Status Quo and Problems of Underground Space Researches

With the intensifying urbanization and the increasing demands for land resources, urban development is gradually expanding into the underground. Rational development and design of underground space can not only improve use efficiency of land, relieve land use pressure, but also facilitate people's living and improve urban environment. Analysis of the status quo and problems of underground space design researches in China, and the directions of future underground space research and development will contribute to the development and design of underground space. On the basis of reviewing research papers in the past decades, the contents of underground space researches were divided into 10 major categories, the current contents of underground space researches in China and existing problems were analyzed, and it was proposed that the future underground space design researches should be based on traditional research contents and methods, use advanced technologies such as information technology, show the interdisciplinary cooperation, pay attention to human feelings, protection and continuation of cultural context, and adhere to green and sustainable development with consistent innovation and progress.

Automatic identification and feature recognition of the metro-led underground space in China based on point of interest data

Metro-led underground space(MUS)plays a crucial role in modern underground space utilisation.Recent studies have shown its great potential for high-quality urban development.However,limited evidence about MUS was available on a national scale,resulting in incomplete and unsystematic knowledge of MUS utilisation.The interaction relationship between MUS and the surrounding built environment also remains unclear.To fill the research gap,an automatic method for MUS identification and development features extraction was proposed based on point of interest data.We applied the method to identify the MUS in 28 Chinese cities and estimated the development status of MUS in China for the first time.The nationwide statistics of MUS and correlation analysis of development features were conducted.Results show that complex MUS(CMUS)share is significantly lower than that of simple MUS.Besides,CMUS development in China is primarily dominated by public transport and does not have a solid functional link to its surroundings.The comparative analysis of MUS development in four primary urban agglomerations was also conducted,and their development char-acteristics were discussed.The study aims to expand the planning toolkit and construct the MUS database,which sheds light on the data-driven planning for MUS.

A collaborative approach for urban underground space development toward sustainable development goals:Critical dimensions and future directions

The utilization of urban underground space(UUS)offers an effective solution to urban problems but may also negatively affect urban development.Therefore,UUS development needs better concerted guidelines to coordinate various urban systems and the multiple components of the underground world.Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs),which should be viewed as important yardsticks for UUS development,do not explicitly mention urban underground space,although many of them are affected by both the positive and negative consequences of its development.To fill this gap,this review lays the foundations of relevant UUS concepts and uses exemplary cases to reveal that 11 out of 17 SDGs can be linked with UUS uses.These linkages also manifest that land administration,integrated planning,architectural design,and construction technology are critical dimensions for increasing the contributions of UUS to the realization of SDGs.To achieve multi-disciplinary synergies among these four critical dimensions,a collaborative approach framework based on spatial data infrastructure is required.Thus,this work provides academics and practitioners with a holistic view of sustainable UUS development.

Legal considerations for urban underground space development in Malaysia

In 2008,the Malaysia land code,named the National Land Code 1965(NLC 1965),was amended to add Part Five(A)to deal with the disposal of underground space.In addition,the Circular of the Director General of Lands and Mines No.1/2008 was issued to assist the application of Part Five(A)of the NLC 1965.However,the legislation is still questiona ble and has instigated many arguments among numerous actors.Therefore,this research was undertaken to examine legal considerations for the development of underground space.The focus is on four legal considerations,namely underground space ownership,the bundle of rights,depth,and underground space utilization.Rooted in qualitative methods,interviews were conducted with respondents involved in the development of under-ground space in Malaysia.The obtained data were then analyzed descriptively.The findings diferentiated the rights of landowners for surface land and underground space,and their liability for damages and the depth.It was indicated that the current legislation in Malaysia,namely Part Five(A)of the NLC 1965 and the Circular of the Director General of Lands and Mines No.1/2008,is adequate to facilitate the development of underground space in terms of legal considerations.However,to further facilitate the development of underground land in the future,based on the research,four enhancements are recommended for legal considera tions pertaining to the development of underground space in M alaysia.

Japanese Ways of Developing Urban Underground Recreation Space

This paper defines the concept of urban recreation space at first, and then?focuses on the six aspects of experience in?functional orientation, joint development, business planning, environment designing,?recreational route designing, operation and management based on reviewing the development process of the underground street in urban recreation space in Japan.?The results show that the overall planning and detailed design of urban recreational space in Japan is worth learning and drawing lessons for all countries in the world.

基于三维地质模型的西咸新区地下空间开发适宜性评价

地下空间开发地质适宜性评价是合理进行地下空间开发、降低开发地质风险的重要手段。传统的评价方法没有考虑地下空间复杂的垂向变化,因而无法满足越来越精确的地下空间规划要求。本文以西咸新区沣东沣西为例,结合该区地质地貌背景、工程地质特征、水文地质条件、不良地质作用以及地下空间开发现状等特点,建立地下空间开发地质适宜性评价因子体系;利用三维精细化剖分的评估单元为载体,综合使用多种三维空间分析方法从多要素地质模型中定量或定性提取各项指标,运用层次分析法模型开展研究区地下空间开发适宜性评价。评价结果表明:研究区60m以浅地下空间开发利用条件优越,总体适宜开发建设。浅层空间易受文物保护区、地面水体、活动断裂影响,中层空间受城市建成区既有设施及地下构筑物影响较大,深部地下空间主要受断裂影响。该方法能够精细刻画地下空间在垂向上的差异,评估过程与结果能够立体透明化表达,能够定性、定量地为地下空间开发利用提供辅助决策,以达到资源保护优先、协同开发的开发利用格局。

山西省煤矿采空地下空间评估与再利用研究

山西省煤炭资源丰富,年煤炭产量占全国产量的近1/4,煤炭资源开采形成大量的采空地下空间。随着碳中和目标的提出和山西风电、光伏发电的大力发展,如何合理利用煤矿采空地下空间,尤其是将地下空间与新能源结合将成为煤炭产业低碳发展的关键。本次研究运用比例系数法和采空地下空间守恒定律,测算出2022年山西省开采煤矿井巷可利用空间为1.54亿m^(3),“十五”到“十三五”期间关闭/退出煤矿的井巷可利用空间为1.05亿m^(3),估算1949至2021年山西省煤矿因工作面开采形成的采空地下空间约38.98亿m3,预测到2030年山西省煤矿工作面开采还可形成采空地下空间约19.56亿m^(3)。根据山西省能源低碳发展需求提出了山西省煤矿采空地下空间未来可利用的四种模式:煤矿地下旅游或地下仓储、煤矿地下抽水蓄能、煤矿地下压缩空气储能和煤矿地下封存二氧化碳等。

城市地下空间环境优化与改造研究

随着城市空间日趋紧张,开发利用地下空间已成为缓解表层压力的一种方式。然而,在实际操作中,如何优化地下环境、提升其使用价值和舒适度,成为了一个值得探讨的问题。本文旨在通过分析城市地下空间的环境构成要素及设计原则,探索改善和提升地下空间环境的途径。文章通过考察现有的成功案例,细致讨论了植物景观、山水景观、公共艺术、空间围合以及灯光设计等要素对地下空间环境质量的影响。同时,评估了安全性、舒适性、艺术性、人性化及和谐性等设计原则在实践中的应用效果。通过这一过程,文章揭示了地下空间环境优化的多维策略,旨在为地下空间的有效利用和环境改善提供实践参考。

国内外城市地下空间标准现状与发展

近年来,随着我国城市化快速发展,城市地面空间资源难以负荷,国家大力支持开发利用城市地下空间。本文概述我国城市地下空间开发和利用的发展历程和城市地下空间开发利用保护工作的相关政策,梳理我国现行城市地下空间标准以及国际国外现行城市地下空间标准,并分析存在的问题。针对存在的问题,参考当前国际上现有标准,提出城市地下空间标准发展建议,逐步建立和完善我国城市地下空间标准体系,促进我国城市地下空间可持续发展。

塔里木盆地深层地下卤水全效开发利用新路径

随着油气开采向深层、超深层进发,伴生地下卤水的合理处理成为油气田安全高效绿色开发必须关注的重要的问题,其对油气田的稳定生产、经济效益和区域环境保护都有着重要的影响。为此,以塔里木盆地中国天然气主产区之一的KS气田为例,在分析深层地下卤水处理面临挑战的基础上,提出了“一水分治、深度处理、分治回用”的深层油气田地下卤水电解全效利用新路径,并对其效益进行了系统分析。研究结果表明:①KS气田地下卤水体量大、矿化度较高,具有进一步全效开发利用的价值,气田所处区域太阳能资源丰富但目前尚未被全效利用,基于地下卤水电解全效利用新思路,可实现“废水”“废电”的联合应用;②分离所得的淡水一部分可应用于生态农业、碳汇林业和荒漠化回灌,另一部分可用于回注处理,具有良好的环保效益;③分离所得的淡水和浓缩液,可进一步进行电解水制氢和浓缩液电解获取有价金属,可实现可观的经济效益。结论认为,地下卤水电解全效开发利用在KS气田成功应用后,可推广复制到具有类似条件的其他油气田,为实现资源绿色循环利用、促进降本增效和低碳排放提供了新的思路和办法,有助于油气田的科学效益全面开发。

干旱地区河槽暗蓄雨洪资源化利用模拟

目的 研究利用雨洪资源解决干旱地区用水短缺问题,提出利用河槽暗蓄收集雨洪最佳工程方案,为该类工程的设计提供参考。方法 应用Visual Modflow软件模拟研究辽西喀左地区内第二牤牛河流域中不同调蓄方案和拦蓄入渗方案对河槽暗蓄雨洪资源化的影响。结果 通过不同调蓄方案的对比,采用可调控悬挂截渗坝代替现有截渗坝时,雨洪资源利用率可提高至20.3%;通过不同拦蓄入渗方案的对比,“不清河床+坑塘+拦水堰”方案的雨洪资源入渗量为天然条件下雨洪资源入渗量100倍以上。结论 河槽暗蓄雨洪资源化工程最佳的拦蓄入渗和调蓄组合方案为在“不清河床+坑塘+拦水堰”的情况下采用可调控悬挂截渗坝,可显著提高雨洪资源利用率。

基于应用场景的城市深部地下空间规划模式研究

地下空间开发利用是解决当前我国土地资源紧张、人口稠密、交通堵塞等诸多城市问题的一种重要途径,但当前浅层地下空间开发利用方式难以直接指导我国复杂的深地开发场景,探寻深地空间开发组织模式是我国新时期城市化发展的必然需求。通过梳理国内外深部地下空间应用场景,通过分析深地矿井、深地交通、深地储存、深地实验室等各类场景下相应空间特征以及使用需求等,总结提出了点状、线状、面状和立体网络式4种典型的深部地下空间网络组织模式,并分析4种典型发展模式的适用特征与可能的应用场景,以期为我国深地空间开发建设和场景设计提供参考借鉴。

新时期我国煤矿地下空间综合利用现状及展望

我国煤炭资源的长期大规模开采,产生了大量的地下空间,直接一关了之不仅造成地下空间资源浪费,还可能产生一系列安全、环境及经济问题,因此,如何科学、高效地解决煤矿地下空间的综合开发利用问题,对煤炭产业乃至国民经济的发展具有重要现实意义。笔者等以主要产煤省份为代表,结合调研收集的最新生产煤矿和关闭煤矿数据,深入分析了“十三五”期间生产煤矿地下空间和关闭煤矿地下空间总体情况,系统总结了国内外煤矿地下空间在储物、储能等方面的功能化利用现状,指出了当前我国煤矿地下空间利用存在资源数据信息匮乏、整体开发利用率低、相关技术研究工作仍相对滞后、可供推广借鉴的成熟示范工程较少等问题,提出了新时期煤矿地下空间基础数据库建设、利用体系构建、关键技术攻关、示范工程推广4个方面作为重点发展方向。

杭州市钱塘新区地下空间开发地质环境适宜性评价

地下空间地质环境适宜性评价是实现地下空间合理有序开发的重要环节,也是国土空间科学规划的必要前提。通过系统分析杭州市钱塘新区地质环境条件,从地形地貌、工程地质条件、水文地质条件、活动断裂及地震效应、环境地质问题等五个方面选取15个指标构建了地下空间开发地质环境适宜性评价指标体系。在此基础上,采用变权层次分析法和灰色关联分析模型,对浅层(0~15m)、次浅层(15~30m)、次深层(30~50m)地下空间进行了开发利用地质环境条件适宜性评价。结果表明,研究区浅层和次深层地下空间更适宜开发,而次浅层地下空间适宜性好和适宜性较好的总面积仅占全区的45.7%,地质环境条件复杂,具有一定的开发难度。该结果可为钱塘新区地下空间合理开发提供参考。

煤矿区固废矿化固定封存CO_(2)与减污降碳协同处置利用的研究进展

“双碳”战略目标对煤炭行业转型升级和绿色低碳发展提出了新要求。以煤为主的能源结构和煤炭高强度开发带来矿区固废占用土地空间、破坏生态环境和排放温室气体,已成为制约煤炭行业绿色低碳发展的突出问题之一。基于“利废固碳、从哪里来到哪里去”的理念,探寻煤矿区固废无害化、减量化、资源化、低碳化的处置新路径,创新发展矿区固废处置、采空区地下空间充分利用、CO_(2)捕集利用与封存(CCUS)相融合的关键技术,是“双碳”目标下我国矿区绿色低碳发展的紧迫需求。研究工作表明:煤矸石、粉煤灰、炉底渣和煤气化渣等矿区固废在矿山地下空间充填开采与沉陷治理、煤矿防灭火、建筑用材及农业等领域的资源化利用路径与处置技术已取得重要进展,为矿区固废固定封存CO_(2)研究提供了基础和启示,但矿区固废固定封存CO_(2)的工程化技术研究亟待加强;矿区固废矿化固定与封存CO_(2)潜力大、具有工程可行性,正在形成矿区固废处置-煤基CCUS-采空区充填新的技术体系;矿区固废与CO_(2)基气-液-固三相介质矿化强化、高效吸收与矿化固碳调控技术、地下空间矿化固碳充填与CO_(2)密闭封存、采空区充填固定封存CO_(2)潜力评价与碳去除量核算、采空区充填固定封存CO_(2)环境与安全性评价等将构成固废处置-煤基CCUS-采空区充填技术体系的核心内涵;矿区固废处置–煤基CCUS–采空区充填技术是未来实现“煤炭生产加工-矿区固废处置-高效矿化固碳与CO_(2)封存-地下空间充填与利用-矿区地面沉陷防治与生态修复”的无废矿山循环经济模式的关键,矿区固废+CO_(2)基地下充填与封闭功能材料研发是重要突破口。矿区固废处置、煤基CCUS、采空区充填与地下空间利用、矿区生态修复保护等融合技术研发应用为绿色低碳型矿山建设提供了新的发展思路。

浅析北京中心城区地下空间更新利用策略

土地是城市发展的宝贵资源,不能无限扩大,必须在原有土地的基础上充分发挥其潜能,提高土地的使用效率,体现城市更新的价值。加强地下空间建设与地上更新之间的联系有着重大的现实意义,不但能改善中心城区的环境,还可以发挥土地最大的商业价值与效益。在进行中心城地下空间开发和改造时,可将地上地下的交通、商业、市政等多功能整合为统一的、相互联系的整体。本文对北京中心城区3种典型的地下空间逐条分析,提出不同类型地下空间更新利用的迫切需求、原则和方式,从前期策划的视角寻求规划策略。总结为:提前策划分步实施、城市功能的补充和转移、结合现状差异化开发以及关注人的感受以共同打造高质量发展的城市环境。

站域地下公共空间的发展规律研究:以上海为例

随着城市轨道交通的快速发展,我国主要城市已开发较大规模的站域地下公共空间。然而,专门针对我国城市站域地下公共空间发展的理论研究较少,亦常缺乏时间维度的规律分析。本文以上海91处站域地下公共空间为例,深入剖析其时空发展规律与空间组织特征,为我国其他城市的地下空间开发提供借鉴。结果表明,潜在商业回报和TOD开发理念的推广是上海站域地下公共空间开发的重要动因,其时空分布规律与城镇化发展进程基本一致。城市区位、站点能级、站域空间开发水平是站域地下公共空间选址的重要影响因素。为保障地下空间连通规划的落地性,站域地下公共空间应避免采用站组域空间布局结构,应尽可能采用单级连通模式或以公共产权空间为连通媒介空间的多级连通Ⅰ类模式。

平顶山矿区煤矿地下空间资源开发利用探究

中国平煤神马集团所属平顶山矿区,经过近70年的煤炭开采,形成了大量的煤矿地下空间资源,包括井工煤矿开采后遗留的井筒、巷道、硐室、采空区以及遗留煤炭、煤层气、地热水等。有巨大开发利用潜力和价值的特殊资源,引起了诸多领域广泛的关注,开展了不同方向前期理论研究和初步试验,通过对平顶山矿区煤矿地下空间进行调查、分类和分析,结合空间赋存特点提出了开展抽水蓄能、压缩空气储能、CO_(2)地质封存、地热能利用、建立仓储库、煤层气抽采等针对性的开发利用方案,为关闭退出矿井多元化开发提供思路。

基于土体刚度和蒙特卡洛法的基坑开挖对既有市政道路沉降影响分析

随着城市建设工程的持续增加,城市地下空间开发和市政设施建设产生的交叉也越来越多,许多基坑工程会在周边市政道路已经建成的条件下进行施工,基坑施工对既有市政道路产生一定的沉降影响,市政道路产生附加变形和附加应力降低了沥青路面的疲劳寿命.针对宁波市某基坑工程施工对近接市政道路的影响为工程背景,基于Plaxis数值模拟平台采用考虑小刚度的土体硬化本构模型,分析基坑的施工和简化的交通荷载对市政道路的受力变形的影响.在此基础上,采用蒙特卡洛法和数值模拟结果对道路结构层厚度进行随机选取,以沉降量为控制指标计算出疲劳寿命对该市政道路结构层给出了优化结果.

Quantitative evaluation of the contribution of underground space to urban resilience:A case study in China

Urban underground space(UUS)development has been acknowledged as a positive contribution to urban resilience(UR).Such contribution has been qualitatively addressed in recent years,but only quantitatively discussed in few studies.Quantitative evaluation methods for UR are widely used in China and around the world,but the role of underground space is barely included.This paper provides a way to bridge this gap on the city scale.A UR evaluation framework was carefully constructed that covers the basic aspects and elements of UR.The contributions of UUS to UR were identified and integrated into the UR evaluation framework,and the measurement methods for each indicator related to UUS were determined.A case study of 19 sample cities in China were conducted using the integrated evaluation model.Correlation analysis and clustering analysis were further adopted to interpret the evaluation results,mainly with three indicators reflecting the level of UUS development,namely UUS area(m^(2)),UUS density(104 m^(2)/km^(2))and UUS area per capita(m^(2)/person).The results showed a strong correlation between UUS area and UR.The average proportion of UR provided by UUS in the 19 sample cities was 16.46%,while the maximum figure reached 29.20%.The sample cities were clustered into four categories based on the relationship between the proportion of UR provided by UUS,UUS area,and GDP per capita,where both high and low UUS area tend to provide less proportion of resilience than the medium UUS area.Corresponding suggestions for UUS utilization were proposed to assist cities in achieving urban resilience.