Geometrical Effect of Under-reamed Pile in Clay under Compression Load Numerical-Study

Recently,the use of deep foundations has increased as a result of the expansion in the construction of high-rise buildings,train tracks,and port berths.As a result of this expansion,it was necessary to use deep foundations that have low cost,high bearing loads,low settlement,and construction time,and such foundations are subjected to different types of loads such as lateral,vertical compression,and tension loads.This research paper will present one of the most important types of deep foundations that are aptly used in such structures and the most important factors affecting their bearing capacity and settlement in stiff clay.This type of deep foundation is called an under-reamed pile.The factors used in this study are pile length to diameter ratio L/D=30,bulb diameter ratio(Du/D=1.5,2,2.25,and 2.5),number of bulbs(N=1,2,and 3),and spacing ratio(S/D=2 to 8).To investigate the effects of these parameters and obtain optimal results,the PLAXIS 3D was used.The analysis shows that the increase in bulb diameter increases the bearing load by 43%.Bulb spacing controls the failure mechanisms,whether cylindrical shear failure or individual failure and increases the capacity by 66%and 99%,respectively,for two and three bulbs when the bulb spacing becomes S/D=8.When the number of bulbs increases to three,the capacity increases by 90%.If each bulb works individually,the bearing capacity doubles.

Quality Control Measures of Bored Pile in Bridge Construction

In order to improve the quality of bored piles in bridge construction and ensure the overall quality of the bridge,we analyzed a series of problems in the construction process of bored piles,then propose corresponding quality control measures,in hopes of improving quality control of bored piles in bridge construction in our country.

Regressive approach for predicting bearing capacity of bored piles from cone penetration test data

In this study, th e least sq u are su p p o rt v ecto r m achine （LSSVM） alg o rith m w as applied to predicting th ebearing capacity o f b ored piles e m b ed d ed in sand an d m ixed soils. Pile g eo m etry an d cone p e n e tra tio nte s t （CPT） resu lts w ere used as in p u t variables for pred ictio n o f pile bearin g capacity. The d ata u se d w erecollected from th e existing litera tu re an d consisted o f 50 case records. The application o f LSSVM w ascarried o u t by dividing th e d ata into th re e se ts： a train in g se t for learning th e pro b lem an d obtain in g arelationship b e tw e e n in p u t variables an d pile bearin g capacity, and testin g an d validation sets forevaluation o f th e predictive an d g en eralization ability o f th e o b tain ed relationship. The predictions o f pilebearing capacity by LSSVM w ere evaluated by com paring w ith ex p erim en tal d ata an d w ith th o se bytrad itio n al CPT-based m eth o d s and th e gene ex pression pro g ram m in g （GEP） m odel. It w as found th a t th eLSSVM perform s w ell w ith coefficient o f d eterm in atio n , m ean, an d sta n d ard dev iatio n equivalent to 0.99,1.03, an d 0.08, respectively, for th e testin g set, an d 1, 1.04, an d 0.11, respectively, for th e v alidation set. Thelow values o f th e calculated m ean squared e rro r an d m ean ab so lu te e rro r indicated th a t th e LSSVM w asaccurate in p redicting th e pile bearing capacity. The results o f com parison also show ed th a t th e p roposedalg o rith m p red icted th e pile bearin g capacity m ore accurately th a n th e trad itio n al m eth o d s including th eGEP m odel.

A case study on behaviors of composite soil nailed wall with bored piles in a deep excavation

深挖掘的一个完全的盒子被探索。根据实际工作条件， 3D 非线性的有限元素过程被用来模仿合成土壤支持的深挖掘有在软土壤的无聊的堆积的钉的墙。修改凸轮泥土模特儿在数字模拟作为土壤的组成的关系被雇用。从数字分析的结果与领域数据被适合很好，它显示使用的研究途径是可靠的。基于数据和钉的合成土壤的四个不同模式支持的深挖掘的数字结果围的地，重要角落效果深在 3D 被成立挖掘。如果无聊的堆积或土壤锚在钉的合成土壤被认为墙，他们对减少的变丑和在深挖掘附近的无聊的堆积，混合堆积的水泥，土壤锚，土壤钉和土壤的内部力量有益。而且，效果由于无聊的堆积比从土壤锚推出的那些更重要。上面提及的所有证明合成土壤与无聊的堆积钉了墙在深挖掘是可行的。

Comparative Examinations of Single Bored Piles Using International Codes

This paper presents some aspects of the load-settlement behavior for large diameter bored piles using four different international codes, namely: ECP 202 [1], DIN 4014 [2], AASHTO [3] and French Code [4]. Ultimate capacities for 38 pile load tests founded in realistic multi-layered soils in Delta and Port Saidareas atEgyptare evaluated using modified Chin (1970) method and compared to ultimate load predictions obtained by the aforementioned codes. Many statistical analyses were conducted on the total pile loads and individual contributions of tip and skin resistances. Based on code predictions of ultimate pile loads, an empirical modified load-settlement model is proposed. This model will simplify to a great extent the analysis of piled-raft systems as it can effortlessly predict pile settlement due to the load on pile itself. Comparisons showed that the pile load test is an irreplaceable process for determining the ultimate capacity of piles.

Dynamic estimation and reliability control of quality assurance for bored piles

A systematic method was proposed to estimate the occurrence probability of defective piles(OPDP) from a site according to quality assurance inspection. The OPDP was firstly suggested as the criterion to weight the performance of a pile foundation. Its prior distribution and updating distribution were deduced to follow Beta distributions. To calibrate the OPDP, a dynamic estimation model was established according to the relationships between prior mean and variance and updating mean and variance. Finally, a reliability-control method dealing with uncertainties arising from quality assurance inspection was formalized to judge whether all the bored piles from a site can be accepted. It is exemplified that the OPDP can be substantially improved when more definite prior information and sampling formation become available. For the example studied herein, the Bayesian estimator of updating variance for OPDP is reduced from 0.0037 to 0.0014 for the first inspection, from 0.0014 to 0.0009 for the second inspection, and with less uncertainty by incorporating experience information.

Evaluation of the Ultimate Capacity of Friction Piles

The precise prediction of maximum load carrying capacity of bored piles is a complex problem because the load is a function of a large number of factors. These factors include method of boring, method of concreting, quality of concrete, expertise of the construction staff, the ground conditions and the pile geometry. To ascertain the field performance and estimate load carrying capacities of piles, in-situ pile load tests are conducted. Due to practical and time constraints, it is not possible to load the pile up-to failure. In this study, field pile load test data is analyzed to estimate the ultimate load for friction piles. The analysis is based on three pile load test results. The tests are conducted at the site of The Cultural and Recreational Complex project in Port Said, Egypt. Three pile load tests are performed on bored piles of 900 mm diameter and 50 m length. Geotechnical investigations at the site are carried out to a maximum depth of 60 m. Ultimate capacities of piles are determined according to different methods including Egyptian Code of practice (2005), Tan-gent-tangent, Hansen (1963), Chin (1970), Ahmed and Pise (1997) and Decourt (1999). It was concluded that approxi- mately 8% of the ultimate load is resisted by bearing at the base of the pile, and that up to 92% of the load is resisted by friction along the shaft. Based on a comparison of pile capacity predictions using different method, recommendations are made. A new method is proposed to calculate the ultimate capacity of the pile from pile load test data. The ultimate capacity of the bored piles predicted using the proposed method appears to be reliable and compares well to different available methods.

黏性土中桩侧后注浆单桩抗压承载性能室内模型试验研究

后注浆技术的应用能有效减少桩周土体扰动和泥皮等造成的不利影响,从而提高钻孔灌注桩的承载力。目前有关后注浆技术的研究多集中于桩端后注浆,少有涉及桩侧后注浆,影响了桩侧后注浆技术进一步推广应用。根据桩侧后注浆工艺,开展单桩抗压室内试验,以研究桩侧后注浆量对单桩抗压承载性能的影响。结果表明:在荷载水平较大的工况下,相较于桩侧后注浆量为1 L的单桩,注浆量为2、3 L时单桩极限抗压承载力分别提高18.2%和66.0%,提高幅度与注浆量呈正相关,并且可以在很大程度上减小桩顶沉降量;桩侧后注浆桩桩身轴力在侧注浆点位附近减小较快,在整个加载过程中桩端附近处桩身轴力值均比较低,单桩受压表现为摩擦桩;水泥浆液同时存在上返和下劈扩散,在室内试验条件下,两者扩散高度均约为14倍桩径,在浆液扩散段桩侧摩阻力得到显著提高,且越靠近注浆点位提高程度越明显。

软土地区轨道交通桥梁下方灌注桩小净距施工影响

[目的]我国沿海软土地区灌注桩与运营轨道交通桥梁、桥墩间小净距的施工影响正成为制约城市轨道交通规划与建设的又一瓶颈因素,因此有必要研究小净距钻孔灌注桩施工对周围地层和桥墩的变形影响。[方法]以浙江某城市道路桩板结构形式下穿轨道交通桥梁在建工程为例,通过设计土体侧向变形监测试验和搭建既有桥梁、桥墩的位移智能监测系统,分析了深厚软土区地层与测斜孔的协同变形特性,以及钻孔灌注桩施工对周围地层及桥墩变形的影响规律。[结果及结论]为使测斜孔与地层具有较好的协同变形,软土区测斜孔施工后应稳定停留6 d;淤泥层对施工加载、卸载过程的敏感性较高,由施工引发的软土地层变形量最大;在施工条件下,桥墩3个方向的变形幅值约为未施工的2~3倍;成孔开挖和混凝土浇筑工序对桥墩深度方向的扰动影响较显著,因此已运营轨道交通桥梁下部施工的监测重点应为竖向位移。

岩溶强发育及超厚回填土地层钻孔灌注桩施工技术

针对复杂地层中钻孔灌注桩常见的施工问题,以某工程项目为例,基于岩溶强发育及超厚回填土地层钻孔灌注桩施工技术,对超厚回填土地层、岩溶强发育地层以及上覆超厚回填土与下伏岩溶强发育叠加地层3种不同工况进行了应用分析,结果表明:该技术有效解决了复杂地层中成孔难、易扩缩径、灌注难等诸多工程难题,相较于传统工艺,可大大节省施工材料、降低施工成本,为项目缩短工期15天,累计节约旋挖钻机30台班,将灌注桩充盈系数从1.5降至1.05~1.1,为项目桩基施工节约综合成本35%以上。根据低应变检测结果可知,灌注桩均为Ⅰ,Ⅱ类桩,其中Ⅰ类桩占所测桩数的96.5%,Ⅱ类桩仅占所测桩数的3.5%,充分证明了该技术的可靠性。

静钻根植桩竖向承载性能现场试验研究

通过一组现场试验对同一场地内静钻根植桩的抗压和抗拔承载性能进行研究,试桩均加载至极限状态。通过抗压和抗拔静载试验对静钻根植桩的抗压和抗拔承载性能进行对比分析。试验结果表明:静钻根植桩的抗压承载性能相比传统钻孔灌注桩有显著提高,本次试验场地各土层中静钻根植桩的桩侧摩阻力是规范建议的钻孔灌注桩极限侧摩阻力的1.49~3.21倍;静钻根植桩抗拔承载性能也明显优于钻孔灌注桩,抗拔试桩的极限承载力是根据规范计算的钻孔灌注桩极限抗拔承载力的1.52~1.55倍;静钻根植桩抗拔状态下桩侧摩阻力明显小于抗压状态下的桩侧摩擦力,即静钻根植桩也存在侧阻抗拔系数。

静钻根植桩施工环境效应现场试验研究

静钻根植桩采用先钻孔注浆后植桩的施工技术,可以解决传统预制桩施工过程引起的挤土效应问题。然而,静钻根植桩施工过程中钻孔和注浆过程会对周围土体产生一定扰动,目前没有相关研究。文章通过一组现场试验对静钻根植桩施工过程中的钻孔、注浆搅拌和植桩阶段对周围土体的扰动规律进行研究。静钻根植桩施工前在钻孔周围土体中埋设土压力传感器,孔隙水压力传感器和测斜管,分别测试静钻根植桩施工过程中周围土体中水平土压力,超静孔隙水压力和深层土体水平位移的变化规律。研究结果表明:静钻根植桩施工过程会对周围土体造成一定扰动,而施工完成后周围土体中的水平土压力、超静孔隙水压力和深层土体水平位移迅速恢复;当水平距离达到4D(D为钻孔直径)时,静钻根植桩施工过程基本不会对土体产生影响;试验结果可以为静钻根植桩在地铁周围等施工位移控制敏感区域的应用提供理论依据。

钻孔灌注桩数字化施工技术及应用

随着钻孔灌注桩向超孔深、超大直径方向发展,其施工控制难度也显著增加。传统施工工艺高度依赖人工对施工参数进行采集和记录,难以满足精细化施工管控的要求。为了保证超长大直径桩施工质量,以双柳长江大桥北主塔桩基施工为依托工程,对钻孔灌注成孔、成桩关键施工参数及采集方式进行分析,并针对成孔、成桩过程的关键参数进行自动化监测装置的开发与应用。研究结果表明采用数字化技术手段,能有效减少施工过程中人工采集工作量,提升钻孔灌注桩施工精细化管控水平,可供类似工程借鉴。

市政路桥工程的钻孔灌注桩施工技术分析

对市政路桥工程的钻孔灌注桩施工工艺进行分析,探讨市政路桥工程的钻孔灌注桩施工应注意的问题,如护筒下沉、钻孔倾斜、坍孔缩孔、断桩,结合工程案例对市政路桥施工中钻孔灌注桩施工技术的应用进行详细介绍。

钻孔灌注桩技术在房建工程施工中的应用

为深入探究钻孔灌注桩技术在房建工程施工中的应用,结合某房屋建筑工程对钻孔灌注桩技术的实际应用进行深入探究,经过研究表明钻孔灌注桩技术在房屋建筑工程中应用能够显著提升房建工程施工质量和效率,保证了工程施工阶段的安全性与规范性,对建筑工程具有显著的积极作用。

印尼软土地区后注浆钻孔灌注桩现场试验研究

后注浆钻孔灌注桩在软土地区工程中应用广泛,但对后注浆灌注桩承载特性的理论研究仍滞后于工程实践。依托印尼软土地区某工程,开展不同桩长普通钻孔灌注桩和后注浆钻孔灌注桩的现场试验。结果表明,后注浆钻孔灌注桩极限承载力是同条件下普通钻孔灌注桩的1.20~1.26倍,后注浆灌注桩的回弹率和弹性变形相应增加;研究区地质条件下后注浆水泥浆液上返高度约为12.4~13.8 m,桩端以下水泥浆下渗深度约为1.3~2.1 m(约为桩径的1.6~2.6倍);后注浆灌注桩水泥浆上返高度以下桩侧和桩端以下岩土层的标贯击数较压浆前均显著提高,后注浆导致的桩侧摩阻力和桩端阻力的提高是钻孔灌注桩承载性能提高的主要因素。研究成果对指导印尼软土地区后注浆设计和施工具有一定的借鉴意义。

深厚淤泥地层超静水压力条件下超深灌注桩施工孔壁稳定性研究

依托某地铁车辆段管桩施工后超静水压力条件下的钻孔灌注桩工程,研究了超静水压力条件下钻孔孔壁的稳定条件。推导出了孔壁坍塌的临界水力坡度公式和保证孔壁稳定性的临界固结度公式,并分析了土体固结对孔壁稳定的影响;探讨了新奥法原理在淤泥质软土超静孔隙水压力下灌注桩成孔中的应用。研究结果表明:饱和淤泥质地层中管桩施工后超静孔隙水产生的渗透力是造成灌注桩钻孔过程中孔壁变形失稳的主要因素;土体的黏聚力是影响钻孔缩颈和塌孔的关键参数;超静水压力下软土中钻孔孔壁的稳定条件主要是圆拱支撑力和渗透力;钻孔期间孔壁土体的蠕变大、渗透路径短和土体能在较短时间内发生较大的固结可使孔壁达到稳定的平衡状态;超静孔隙水压力条件下的软土可以借鉴新奥法原理进行钻孔灌注桩成孔。

钻孔灌注桩竖向承载性能试验研究

为优化提升钻孔灌注桩的设计方案,文中对竖向受压载荷下钻孔灌注桩的荷载传递及受力特性进行了研究。结果表明,最大的桩身轴力均位于深度为3 m处,当加载荷载为1440 kN时,桩身的轴力最大值为1205 kN;随着桩顶荷载值的增加,桩身的最大桩侧阻力值也不断增大,最大的桩侧阻力值为140 kPa,最大负摩阻力达到-82 kPa。当桩顶荷载从160 kN增加至1600 kN时,桩端阻力增幅达到860.2%。桩端阻力占比与施加的桩顶荷载呈先负相关后正相关关系;当荷载达到1600 kN时,桩顶位移最大达到14.6 mm;卸载为0时,桩顶位移为8.8 mm。

桩端后注浆钻孔灌注桩承载特性及影响因素分析

钻孔灌注桩为研究桩端后注浆承载特性及影响因素,依托某钻孔灌注桩桥梁基础工程,通过现场单桩静载荷试验分析了桩的沉降特性以及轴力和侧摩阻力分布规律,并基于有限元方法分析了不同注浆量和注浆体强度对桩端后注浆灌注桩承载力的影响,结果表明:桩轴力随深度的增大而逐渐减小,随着施加荷载的逐渐增大,桩端荷载承担比例不断增大;桩侧摩阻力大致呈现“R”型分布,试桩下半部分的侧摩阻力明显增大,桩端后注浆工艺在桩端附近产生了侧阻强化效应;随着桩端扩大头半径和弹性模量的增大,桩的承载力和承载力提高比均不断增大,当桩端扩大头半径小于1 m或桩端扩大头弹性模量小于2000 MPa时,承载力提高比增幅较大;随着桩长的增大,普通灌注桩和桩端后注浆灌注桩的承载力和沉降值均呈现不断增大的趋势,且桩长越短,后压浆工艺对灌注桩承载力的提高比例越大。

深厚软黏土层深基坑施工技术研究

以天津市北辰区实验中学人防地下物资储备库项目为例,提出相应的基坑设计及开挖方案,采用现场实测方法对深厚软黏土地质条件下基坑工程围护结构变形和内力进行分析。分析结果表明,基坑围护结构变形表现出显著的时空效应和尺寸效应,开挖越深,最大水平位移速率越大,深厚软黏土蠕变效应加剧了基坑围护结构挠曲变化速率;基坑开挖深度较浅时,钻孔灌注桩最大水平位移数值较集中,随着开挖深度增大,最大水平位移数值离散程度增大,提出了本地区相关变形控制上限为0.75%H、下限为0.30%H;实测土压力对应的静止土压力系数随着深度增大逐步减小;软黏土层水平土压力随着深度增大呈线性增大并趋于收敛的趋势。