Measures for controlling large deformations of underground caverns under high in-situ stress condition--A case study of JinpingⅠhydropower station

The Jinping I hydropower station is a huge water conservancy project consisting of the highest concrete arch dam to date in the world and a highly complex and large underground powerhouse cavern. It is located on the right bank with extremely high in-situ stress and a few discontinuities observed in surrounding rock masses. The problems of rock mass deformation and failure result in considerable challenges related to project design and construction and have raised a wide range of concerns in the fields of rock mechanics and engineering. During the excavation of underground caverns, high in-situ stress and relatively low rock mass strength in combination with large excavation dimensions lead to large deformation of the surrounding rock mass and support. Existing experiences in excavation and support cannot deal with the large deformation of rock mass effectively, and further studies are needed. In this paper, the geological conditions, layout of caverns, and design of excavation and support are first introduced, and then detailed analyses of deformation and failure characteristics of rocks are presented. Based on this, the mechanisms of deformation and failure are discussed, and the support adjustments for controlling rock large deformation and subsequent excavation procedures are proposed. Finally, the effectiveness of support and excavation adjustments to maintain the stability of the rock mass is verified. The measures for controlling the large deformation of surrounding rocks enrich the practical experiences related to the design and construction of large underground openings, and the construction of caverns in the Jinping I hydropower station provides a good case study of large-scale excavation in highly stressed ground with complex geological structures, as well as a reference case for research on rock mechanics.

Probabilistic estimate of rock mass static and dynamic demands for underground excavation stabilisation

Excavation damage under high in situ stress depends largely upon the potential block size associated with any violent ejection.The size and shape of the dynamic instability are largely controlled by the location,orientation and extent of the pre-existing geological discontinuities.A new methodology is presented in which the rock mass demand can be expressed in terms of the mass in tonnes of unstable rock that is ejected per unit area of the excavation surface where failure occurs.A probabilistic approach has been implemented to estimate the potential rock mass instabilities and their associated static and dynamic demands.The new methodology considers that the strain energy released by the rock mass during violent stress-driven failure is largely converted into kinetic energy of ejection for blocks.The estimated dynamic demand has been favourably compared with observations of rock mass damage in a number of underground excavations.

Engineering rock mechanics practices in the underground powerhouse at JinpingⅠhydropower station

Based on the analyses of data obtained from the underground powerhouse at Jinping I hydropower station, a comprehensive review of engineering rock mechanics practice in the underground powerhouse is first conducted. The distribution of strata, lithology, and initial geo-stress, the excavation process and corresponding rock mass support measures, the deformation and failure characteristics of the surrounding rock mass, the stress characteristics of anchorage structures in the cavern complex, and numerical simulations of surrounding rock mass stability and anchor support performance are presented. The results indicate that the underground powerhouse of Jinping I hydropower station is characterized by high to extremely high geo-stresses during rock excavation. Excessive surrounding rock mass deformation and high stress of anchorage structures, surrounding rock mass unloading damage, and local cracking failure of surrounding rock masses, etc., are mainly caused by rock mass excavation. Deformations of surrounding rock masses and stresses in anchorage structures here are larger than those found elsewhere： 20% of extensometers in the main powerhouse record more than 50 mm with the maximum at around 250 mm observed in the downstream sidewall of the transformer hall. There are about 25% of the anchor bolts having recorded stresses of more than 200 MPa. Jinping I hydropower plant is the first to have an underground powerhouse construction conducted in host rocks under extremely high geo-stress conditions, with the ratio of rock mass strength to geo-stress of less than 2.0. The results can provide a reference to underground powerhouse construction in similar geological conditions.

DYNAMIC LOAD ANALYSIS OF UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE UNDER EFFECT OF BLAST WAVE

A semi-analytical method of solving the problem of dynamic stress concentration of arbitrary underground structure under the effect of blast waves was introduced. Using the Fourier transform theory, the shock waves （in the forms of SH-waves） can be converted into frequency bands. After employing complex functions and conformal mapping, the admittance functions of various underground structures were obtained. Then, the problem of the time domain dynamic stress response of underground structure can be easily solved through the Fourier inverse transform. At last, the results and curves of the dynamic stress for the square, triangle and horseshoe cavity were presented.

Determination of the maximum allowable gas pressure for an underground gas storage salt cavern——A case study of Jintan,China

Increasing the allowable gas pressure of underground gas storage(UGS) is one of the most effective methods to increase its working gas capacity. In this context, hydraulic fracturing tests are implemented on the target formation for the UGS construction of Jintan salt caverns, China, in order to obtain the minimum principal in situ stress and the fracture breakdown pressure. Based on the test results, the maximum allowable gas pressure of the Jintan UGS salt cavern is calibrated. To determine the maximum allowable gas pressure, KING-1 and KING-2 caverns are used as examples. A three-dimensional(3D)geomechanical model is established based on the sonar data of the two caverns with respect to the features of the target formation. New criteria for evaluating gas penetration failure and gas seepage are proposed. Results show that the maximum allowable gas pressure of the Jintan UGS salt cavern can be increased from 17 MPa to 18 MPa(i.e. a gradient of about 18 k Pa/m at the casing shoe depth). Based on numerical results, a field test with increasing maximum gas pressure to 18 MPa has been carried out in KING-1 cavern. Microseismic monitoring has been conducted during the test to evaluate the safety of the rock mass around the cavern. Field monitoring data show that KING-1 cavern is safe globally when the maximum gas pressure is increased from 17 MPa to 18 MPa. This shows that the geomechanical model and criteria proposed in this context for evaluating the maximum allowable gas pressure are reliable.

多层交通荷载下非对称一体化地下结构的动力响应

地下结构在交通荷载作用下的动力响应对其运营期的安全稳定有重要影响。为了探究大断面非对称一体化地下结构在多层交通荷载作用下的动力响应特征,依据工程典型断面建立有限元模型,模拟施加路表、市政、轨道三层交通荷载,分析了非对称一体化地下结构的振动响应和应力分布特征,探究了多层交通荷载共同作用产生的结构动力响应叠加规律。结果表明:非对称一体化结构的振动响应在市政交通层的左幅顶板中部最大,达0.5~0.7 m/s^(2),动应力在轨道交通层底角处最大,达0.08~0.10 MPa;地铁列车荷载是结构动应力的主要影响源,但土钉支护与桩基支撑能够有效降低动应力的影响;作用于地面的车辆荷载会对一体化结构的振动响应产生较显著影响,运营期应重点关注位于地面车辆行驶密集路段的结构。研究结果可为地下非对称一体化结构的优化设计、运营期养护提供参考。

钢板混凝土组合地下群罐罐壁受力性能分析

为探究钢板-混凝土组合地下群罐罐壁在施工回填过程中的受力性能,本研究对某实际地下群罐工程开展了现场试验,分析群罐罐壁在填土过程中外侧土压力以及环向和竖向钢筋的应力变化规律。结果表明:在土压力作用下,罐壁整体呈受压状态,环向及竖向应力最大值皆位于罐壁中部位置;罐壁竖筋应力均大于环筋应力,且最大应力约是环筋最大应力的1.5~2倍;土压力实测值分别是理论计算得到的被动土压力、静止土压力和主动土压力的0.49倍、2.01倍和6.32倍,为保证地下群罐结构受力的安全性,建议采用被动土压力作为设计用土压力。

盐、碱胁迫对4份梯牧草苗期生物量及生理特性的影响

为探究盐、碱胁迫对不同梯牧草(Phleum pratense)材料苗期生物量及生理特性的影响,本研究以4份梯牧草材料(L,S,T,W)为研究对象,以不同盐胁迫浓度以及碱胁迫浓度为试验处理,对梯牧草苗期生物量、脯氨酸及可溶性糖含量、抗氧化酶活性进行测定分析。结果表明,随着盐、碱胁迫程度增加,4份梯牧草材料根冠比、抗氧化酶活性、可溶性糖及脯氨酸含量均呈增加趋势,盐胁迫下地上、地下生物量呈降低趋势,碱胁迫下呈先增后降的趋势;不同梯牧草材料经过盐胁迫及碱胁迫处理后各指标间存在较高的相关性;通过隶属函数进行综合评价发现4份材料耐盐性排序为T>W>S>L,耐碱性排序为T>S>W>L。

复杂地质大型地下洞室群地应力场反演方法与应用

深切河谷和大型结构面影响大型地下洞室群地应力场分布,准确预测地下洞室群区域地应力场对工程建设至关重要。本文提出融合逐步多元线性回归和神经网络的联合反演,通过逐步多元回归获得合理的构造运动因素及其基准值,再通过神经网络反演获得较优的反演结果。首先,提出复杂地质条件下地下洞室群地应力场反演方法,主要包括地应力实测数据分析、3维地质模型建立、逐步多元线性回归与BP人工神经网络联合反演,以及基于洞室围岩应力型破坏特征的结果验证。该方法从历史构造运动出发,约束多元回归因素及其回归系数,解决剪应力偏差过大的问题,并通过历史地质构造分析、实测地应力分析和洞室群应力型破坏特征等多源约束和验证,提高地应力反演结果的准确性。以叶巴滩水电站地下洞室群为例,对该方法进行工程应用。研究结果表明:叶巴滩水电站地下洞室群最大主应力为25~30MPa,方向为NWW-EW方位,缓倾向河谷,洞室开挖后上游侧拱肩和下游侧墙脚易发生应力型破坏;断层等大型结构面严重影响了地应力分布,临近断层部位最大主应力量值减小,方向近于垂直断层,在距断层5~10m范围内最大主应力量值迅速增大至原岩应力,方位逐渐转为近平行断层,与宏观主应力方向接近;密集发育的断层,是导致叶巴滩水电站地下洞室群区域主应力变异性强的主要原因。本研究阐明了深切河谷和多结构面共同作用下地下洞室群地应力场分布规律,特别是断层附近地应力场的变异特征,为地下洞室群应力集中区和应力型灾害部位预测提供基础依据。

气顶砂岩油藏型储气库运行上限压力和库容量定量评价研究

提高运行上限压力是增加储气库工作气量最直接、最有效且综合效益最优的方案。通过在矿场井中原位实测得到的最小主应力,对冀东南堡油田1-29气顶砂岩油藏型储气库的运行上限压力和库容量进行了定量评价,研究结果表明:基于最小主应力准则,盖层发生拉张破坏对应的上限压力最低,即根据实测最小主应力确定南堡油田1-29储气库的运行上限压力为27.2 MPa。基于有效库容计算模型,综合考虑气层含水量、残余水和边缘孔隙以及油层的波及系数、气驱液效率和含油空间利用率等因素,将上限压力从原始地层压力22.5 MPa提升到27.2 MPa,储气库的有效库容从15.46×10^(8)m^(3)增加到18.14×10^(8)m^(3),库容量增加约17.3%,预期可显著提升储气库的经济效益。研究成果对其他地下储气库运行上限压力和库容量定量评价具有一定参考价值。

辽宁锦州南部应力场特征及其对地下水封油库稳定性影响分析

区域应力场是构造运动的驱动力,是地壳应力研究中的重要内容,现今构造应力与地质资源的储存、开采及基础建设工程的设计实施具有密切联系。文章对锦州南部地区9个钻孔进行了翔实的现场水压致裂原地应力测试,并依据强度与应力指标,对应力状态和岩爆风险分别进行了评价与预测。结果表明,测区最大和最小水平主应力量值分别为3.92~17.33 MPa和3.00~8.93 MPa,垂直应力值为0.80~4.58 MPa,最大水平主应力方向在N33°~88°E之间,优势方位为N72°E;地应力评价结果显示为低~很低应力状态,工程区地下厂房附近无岩爆风险。

煤炭地下气化通道传热下顶板岩温度和应力研究

针对煤炭地下气化中的顶板岩稳定和气化热利用问题,建立了热—流—固耦合的流场和应力场计算模型,模拟研究了气化通道传热下顶板岩的温度、应力变化。结果表明,燃烧面前的顶板岩升温幅度低于燃烧面后的;随着燃烧面的推进,气化通道周围顶板岩的升温幅度和升温区域增大;高温可大幅增加顶板岩底部的拉应力和剪应力,最大可增加10倍以上;最大拉应力和最大剪应力发生在燃烧面所在的顶板岩底部位置,顶板岩主要发生拉伸破坏。

高地应力下双江口地下厂房围岩破坏特征及影响因素分析

双江口水电站作为大渡河流域水电梯级开发的上游控制性重点水库工程,受深山峡谷地域条件影响,地下厂房存在埋深大且地应力高的工程特点。以主厂房为研究对象,统计归纳了爆破开挖中现场围岩变形及破坏特征,并阐释了高地应力条件下岩体破坏机制及影响因素。研究结果表明,双江口水电站地下厂房爆破开挖过程中围岩主要发生板裂、板片状破裂、V型破裂以及应力与结构协同作用破坏四种主要类型。其中,板状破裂主要发育在边墙、顶拱及掌子面;板片状破裂和V型破裂主要发育在拱肩部位,破裂深度一般大于40 cm;应力与结构协同破坏围绕断层或节理聚集区,破坏规模不等且可预见性较差。

高水平应力巷道宽高比对围岩变形影响研究

为研究高水平应力巷道宽高比对围岩变形的影响,以某矿42103工作面为研究背景,利用FLAC~(3D)软件,模拟巷道宽高比对围岩应力状态、剪切破坏程度和位移量变化的作用。模拟结果表明,高水平应力作用下,巷道宽高比越大,围岩应力集中程度越小且不容易出现拉应力,分布更为合理,顶板剪切应变集中范围更小;剪切应变较高区域主要集中于两顶角位置,相对孤立,对顶板的剪切效应较低;顶板位移随宽高比变化不敏感,而两帮的位移随着宽高比的增加而逐渐减小,减小的幅度比较大。现场应用后,巷道围岩没有发生明显变形和离层,稳定性程度大大增强。

某大型城市地下空间项目楼板应力分析

大型城市地下空间结构平面尺度大、功能多样,结构楼板在温度作用、楼板开洞等复杂因素的影响下呈现出较为复杂的应力状态。以某大型地下空间项目为例,对地下结构温度荷载取值需要考虑的因素进行了详细的介绍,采用MidasGEN建立了有限元模型,对超长结构在温度荷载作用下的楼板应力进行了分析。同时,针对地下室顶板开设较大的洞口,对土压力作用下洞口周边板带的受力进行了较为深入的研究。结果表明:在温度作用下,结构楼板在较大洞口周边、墙体转角处存在应力集中的现象,在下沉广场处温差较大,楼板应力相对较大,结构设计应进行有针对性的加强。在土压力的作用下,局部板带呈现出平面内受弯的受力特点,应加强楼板的配筋构造,对靠近洞边区域楼板根据计算应力进行配筋设计。有关分析方法和结论可供同类工程项目参考。

拉拉铜矿落凼矿区深部地应力场特征及岩爆预测分析

拉拉铜矿位于川滇应力区中部,浅部资源接近开采结束,逐步由露天开采全面转为地下开采,由于其深部开采地质条件复杂,落凼深部矿区将面对开采过程中的地应力问题。以拉拉铜矿落凼矿区深部地应力场特征为研究对象,开展了10个钻孔的应力解除法地应力测试、22组围岩室内物理力学测试,结合国标法、Barton法及陶振宇法3种应力判据完成了深部开采区域的岩爆预测分析。结果表明:地应力值浅部离散分布,深部线性增长;最大主应力方向整体离散;岩爆程度随深度逐渐增大,浅部离散分布,深部逐渐集中,东区1 780 m标高可能出现强烈岩爆的现象;结合矿区断层及测试点分布特征,指出矿区断层及地层对地应力测试结果的影响,为该类金属矿山深部灾害预防及安全开采提供有益的参考。

考虑地基弹性约束的地下超长混凝土顶板裂缝控制研究

对于地下超长混凝土结构,顶板的裂缝控制显得尤为重要。论文针对地下超长混凝土结构的底板施加弹簧约束,分析了不同弹簧刚度约束情况下的温度应力变化情况。结果表明,通过减小地基土对筏板的摩擦约束,可以显著减小温度应力,同时,对地下超长混凝土结构裂缝控制措施进行了总结归纳。

超高应力区脆性硬岩洞室围岩分类修正研究

技施阶段高-超高地应力区地下洞室围岩分类对定性和定量分析评价围岩稳定性、指导现场设计、施工及支护至关重要。本文以HC法为基础岩体质量基本判据,以新生裂隙、爆破预裂一周后开挖面的残孔率、岩爆破坏深度、岩爆特征等现场可直接获取的定性或定量资料作为修正判据,提出了超高地应力条件下,脆性硬质岩的围岩分类地应力影响修正因素评分表(双江口修正表)、考虑地应力修正的围岩分类判定表(双江口法)和围岩分类步骤。实践证明,双江口法能够提高(超)高应力区脆性硬质岩的围岩分类判定的准确性,可以为支护设计提供更加准确的依据,对其他类似工程有一定的借鉴意义。

干砂地基初始应力对爆炸波传播影响的模型试验

为了研究砂土地基初始应力对爆炸波压力峰值、上升时间、传播速度和初始应力动态卸载等传播规律的影响,开展多组干砂地基常重力和超重力爆炸模型试验.试验结果表明,初始自重应力会抑制爆炸波近区压力峰值的增长,而对远区的影响较小.初始应力的增加使得爆炸波上升时间更长,更易由冲击波衰减为弹塑性波,并使得爆炸波波速增大.超重力试验通过还原砂土地基的原型自重应力,能够模拟爆炸荷载诱发砂土地基初始应力动态卸载的过程,形成爆炸压力和土体初始应力动态卸载拉应力的耦合波,动态卸载拉应力持续时间更长.与爆炸波压应力的比冲量相比,初始应力动态卸载拉应力的比冲量随着传播距离的增加逐渐成为爆炸能量的主要部分,其产生的破坏作用不可忽视.

红桥关隧道穿越川主寺1^(#)断层破碎带施工技术研究

以新建成兰铁路红桥关隧道D1K255+794.5~D1K255+756段穿越川主寺1^(#)断层破碎带发生的变形破坏为工程背景,根据出现的初期支护拱墙喷射混凝土剥落、掉块、钢筋网片拉裂、钢架扭曲变形和断裂现象,分别从地应力、地质构造、地下水和设计参数等方面阐述隧道变形破坏要因,通过采取钢花管注浆加固和套拱技术、断面扫描监测技术、侵限处理技术、地应力量测技术等综合解决红桥关隧道断层破碎带变形破坏问题,同时也为设计参数的优化调整提供依据。