Influence of graphite content on sliding wear characteristics of CNTs-Ag-G electrical contact materials

CNTs-Ag-G electrical contact composite material was prepared by means of powder metallurgical method. The influence of the graphite content on sliding wear characteristics of electrical contact levels was examined. In experiments, CNTs content was retained as 1% (mass fraction), and graphite was added at content levels of 8%, 10%, 13%, 15% and 18%, respectively. The results indicate that with the increase of graphite content, the contact resistance of electrical contacts is enhanced to a certain level then remains constant. Friction coefficient decreases gradually with the increase of graphite content. Wear mass loss decreases to the minimum value then increases. With the small content of graphite, the adhesive wear is hindered, which leads to the decrease of wear mass loss, while excessive graphite brings much more worn debris, resulting in the increase of mass loss. It is concluded that wear mass loss reaches the minimum value when the graphite mass fraction is about 13%. Compared with conventional Ag-G contact material, the wear mass loss of CNTs-Ag-G composite is much less due to the obvious increase of hardness and electrical conductivity, decline of friction surface temperature and inhibition of adhesive wear between composites and slip rings.

Tin oxide-graphite composite for lithium storage material in lithium-ion batteries

A SnO-graphite composite material, which can deliver high capacities and good cycling stability compared with unsupported SnO, was described. This material prepared via chemical co-precipitation reaction in the presence of graphite consists of high dispersion of SnO with a size of about several hundred nanometers in the graphite. The phase structure was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphology and the element distribution were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy spectrum. The results show that the SnO-graphite composites produced by slowly hydrolysis have higher rechargeable capacities than pure graphite and better cycling performance than SnO.

Multiple structure graphite stabilized stearic acid as composite phase change materials for thermal energy storage

This paper used 3 types of graphite with different physical structures as the porous matrix to prepare composite phase change materials(PCMs),and investigated their photo-thermal conversion performance and application in battery thermal management.Multiple structure graphite minerals,including microcrystalline graphite(MG),scale graphite(SG),and expanded graphite(EG)were used as porous matrix,while stearic acid(SA)acts as the phase change material.The vacuum impregnation method was applied to prepare SA/MG,SA/SG,SA/EG,and SA/MG1,and SA/EG1was/were prepared by the ethyl alcohol method.Results show that the thermal conductivities of all composite phase change materials were 10.82 to 22.06 times higher than that of the pure SA.Thermogravimetric(TG)analysis showed that the loadages of SA were 43.61%,18.74%,and 92.66%for SA/MG,SA/SG,and SA/EG respectively.The load rates of SA were 18.98%and 18.88%for SA/MG1 and SA/EG1,respectively.For the 3 types of graphite materials of different dimensions,the BET(Brunauer,Emmett,and Teller)surface area determines the maximum load of SA.The Fourier-transform infrared(FTIR)and X-ray diffraction(XRD)results indicated that there was good compatibility between the SA and the supports.The SA/EG1 has better thermophysical properties in heat energy storage and release process.The thermal infrared images show that SA/EG1 has higher sensitivity to the temperature changes.SA/EG1 has better photo-heat conversion performance than SA/SG and SA/MG1 attributed to the multilayer structure of EG.SA/EG has better thermal management performance in the Li-ion batteries discharge process.

GALVANIC CORROSION BETWEEN GRAPHITE EPOXY COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND LY12CZ ALUMINUM ALLOY

The electrochemical approach was used to show the nature of the galvanic corrosion when graphite epoxy composite materials(GECM)were coupled to LY12CZ aluminum alloy. An open circuit potential difference of one volt was obtained in 3.5% NaCl solution between GECM and LY12CZ. Corrosion current data (zero impedance technique) indicated that there was serious corrosion at GECM/LY12CZ couple.When GECM/LY12CZ couples were exposed to ASTM salt spray and alternate immersion condition, fiber glass cloth and H06-2 epoxy primer paint were effective methods for preventing galvanic corrosion.The slow strain rate test (SSRT) showed that GECM increased the LY12CZ stress corrosion crack growth rate.

Preparation and Properties of 1-octadecanol/1,3:2,4-di-(3,4-dimethyl) Benzylidene Sorbitol/Expanded Graphite Form-stable Composite Phase Change Material

A 1 -octadecanol (OD)/1,3:2,4-di-(3,4-dimethyl) benzylidene sorbitol (DMDBS)/expander graphite (EG) composite was prepared as a form-stable phase change material (PCM) by vacuum melting method. The results of field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) showed that 1 -octadecanol was restricted in the three-dimensional network formed by DMDBS and the honeycomb network formed by EG. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) results showed that no chemical reaction occurred among the components of composite PCM in the preparation process. The gel-to-sol transition temperature of the composite PCMs containing DMDBS was much higher than the melting point of pure 1-octadecanol. The improvements in preventing leakage and thermal stability limits were mainly attributed to the synergistic effect of the three-dimensional network formed by DMDBS and the honeycomb network formed by EG. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used to determine the latent heat and phase change temperature of the composite PCMs. During melting and freezing process the latent heat values of the PCM with the composition of 91% OD/3% DMDBS/6% EG were 214.9 and 185.9 kJ kg'1, respectively. Its degree of supercooling was only 0.1 °C. Thermal constant analyzer results showed that its thermal conductivity (k) changed up to roughly 10 times over that of OD/DMDBS matrix.

Electrochemical Performance of SnO_2/ Graphite Nanocomposites as Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries

SnO2/ graphite nanocomposites with different SnO2 contents were successfully prepared by a co-precipitation method.The nanocomposites, used as the anode material for lithium-ion batteries( LIBs),were characterized by X-ray diffraction( XRD),thermogravimetric analysis( TGA), and transmission electron microscopy( TEM). The SnO2 particles had the average size of about 15 nm and their distribution on graphite matrix much depended on the contents of SnO2 in the nanocomposites. The galvanostatic charge-discharge cycles were used to investigate the effects of SnO2 contents on the electrochemical performance of these composites. The results show that the initial specific capacities increase with the SnO2 contents. However,the cyclic stabilities are determined by the distribution of SnO2 particles in composites. For55% by weight SnO2/ graphite composites, the initial specific capacity is 740 m Ah g- 1and 70% of the initial specific capacity( 518 m Ah·g- 1) can still be retained after 50 charge-discharge cycles.

2025-2035年中国天然石墨资源需求预测

天然石墨广泛应用于传统工业和战略性新兴产业,是支撑我国高新技术发展的重要原材料。本文论述了我国天然石墨资源现状,并通过分析天然石墨主要消费部门需求,预测了未来耐火材料、铸造、铅笔、密封材料、摩擦材料、润滑吸附材料、锂电池负极材料等产业对天然石墨的需求。研究发现:我国天然石墨资源丰富,未来需求量将快速增长,预计到2025年、2030年、2035年我国天然石墨的需求量将分别达到109.0万t、188.3万t和278.3万t。全球天然石墨供给侧正在重塑,我国在全球天然石墨产业链供应链中的地位正在下降。我国石墨消费重心正从传统产业向战略性新兴产业转移,高端石墨产业发展面临机遇,为天然石墨产业发展带来新的增长点。通过健全天然石墨产业链和加强天然石墨资源保护力度,使我国从石墨资源大国发展成为石墨资源强国,支撑我国未来在新能源、关键装备密封润滑材料、高温材料等高端领域的石墨产品需求发展。

静电组装低感度CL-20@GO核壳复合材料的制备及性能研究

为降低六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)的机械感度,提高其综合性能,以3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APS)为改性剂对CL-20改性,以氧化石墨烯(GO)为包覆材料,利用静电自组装方法对改性CL-20炸药进行表面包覆,制备得到CL-20@GO核壳复合材料;采用水接触角测试、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等对样品进行形貌表征;利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)测试其热性能,并测试了其机械感度。结果表明,经质量分数5%的APS溶液改性的CL-20成功引入氨基基团,亲水性效果最佳;GO层包覆改性CL-20完整,致密性强;与原料CL-20相比,CL-20@GO核壳复合材料的活化能提高了63.0kJ/mol,撞击感度(H 50)由13.0cm提升至23.5cm,摩擦感度由100%降至24%,表明采用静电自组装的GO涂层可以明显降低CL-20的感度。

Insight into the microstructural evolution of anthracite during carbonization-graphitization process from the perspective of materialization

Materialization of coal is one of effective and clean pathways for its utilization. The microstructures of coal-based carbon materials have an important influence on their functional applications. Herein, the microstructural evolution of anthracite in the temperature range of 1000–2800 ℃ was systematically investigated to provide a guidance for the microstructural regulation of coal-based carbon materials.The results indicate that the microstructure of anthracite undergoes an important change during carbonization-graphitization process. As the temperature increases, aromatic layers in anthracite gradually transform into disordered graphite microcrystals and further grow into ordered graphite microcrystals, and then ordered graphite microcrystals are laterally linked to form pseudo-graphite phase and eventually transformed into highly ordered graphite-like sheets. In particular, 2000–2200 ℃ is a critical temperature region for the qualitative change of ordered graphite crystallites to pseudo-graphite phase,in which the relevant structural parameters including stacking height, crystallite lateral size and graphitization degree show a rapid increase. Moreover, both aromaticity and graphitization degree have a linear positive correlation with carbonization-graphitization temperature in a specific temperature range.Besides, after initial carbonization, some defect structures in anthracite such as aliphatic carbon and oxygen-containing functional groups are released in the form of gaseous low-molecular volatiles along with an increased pore structure, and the intermediates derived from minerals could facilitate the conversion of sp^(3) amorphous carbon to sp^(2) graphitic carbon. This work provides a valuable reference for the rational design of microstructure of coal-based carbon materials.

The influence of composition of asphaltenes of different genesis on the properties of carbon materials manufactured from them by plasma processing

The results of experimental studies of carbon materials, which are formed in the plasma of a direct current (DC) arc discharge initiated in open air from the asphaltenes of different origins, extracted from the natural asphaltite and from the oil of the Sredne-Ugutskoye Oilfield, are presented. The influence of the initial asphaltene composition on the composition and properties of the resulting carbon materials is analyzed. The initial asphaltenes and the samples of the carbon materials are characterized by the methods of X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, X-ray fluorescence analysis, IR-Fourier spectroscopy, laser diffraction, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The changes in the composition and structure of the asphaltenes are determined before and after their plasma treatment and the hypotheses are put forward concerning the chemical processes causing the changes in the molecular structure of the samples. As a result of plasma treatment of asphaltenes (100 A, 30 s), it was shown that graphitization occurs, as well as oxidation, and a decrease in sulfur content. Moreover, nanotubes and nano-onions have been detected using electron microscopy. Petroleum asphaltenes after plasma treatment give a less thermostable carbon material, but with a lower content of heteroatoms, and with a large amount of sulfur in the composition of sulfoxide structural fragments. This method is shown to be a promising technology for processing the petroleum feedstock enriched with heavy asphaltene components for the manufacture of carbon nanomaterials: nanotubes, nano-onions and polyhedral graphite.

Technology for recycling and regenerating graphite from spent lithium-ion batteries

With the annual increase in the amount of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),the development of spent LIBs recycling technology has gradually attracted attention.Graphite is one of the most critical materials for LIBs,which is listed as a key energy source by many developed countries.However,it was neglected in spent LIBs recycling,leading to pollution of the environment and waste of resources.In this paper,the latest research progress for recycling of graphite from spent LIBs was summarized.Especially,the processes of pretreatment,graphite enrichment and purification,and materials regeneration for graphite recovery are introduced in details.Finally,the problems and opportunities of graphite recycling are raised.

Piezoresistivity of Carbon Fiber Graphite Cement-based Composites with CCCW

The electrical conductivity and piezoresistivity of carbon fiber graphite cement-matrix composites（CFGCC） with carbon fiber content（1% by the weight of cement）,graphite powder contents （0%-50% by the weight of cement） and CCCW（cementitious capillary crystalline waterproofing materials,4% by the weight of cement） were studied.The experimental results showed that the relationship between the resistivity of CFGCC and the concentration of graphite powders had typical features of percolation phenomena.The percolation threshold was about 20%.A clear piezoresistive effect was observed in CFGCC with 1wt% of carbon fibers,20wt% or 30wt% of graphite powders under uniaxial compressive tests,indicating that this type of smart composites was a promising candidate for strain sensing.The measured gage factor （defined as the fractional change in resistance per unit strain） of CFGCC with graphite content of 20wt% and 30wt% were 37 and 22,respectively.With the addition of CCCW,the mechanical properties of CFGCC were improved,which benefited CFGCC piezoresistivity of stability.

Multidimensional(0D-3D)functional nanocarbon:Promising material to strengthen the photocatalytic activity of graphitic carbon nitride

As a prospective visible-light-responsive photochemical material,graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))has become a burgeoning research hot topics and aroused a wide interest as a metal-free semiconductor in the area of energy utilization and conversion,environmental protection due to its unique properties,such as facile synthesis,high physicochemical stability,excellent electronic band structure,and sustainability.However,the shortcomings of high recombination rate of charge carriers,relatively low electrical conductivity and visible light absorption impede its practical application.Various strategies,such as surface photosensitization,heteroatom deposition,semiconductor hybridization,etc.,have been applied to overcome the barriers.Among all the strategies,functional nanocarbon materials with various dimensions(0D~3D)attract much attention as modifiers of g-C_(3)N_(4)due to their unique electronic properties,optical properties,and easy functionalization.More importantly,the properties of these functional nanocarbon materials can be tuned by various dimensions and thus there will be a way to overcome the defects of g-C_(3)N_(4)by choosing different dimensional carbon materials.Distinguishing from some present reviews,this review starts with the fundamental physicochemical characteristics of g-C_(3)N_(4)materials,followed by analyzing the advantages of functional nanocarbon materials modifying gC_(3)N_(4).Then,we present a systematic introduction to various dimensional carbon materials.The design philosophy of carbon/g-C_(3)N_(4)composites and the advanced studies are exemplified in detail.Finally,a nichetargeting summary and outlook on the major challenges,opportunities for future research in high-powered carbon/g-C_(3)N_(4)composites was proposed.

“蛋壳-膜”结构的NiCo_(2)S_(4)/rGO复合材料制备与电化学性能的研究

以氧化石墨烯(GO)为原料,MOFs材料ZIF-67为牺牲模板,制备了NiCo_(2)S_(4)/还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)复合材料,采用SEM、TEM、XRD、XPS和Raman测试技术对其结构进行了表征,研究了其电化学性能。结果表明,所制NiCo_(2)S_(4)/rGO复合材料具有“蛋壳-膜”结构,在1 A/g的电流密度下,比电容为1 350 F/g,电流密度增至20 A/g时比电容的保持率为46.93%,是纯NiCo_(2)S_(4)的1.28倍;3 000次循环后比电容保持率为99.4%,高于纯NiCo_(2)S_(4)活化后的。

添加膨胀石墨的二十二烷-十二醇复合定形相变材料的性能研究

针对于太阳能PV/T系统相变材料热导率低、易泄漏的问题,本工作制备了二十二烷-十二醇/膨胀石墨复合定形相变材料并对其性能进行实验研究。本工作首先按照6∶4的比例制备了二十二烷-十二醇相变材料,然后采用熔融共混法制备了一系列膨胀石墨含量不同的复合定形相变材料。实验借助场发射扫描电子显微镜观察其微观结构,利用热流型差示扫描量热仪、热导率测量仪等仪器测量其潜热、热导率等参数,研究了材料的物理相容性、吸附性、循环稳定性,探究了膨胀石墨和二十二烷-十二醇的最佳配比及其各项性能。结果表明,当膨胀石墨质量分数为15%时,复合定形相变材料性能最佳,此时膨胀石墨足以将相变材料吸附,渗漏率仅为3.85%且无明显渗出,其熔化和凝固相变潜热分别为203.8 kJ/kg和-196.6 kJ/kg;在经过50次冷热循环后,其相变温度及潜热变化较小,热导率基本保持稳定,波动幅度仅为5.9%,质量损失较少,仅为0.0495 g,表现出良好的循环稳定性。研究为后续定形相变材料在太阳能PV/T系统中的应用提供理论数据支撑。

Investigation of Various Laminating Materials for Interior Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor for Cooling Fan Application

Permanent magnet brushless DC motors are used for various low-power applications,namely domestic fans,washing machines,mixer grinders and cooling fan applications.This paper focuses on selecting the best laminating material for the interior permanent magnet brushless DC(IPM BLDC)motor used in the cooling fan of automobiles.Various laminating materials,namely M19-29GA,M800-65A and M43,are tested using finite element analysis.The machine's vital performance metrics,namely the stator current,torque ripple,and hysteresis loss were analyzed in selecting the laminating material.The designed motor is also modelled as a mathematical model from the computed lumped parameters.The performance of the machines was validated through electromagnetic and thermal analysis.

Simple Modifications to Standard TRIzol®Protocol Allow High-Yield RNA Extraction from Cells on Resorbable Materials

Resorbable bioceramics are attractive for medical applications such as bone substitution. Biochemical analysis on cells cultured on these biomaterials is vital to predict the impact of the materials in vivo and RNA extraction is an essential step in gene expression study using RT-qPCR. In this study, we describe simple modifications to the TRIzol? RNA extraction protocol widely used in biology and these allow high-yield extraction of RNA from cells on resorbable calcium phosphates. Without the modifications, RNA is trapped in the co-precipitated calcium compounds, rendering TRIzol? extraction method infeasible. Among the modifications, the use of extra TRIzol? to dilute the lysate before the RNA precipitation step is critical for extraction of RNA from porous ?-tricalcium phosphate (?-TCP) discs. We also investigate the rationale behind the undesirable precipitation so as to provide clues about the modifications required for other resorbable materials with high application potential in bone tissue engineering.

基于正交试验的石墨-铁尾砂复合回填材料性能研究

通过三因素三水平正交试验,探讨了灰砂质量比、石墨质量分数以及铁尾砂质量分数对石墨-铁尾砂复合回填材料性能的影响。基于SPSS多元线性回归分析,研究回填材料流动度、导热系数及28 d抗压强度的影响因素,确定最优配比。结果表明:铁尾砂部分代替天然河砂对各项指标影响不明显;灰砂质量比是影响回填材料流动度和28 d抗压强度的主要因素;石墨质量分数是影响回填材料导热系数的主要因素;当灰砂质量比为1:2、石墨质量分数为6%、铁尾砂质量分数为40%时,回填材料的综合性能最好。