amplitude of phasic contractionwas decreased and the volume of gallbladderwere increased,with a significant difference(P【0.01)from those of control.Gallstones werefound in group Ⅱ rabbits(7/8).Undercineradiography,low-pressure ampulla showeda spasmodic status without apparent peristalticcontraction.Under electron microscope,insidethe muscular cells of sphincter of Oddi,loosening of microfilament and swelling ofplasmosomes which congregated at the top wereobserved.The amount showed no obviouschange under nitric oxide synthase(NOS)stain.CONCLUSION Twisting of the microfilamentand disarrangement of kink macula densa insidethe muscular ceils suggested that the sphincterof Oddi was under spasmodic status.Theimpaired diastolic function caused andaggravated the stasis of cystic bile.Theswelling plasmosome could be one of theimportant factors in elevating the tonic pressureof sphincter of Oddi.

Effects of tachyplesin on the morphology and ultrastructure of human gastric carcinoma cell line BGC-823

AIM To investigate the morphological andultrastructural changes in the human gastriccarcinoma cell line BGC-823 after being treatedwith tachyplesin.METHODS Tachyplesin was isolated from acidextracts of Chinese horseshoe crab(Tachypleustridentatus)hemocytes.BGC-823 cells and thecells treated with 2.0mg/L tachyplesin wereexamined respectively under light microscope,scanning and transmission electron microscope.RESULTS BGC-823 cells had undergone therestorational alteration in morphology andultrastructure after tachyplesin treatment.Thechanges were as follows:the shape of cells wasunanimous,the volume enlarged and cellsturned to be flat and spread,the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio lessened and nuclear shapebecame rather regular,the number of nucleolusreduced and its volume lessened,heter-chromatin decreased while euchromatinincreased in nucleus.In the cytoplasm,mitochondria grew in number with consistentstructure relatively,Golgi complex turned to betypical and well-developed,rough endoplasmicreticulum increased and polyribosomedecreased.The microvilli at cellular surfacewere rare and the filopodia reduced whilelamellipodia increased at the cell edge.CONCLUSION Tachyplesin could alter themalignant morphological and ultrastructuralcharacteristics of human gastric carcinoma cellseffectively and have a certain inducing differen-tiation effect on human gastric carcinoma cells.

Involvement of interstitial cells of Cajal in experimental severe acute pancreatitis in rats

AIM:To observe the changes in interstitial cells of Cajal(ICC) in rats with experimental severe acute pancreatitis(SAP).METHODS:A total of twenty-four SD rats were randomly divided into two groups(n = 12),namely the sham(S) group and the SAP group;the SAP rat model was established by retrograde injection of 5% sodium taurocholate(1.0 mL/kg) into the pancreatic duct.Twenty-four hours later intestinal motility was assessed by testing small intestinal propulsion rate,and then the rats were sacrificed.The pancreas and jejunum were resected and underwent routine pathologic examination.Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect c-kit-positive cells in the jejunum.Expression of c-kit mRNA was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction,and the expression of c-kit protein was evaluated by Western blotting.Ultrastructure of ICC was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy.RESULTS:There was bleeding,necrosis and a largeamount of inflammatory cell infiltration in pancreatic tissue in the SAP group,while in jejunal tissue we observed a markedly denuded mucosal layer,loss of villous tissue and a slightly dilated muscular layer.The small intestinal propulsion rate was 68.66% ± 2.66% in the S group and 41.55% ± 3.85% in the SAP group.Compared with the S group,the rate of the SAP group decreased sharply.The density of c-kit-positive cells in the SAP group was significantly lower than in the S group;the respective mean densities were 88.47 ± 10.49 in the S group and 56.11 ± 7.09 in the SAP group.The levels of c-kit protein and mRNA were 0.36 ± 0.04 and 1.29 ± 0.91 in the SAP group,respectively,which were significantly lower than those in the S group(0.53 ± 0.06,0.64 ± 0.33,respectively).In the SAP group,ICC profiles showed the same change tendency,such as vacuolation of mitochondria,irregular vacuoles and loosened desmosome-like junctions.CONCLUSION:Decreased c-kit-positive cells and ultrastructural changes in ICC resulting from blockade of the c-kit signaling pathway are involved in the intestinal dysmotility associated with SAP.

Mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial DNA mutations in atherosclerotic complications in diabetes

Mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) is particularly prone to oxidation due to the lack of histones and a deficient mismatch repair system.This explains an increased mutation rate of mtDNA that results in heteroplasmy,e.g.,the coexistence of the mutant and wild-type mtDNA molecules within the same mitochondrion.In diabetes mellitus,glycotoxicity,advanced oxidative stress,collagen cross-linking,and accumulation of lipid peroxides in foam macrophage cells and arterial wall cells may significantly decrease the mutation threshold required for mitochondrial dysfunction,which in turn further contributes to the oxidative damage of the diabetic vascular wall,endothelial dysfunc-tion,and atherosclerosis.

Selective brain hypothermia-induced neuroprotection against focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury is associated with Fis1 inhibition

Selective brain hypothermia is considered an effective treatment for neuronal injury after stroke,and avoids the complications of general hypothermia.However,the mechanisms by which selective brain hypothermia affects mitochondrial fission remain unknown.In this study,we investigated the effect of selective brain hypothermia on the expression of fission 1 (Fis1) protein,a key factor in the mitochondrial fission system,during focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups.In the sham group,the carotid arteries were exposed only.In the other three groups,middle cerebral artery occlusion was performed using the intraluminal filament technique.After 2 hours of occlusion,the filament was slowly removed to allow blood reperfusion in the ischemia/reperfusion group.Saline,at 4℃ and 37℃,were perfused through the carotid artery in the hypothermia and normothermia groups,respectively,followed by restoration of blood flow.Neurological function was assessed with the Zea Longa 5-point scoring method.Cerebral infarct volume was assessed by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining,and apoptosis was assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling staining.Fis1 and cytosolic cytochrome c levels were assessed by western blot assay.Fis1 mRNA expression was assessed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.Mitochondrial ultrastructure was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy.Compared with the sham group,apoptosis,Fis1 protein and mRNA expression and cytosolic cytochrome c levels in the cortical ischemic penumbra and cerebral infarct volume were increased after reperfusion in the other three groups.These changes caused by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion were inhibited in the hypothermia group compared with the normothermia group.These findings show that selective brain hypothermia inhibits Fis1 expression and reduces apoptosis,thereby ameliorating focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats.Experiments were authorized by the Ethics Committee of Qingdao Municipal Hospital of China (approval No.2019008).

Basaloid squamous carcinoma of esophagus:a clinicopathological,immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study of sixteen cases

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Electroacupuncture preconditioning protects against focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via suppression of dynamin-related protein 1

Electroacupuncture preconditioning at acupoint Baihui(GV20) can reduce focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, the precise protective mechanism remains unknown. Mitochondrial fission mediated by dynamin-related protein 1(Drp1) can trigger neuronal apoptosis following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Herein, we examined the hypothesis that electroacupuncture pretreatment can regulate Drp1, and thus inhibit mitochondrial fission to provide cerebral protection. Rat models of focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury were established by middle cerebral artery occlusion at 24 hours after 5 consecutive days of preconditioning with electroacupuncture at GV20(depth 2 mm, intensity 1 m A, frequency 2/15 Hz, for 30 minutes, once a day). Neurological function was assessed using the Longa neurological deficit score. Pathological changes in the ischemic penumbra on the injury side were assessed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Cellular apoptosis in the ischemic penumbra on the injury side was assessed by terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated d UTP-digoxigenin nick end labeling staining. Mitochondrial ultrastructure in the ischemic penumbra on the injury side was assessed by transmission electron microscopy. Drp1 and cytochrome c expression in the ischemic penumbra on the injury side were assessed by western blot assay. Results showed that electroacupuncture preconditioning decreased expression of total and mitochondrial Drp1, decreased expression of total and cytosolic cytochrome c, maintained mitochondrial morphology and reduced the proportion of apoptotic cells in the ischemic penumbra on the injury side, with associated improvements in neurological function. These data suggest that electroacupuncture preconditioning-induced neuronal protection involves inhibition of the expression and translocation of Drp1.