Miscibility of light oil and flue gas under thermal action

The miscibility of flue gas and different types of light oils is investigated through slender-tube miscible displacement experiment at high temperature and high pressure.Under the conditions of high temperature and high pressure,the miscible displacement of flue gas and light oil is possible.At the same temperature,there is a linear relationship between oil displacement efficiency and pressure.At the same pressure,the oil displacement efficiency increases gently and then rapidly to more than 90% to achieve miscible displacement with the increase of temperature.The rapid increase of oil displacement efficiency is closely related to the process that the light components of oil transit in phase state due to distillation with the rise of temperature.Moreover,at the same pressure,the lighter the oil,the lower the minimum miscibility temperature between flue gas and oil,which allows easier miscibility and ultimately better performance of thermal miscible flooding by air injection.The miscibility between flue gas and light oil at high temperature and high pressure is more typically characterized by phase transition at high temperature in supercritical state,and it is different from the contact extraction miscibility of CO_(2) under conventional high pressure conditions.

Nitric oxide removal from flue gas coupled with the Fe^(Ⅱ)EDTA regeneration by ultraviolet irradiation

During wet complexation denitrification of flue gas,Fe^(Ⅱ)EDTA regeneration,also known as reducing Fe^(Ⅱ)EDTA and Fe^(Ⅱ)EDTA-nitric oxide(NO)to Fe^(Ⅱ)EDTA,is crucial.In this paper,ultraviolet(UV)light was used for the first time to reduce Fe^(Ⅱ)EDTA-NO.The experimental result demonstrated that Fe^(Ⅱ)EDTA-NO reduction rate increased with UV power increasing,elevated temperature,and initial Fe^(Ⅱ)EDTA-NO concentration decreasing.Fe^(Ⅱ)EDTA-NO reduction rate increased first and then decreased as pH value increased(2.0-10.0).Fe^(Ⅱ)EDTA-NO reduction with UV irradiation presented a first order reaction with respect to Fe^(Ⅱ)EDTA-NO.Compared with other Fe^(Ⅱ)EDTA regeneration methods,Fe^(Ⅱ)EDTA regeneration with UV show more superiority through comprehensive consideration of regeneration rate and procedure.Subsequently,NO absorption experiment by Fe^(Ⅱ)EDTA solution with UV irradiation confirmed that UV can significantly promote the NO removal performance of Fe^(Ⅱ)EDTA.Appropriate oxygen concentration(3%(vol))and acidic environment(pH=4)was favorable for NO removal.With UV power increasing as well as temperature decreasing,NO removal efficiency rose.In addition,the mechanism research indicates that NO from flue gas is mostly converted to NO_(2)-,NO_(3)-,NH_(4)^(+),N_(2),and N_(2)O with Fe^(Ⅱ)EDTA absorption liquid with UV irradiation.UV strengthens NO removal in Fe^(Ⅱ)EDTA absorption liquid by forming a synergistic effect of oxidation-reduction-complexation.Finally,compared with NO removal methods with Fe^(Ⅱ)EDTA,Fe^(Ⅱ)EDTA combined UV system shows prominent technology advantage in terms of economy and secondary pollution.

Preparation of α-High Strength Gypsum from Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum Pretreated by Hydrothermal-aging Method

The synthesis of α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate (α-CSH) from flue gas desulfurization (FGD)gypsum is a good way to realize the comprehensive utilization of FGD gypsum. To obtainα-CSH with the satisfactory performances, a facile hydrothermal-aging pretreatment process for FGD gypsum raw materials was proposed, where FGD gypsum was firstly hydrothermally converted to α-CSH whiskers, and α-CSH whiskers were further hydrated to synthesize CaSO4·2H2O (CSD) by aging under the regulation of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA). The effects of aging time, MBA addition, aging temperature, and pH on the morphology of the synthesized CSD were investigated. The synthesized CSD crystals exhibit highly uniform prismatic morphology with the length of ca 100μm and the whiteness of 91.56%. The regulation mechanism of MBA was also illustrated. The synthesized CSD crystals with prismatic morphology were further used as raw materials to synthesize the short columnar α-CSH. The absolute dry compressive strength of paste prepared from the short columnar α-CSH is 40.85 MPa, which reaches α40 strength grade.

Effect of integration of mechanical ball milling and flue gas desulfurization gypsum on dealkalization of bauxite residue

The synergistic impact of mechanical ball milling and flue gas desulfurization(FGD)gypsum on the dealkalization of bauxite residue was investigated through integrated analyses of solution chemistry,mineralogy,and microtopography.The results showed a significant decrease in Na_(2)O content(>30 wt.%)of FGD gypsum-treated bauxite residue after 30 min of mechanical ball milling.Mechanical ball milling resulted in differentiation of the elemental distribution,modification of the minerals in crystalline structure,and promotion in the dissolution of alkaline minerals,thus enhancing the acid neutralization capacity of bauxite residue.5 wt.%FGD gypsum combined with 30 min mechanical ball milling was optimal for the dealkalization of bauxite residue.

Study of the reaction mechanism for preparing powdered activated coke with SO_(2)adsorption capability via one-step rapid activation method under flue gas atmosphere

In this study,the impact of different reaction times on the preparation of powdered activated carbon(PAC)using a one-step rapid activation method under flue gas atmosphere is investigated,and the underlying reaction mechanism is summarized.Results indicate that the reaction process of this method can be divided into three stages:stage I is the rapid release of volatiles and the rapid consumption of O_(2),primarily occurring within a reaction time range of 0-0.5 s;stage II is mainly the continuous release and diffusion of volatiles,which is the carbonization and activation coupling reaction stage,and the carbonization process is the main in this stage.This stage mainly occurs at the reaction time range of 0.5 -2.0 s when SL-coal is used as material,and that is 0.5-3.0 s when JJ-coal is used as material;stage III is mainly the activation stage,during which activated components diffuse to both the surface and interior of particles.This stage mainly involves the reaction stage of CO_(2)and H2O(g)activation,and it mainly occurs at the reaction time range of 2.0-4.0 s when SL-coal is used as material,and that is 3.0-4.0 s when JJ-coal is used as material.Besides,the main function of the first two stages is to provide more diffusion channels and contact surfaces/activation sites for the diffusion and activation of the activated components in the third stage.Mastering the reaction mechanism would serve as a crucial reference and foundation for designing the structure,size of the reactor,and optimal positioning of the activator nozzle in PAC preparation.

Improvement of High-efficiency Green Catalysts for Flue Gas Denitrification

Based on the basic principle and mechanism of flue gas denitrification,the commonly used catalysts for flue gas denitrification were introduced firstly,and then the catalytic performance,stability and reaction mechanism of catalysts in the market were analyzed.Different types of catalysts were studied to look for green catalysts with high activity,sulfur resistance,water vapor resistance and other advantages.The mechanism of denitration reaction of green catalysts was discussed,and the laws of formation,propagation and consumption of active species in the reaction process were revealed to provide theoretical basis for optimizing catalyst design and improving reaction conditions.Then the research status and problems of new catalysts for flue gas denitrification were described.Finally,the future development direction of green catalysts for flue gas denitration was discussed to improve the performance and stability of catalysts and meet the performance requirements of denitration catalysts in different industries.

Multiobjective economic model predictive control using utopia-tracking for the wet flue gas desulphurization system

Efficient control of the desulphurization system is challenging in maximizing the economic objective while reducing the SO_(2) emission concentration. The conventional optimization method is generally based on a hierarchical structure in which the upper optimization layer calculates the steady-state results and the lower control layer is responsible to drive the process to the target point. However, the conventional hierarchical structure does not take the economic performance of the dynamic tracking process into account. To this end, multi-objective economic model predictive control(MOEMPC) is introduced in this paper, which unifies the optimization and control layers in a single stage. The objective functions are formulated in terms of a dynamic horizon and to balance the stability and economic performance. In the MOEMPC scheme, economic performance and SO_(2) emission performance are guaranteed by tracking a set of utopia points during dynamic transitions. The terminal penalty function and stabilizing constraint conditions are designed to ensure the stability of the system. Finally, an optimized control method for the stable operation of the complex desulfurization system has been established. Simulation results demonstrate that MOEMPC is superior over another control strategy in terms of economic performance and emission reduction, especially when the desulphurization system suffers from frequent flue gas disturbances.

Effect of steam spraying on a sintering bed on sinter quality and the emission of flue gas pollutants

The technology for spraying a sintering bed and thus improving sinter quality indicators while reducing the emission of flue gas pollutants has recently become an important research topic.The impacts on sinter quality and emissions when spraying the sintering surface with different amounts and flow rates of steam were investigated in this study.The sinter quality indicators were most effectively improved by spraying 180 g of steam flow continuously at a rate of 0.02 m^(3)/min for 15 min after ignition for 8 min.The optimal effect on emission reduction was obtained by spraying 90 g of steam flow continuously at a rate of 0.01 m^(3)/min for 15 min after ignition for 8 min.

生长素与钼配施对烤烟上部叶生理代谢及品质的影响

为探究生长素与钼配施对烤烟生理代谢及品质的影响,以‘云烟87’为材料,通过田间试验研究生长素和钼肥对烤烟光合作用、碳氮代谢、物理特性和化学成分的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,打顶后喷施生长素并追施钼肥不同程度地提高了叶片光合色素(叶绿素、类胡萝卜素)含量、气体交换参数(净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率)值和碳氮代谢酶(淀粉酶、转化酶、硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶)活性;提高了烤后烟叶的叶长、叶宽、单叶重、填充值和抗张力,烟叶钾、总糖、还原糖含量显著增加,总氮、烟碱含量显著降低。生长素和钼肥对烤烟光合色素总变异的贡献率分别为68.85%、13.23%,对气体交换参数总变异的贡献率分别为50.66%、42.63%,对碳氮代谢酶总变异的贡献率分别为40.74%、34.02%,对物理特性总变异的贡献率分别为46.72%、49.55%,对化学成分总变异的贡献率分别为54.94%、36.22%。总的来看,生长素为主要效应因子,喷施生长素20 mg·kg^(-1)并追施钼肥4 mg·株^(-1)的处理在促进生理代谢和提高烟叶品质方面效果最佳。以上研究结果为激素和微量元素在烤烟生产中的合理应用提供了理论基础。

烤烟新品种川烟101的选育及特征特性

烤烟新品种川烟101(原编号A601)是以(红花大金元×RG11)F_(1)为母本、(云烟85×K346)F_(1)为父本杂交,以提高品种黑胫病抗性、烟叶易烤性为主要目标,经系谱法选育而成的烤烟纯系新品种。该品种田间长势强,植株塔形,叶片开片较好,适应性广,成熟特性好,易烘烤,中抗黑胫病和赤星病。综合经济性状显著优于主对照品种K326和副对照品种云烟87;综合感官质量、物理特性优于主对照品种K326和副对照品种云烟87,香型风格凸显程度较强;综合质量与主对照K326相当,优于副对照云烟87。川烟101是一个抗性、产量和品质都较好的优良烤烟纯系新品种,适合在西南烟区、东南烟区推广种植。

烤烟新品种川烟102的选育及特征特性

烤烟新品种川烟102是以(K326×云烟85)F_(1)为母本、(NC86×Coker176)F_(1)为父本杂交,以抗TMV和黑胫病为育种目标,经系谱法选育而成的烤烟纯系。该品种田间生长整齐,长势较强,植株为筒形,叶色绿,叶形长椭圆,农艺性状较好;该品种对TMV免疫,中抗黑胫病和赤星病,田间落黄好,较易烘烤,综合经济性状显著优于主对照品种K326,优于副对照品种云烟87;烤后原烟外观质量优于主对照品种K326,与副对照品种云烟87相当;感官质量优于主对照K326和副对照云烟87,综合质量与主对照K326、副对照云烟87相当。川烟102是一个经济性状优、品质好、适应广的烤烟纯系新品种,适宜在安徽等东南烟区、四川等西南烟区种植。

高炉烟气碳捕集吸收剂性能影响分析

高炉烟气进行碳捕集可有效降低高炉工序的碳排放。采用化学吸收的方式进行高炉烟气碳捕集,对几种主要吸收剂进行高炉烟气碳捕集能力研究。通过自主搭建的模拟碳捕集试验装置,研究氨水、乙醇胺(MEA)等吸收剂对20%CO_(2)含量的高炉烟气的碳捕集情况,分析其碳捕集能力与再生再利用能力。结果表明,氨水的碳捕集能力最强,每千克溶液捕集CO_(2)可达105.4 L,比捕集量最少的MEA溶液高出了71.38%。此外,各吸收剂CO_(2)的解吸率可达92%以上,仅MEA解吸率为68.94%。重复利用的吸收剂碳捕集能力也达原先的90%以上。同时研究发现,高炉烟气中除尘灰会使有机胺吸收剂在升温解吸过程中降解,使碳捕集能力降低20%左右。本文可为后续开发适宜高炉工序的吸收剂与高炉碳捕集工艺奠定理论基础。

山东烤烟感官质量与化学成分关系及质量预测模型建立

为明确山东烤烟化学成分与感官质量之间的关系,探明影响山东烟叶质量提升的关键化学成分指标,对山东省6个地区代表性烟叶样品开展感官质量评价和常规成分、有机酸、生物碱、单双糖、多酚等5类23种化学指标测定,结合简单相关、方差分析、主成分分析和回归分析等统计方法进行数据分析。筛选出总糖、氯、绿原酸、降烟碱、柠檬酸/烟碱、油酸6个影响山东烟叶品质的关键化学指标,基于6个指标构建山东烟叶感官质量预测模型,验证样本预测值与真实值绝对差值0.43~3.88分,相对误差-5.66%~6.32%,平均误差3.18%。基于关键化学成分构建的感官质量预测模型可为山东烟叶质量的客观评价提供一定的技术支撑。

CO_(2)捕集和利用技术的应用与研发进展

由于CO_(2)的过度排放导致了全球严重的气候变化问题,实现碳中和已成为全球各国的共识,碳捕集、利用与封存(CCUS)是实现碳中和的必由路径之一,引起了研究者的广泛关注。中国石化南京化工研究院有限公司长期致力于CO_(2)捕集和利用技术的研发和应用推广工作,已形成低分压烟气碳捕集技术、NCMA(南化复合胺)脱碳技术和催化热钾碱脱碳技术3种成熟碳捕集技术,成功应用于多个工业项目中。同时,在新型碳捕集技术和CO_(2)利用技术领域开展了大量研究,并取得了一定的进展,部分成果达到了国内及国际先进水平。

烤烟抗TMV改良株系YT01的创制和分析

为定向提高烤烟品种豫浓香201对TMV的抗性,以豫浓香201为改良材料,TMV免疫品种Va770为供体亲本,通过杂交、回交,利用分子标记结合表型筛选得到TMV免疫的纯合株系YT01,YT01农艺性状和大田生育期与豫浓香201基本保持一致。结果表明,YT01对TMV的抗性表现为免疫,TMV处理后活性氧积累低于豫浓香201,叶片中TMV正调控基因NtRAR1、NtNTF4、NtPR1a、NtHAK1、NtSGT1相对表达量均显著高于豫浓香201,负调控基因TMV CP相对表达量显著低于豫浓香201;主要化学成分与豫浓香201基本一致;外观质量、感官质量略优于豫浓香201。研究表明,豫浓香201定向改良品系YT01对TMV免疫,其他性状基本保持一致,质量有所提高,为豫浓香201病毒病抗性定向改良提供了材料基础。

烤烟新品种豫浓香201的选育及特征特性

为提高烤烟品种中烟100对根部病害的抗性和烟叶品质,以中烟100为供体,经EMS诱变、腺毛密度类型检测、黑胫病病圃鉴定等手段培育出烤烟新品种豫浓香201,于2023年4月通过全国烟草品种审定委员会审定。该品种遗传性状稳定,群体整齐一致,田间生长势较强,易烘烤。抗黑胫病(1号小种)和镰刀菌根腐病,中抗赤星病,中感黑胫病(0号小种)、根结线虫病和PVY,感青枯病、TMV和CMV。综合抗病力与对照品种NC89相当,根茎类病害抗性优于中烟100。产量、产值较高,主要经济性状和感官评吸质量优于对照品种NC89和中烟100。烤后原烟外观质量较好,化学成分协调,感官评吸甜感突出,符合目前卷烟原料的质量需要;烟叶成熟集中,适宜粮烟融合和机械化采收。豫浓香201适合在我国黄淮烟区有灌溉条件的烟区种植。

烟大帅有机肥对烤烟产质量的影响

2020年在山东潍坊诸城、临朐开展田间试验,研究烟大帅烟草专用有机肥对烤烟生长发育及烟叶产质量的影响。每667 m^(2)施40 kg豆饼和5 kg纯氮为对照,施40 kg豆饼和10 kg烟大帅有机肥(纯氮减施10%,T1)、40 kg豆饼和25 kg烟大帅有机肥(纯氮减施20%,T2)、40 kg烟大帅有机肥(纯氮5 kg, T3)为3个处理。结果表明,T2处理效果最好,促进烟株根系发育,烟株采收烘烤后产量和产值最高。

施用生物炭对烟叶品质和土壤及其细菌群落结构的影响

【目的】研究施用生物炭对烟叶品质、土壤养分和土壤细菌群落结构的影响。【方法】以云烟87为试验材料,大田随机区组试验,设置4个处理(SWT1:常规施肥;SWT2:常规施肥+生物炭1500 kg/hm^(2);SWT3:常规施肥+生物炭2250 kg/hm^(2);SWT4:常规施肥+生物炭3000 kg/hm^(2)),测定各处理烤后烟叶化学成分和感官质量,分析成熟期植烟土壤养分和烤烟根际土壤细菌群落结构。【结果】施用生物炭对植烟土壤养分和烤后烟叶化学成分无显著影响;相比SWT1处理,施用生物炭各处理烤后烟叶感官质量显著提高,其中SWT3处理的香气质、香气量、浓度、劲头、杂气、使用价值和总得分分别提高13.85%、6.56%、10.87%、8.70%、4.62%、12.31%和6.25%,表现最优;相比SWT1处理,随着生物炭施用量的上升,烟株根际土壤细菌丰富度(Chao1指数)、多样性(Shannon指数)、总ASV数(扩增子序列变异体,Amplicon sequence variants)和独有ASV数呈下降趋势,与SWT1处理的微生物群落结构组成差异随生物炭施用量的提高而增加;变形菌门、酸杆菌门和放线菌门等为各处理的优势菌门,门分类水平下,不同处理的群落结构无显著差异;施用生物炭提高f__Rhizobiaceae、g__Allorhizobium、g__Neorhizobium、g__Pararhizobium、g__Rhizobium等固氮菌以及f__uncultured_Actinobacterium、f__Burkholderiaceae、f__Pseudomonadaceae、o__Pseudomonadale、g__Pseudomonas、g__Sphingopyxis、g__Dyella、g__Massilia等促生菌的相对丰度,降低s__unclassified_Anaerolineaceae、g__unclassified_Caulobacteraceae等反硝化细菌的相对丰度;ASV分类水平下,AN(碱解氮)含量是影响土壤细菌群落结构变化的最主要土壤因子。【结论】施用生物炭提高烤后烟叶感官质量,其中2250 kg/hm^(2)处理表现最优;施用生物炭降低根际土壤细菌α-多样性,提高根际土壤固氮菌、促生菌、反硝化细菌等有益菌相对丰度,有利于增加土壤养分,促进植物生长。

有机肥+生物炭+微生物菌剂配施对烤烟多酚和化学成分的影响

以云烟87为研究对象,采用三因素三水平正交试验设计,设置3个生物炭(900、1800、2700 kg/hm^(2))、3个微生物菌剂(30、60、90 kg/hm^(2))和3种有机肥(羊粪肥、芝麻饼肥、菜籽饼肥)组合成9个处理,并以无机肥为对照处理,研究了上述因素对烤后烟叶多酚类和常规化学成分的影响。结果表明:生物炭施用量是影响烤烟的多酚和化学成分含量的主效因素,随着生物炭施用量的增加,烟叶的总糖、还原糖及各种多酚类物质含量均有所增加,施用2700 kg/hm^(2)生物炭的整体表现较优。微生物菌剂也是重要的影响因素,随着微生物菌剂施用量的增加,烟叶的总糖、还原糖、多酚类、绿原酸含量均有所增加,施用60 kg/hm^(2)微生物菌剂的整体表现较优。施用有机肥的影响则较小,其中,羊粪肥的表现相对较好。综上,最佳组合方式为2700 kg/hm^(2)生物炭+60 kg/hm^(2)微生物菌剂+羊粪肥,并且将其可应用于凉山产区烤烟的施肥管理中。

不同圆周卷烟的风格特征与烟气特征分析

【目的】考察卷烟圆周值对烤烟烟叶风格特征及烟气特征的影响。【方法】以八大香型烤烟产地典型烟叶(C3F)为原料,分别制备常规、中支和细支卷烟样品,通过对样品进行感官评价、常规烟气指标和香味成分检测,研究八大香型生态区域烤烟烟叶随卷烟圆周值变化其风格特征和烟气特征的变化规律。【结果】(1)不同生态区烤烟烟叶卷制烟支的香气风格随圆周值的变化存在差异,随着卷制圆周值降低,烟叶原料卷烟的风格特征呈弱化趋势。(2)不同生态区烤烟烟叶卷制烟支的品质特征随圆周值的变化存在差异,随着卷制圆周值的降低,香气量、透发性和成团性等感官指标均有减小趋势,刺激性、干燥感和细腻程度等感官指标有改善趋势。(3)随卷制圆周值降低,不同生态区烤烟烟叶卷制烟支主流烟气焦油、烟碱和CO释放量均有减小。(4)随着卷制圆周值的降低,除黑龙江哈尔滨生态区烟叶外,其他生态区烟叶卷制烟支的主流烟气TPM单口释放量为中支烟>常规烟≥细支烟。香味成分酚类、酸类、酯类、内酯类、酰胺类和新植二烯的单口释放量整体表现为中支烟≥常规烟>细支烟,醛类、烃类、杂环类、醇类和酮类物质的单口释放量整体表现为中支烟>常规烟≥细支烟。