Design Principles and Mechanistic Understandings of Non-Noble-Metal Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Zinc-Air Batteries

Zinc-air batteries(ZABs)are promising energy storage systems because of high theoretical energy density,safety,low cost,and abundance of zinc.However,the slow multi-step reaction of oxygen and heavy reliance on noble-metal catalysts hinder the practical applications of ZABs.Therefore,feasible and advanced non-noble-metal elec-trocatalysts for air cathodes need to be identified to promote the oxygen catalytic reaction.In this review,we initially introduced the advancement of ZABs in the past two decades and provided an overview of key developments in this field.Then,we discussed the work-ing mechanism and the design of bifunctional electrocatalysts from the perspective of morphology design,crystal structure tuning,interface strategy,and atomic engineering.We also included theoretical studies,machine learning,and advanced characterization technologies to provide a comprehensive understanding of the structure-performance relationship of electrocatalysts and the reaction pathways of the oxygen redox reactions.Finally,we discussed the challenges and prospects related to designing advanced non-noble-metal bifunctional electrocatalysts for ZABs.

The Four Dimensional Connotation Definition of Scientific Understanding of the Ocean and Human Practical Achievements

By analyzing the sustainable development process of strengthening marine environmental protection and global reporting and assessment of marine environmental conditions since the Human Environment Conference, this paper summarizes the scientific connotation of “scientific understanding of the ocean” reflected in the United Nations Global Marine Environmental Assessment Report, proposes the etymological definition and specific coverage, representative global and regional practical experience of scientific understanding of the ocean, and further analyzes and defines the human activities and cognitive evolution process of “scientific understanding of the ocean”. It marks the leap in human cognition in four dimensions: observation and evaluation, intervention and regulation, disciplinary knowledge system, and supporting guarantee system. It condenses the connotation definitions and human practical achievements of each dimension, and puts forward countermeasures and suggestions to strengthen marine environmental protection and sustainable development.

What-If XAI Framework (WiXAI): From Counterfactuals towards Causal Understanding

People learn causal relations since childhood using counterfactual reasoning. Counterfactual reasoning uses counterfactual examples which take the form of “what if this has happened differently”. Counterfactual examples are also the basis of counterfactual explanation in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). However, a framework that relies solely on optimization algorithms to find and present counterfactual samples cannot help users gain a deeper understanding of the system. Without a way to verify their understanding, the users can even be misled by such explanations. Such limitations can be overcome through an interactive and iterative framework that allows the users to explore their desired “what-if” scenarios. The purpose of our research is to develop such a framework. In this paper, we present our “what-if” XAI framework (WiXAI), which visualizes the artificial intelligence (AI) classification model from the perspective of the user’s sample and guides their “what-if” exploration. We also formulated how to use the WiXAI framework to generate counterfactuals and understand the feature-feature and feature-output relations in-depth for a local sample. These relations help move the users toward causal understanding.

A Study on High School Mathematics Teaching Design Based on Teaching for Robust Understanding: Taking the Cosine Theorem as an Example

Teachers’teaching behavior plays a crucial role in students’development,and there are problems in the current teaching behavior of mathematics teachers such as ignoring students’cognitive needs,lack of equal opportunities for students’classroom performance as well as lack of formative evaluation of students.In order to solve the phenomenon,this paper analyzes and explains how to promote teaching based on the Teaching for Robust Understanding(TRU)evaluation framework with the goal of focusing on the development of all students,taking the teaching design of The Cosine Theorem as an example,and provides ideas and methods for first-line high school mathematics teachers.

Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction to Ethylene:From Mechanistic Understanding to Catalyst Surface Engineering

Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)provides a promising way to convert CO_(2)to chemicals.The multicarbon(C_(2+))products,especially ethylene,are of great interest due to their versatile industrial applications.However,selectively reducing CO_(2)to ethylene is still challenging as the additional energy required for the C–C coupling step results in large overpotential and many competing products.Nonetheless,mechanistic understanding of the key steps and preferred reaction pathways/conditions,as well as rational design of novel catalysts for ethylene production have been regarded as promising approaches to achieving the highly efficient and selective CO_(2)RR.In this review,we first illustrate the key steps for CO_(2)RR to ethylene(e.g.,CO_(2)adsorption/activation,formation of~*CO intermediate,C–C coupling step),offering mechanistic understanding of CO_(2)RR conversion to ethylene.Then the alternative reaction pathways and conditions for the formation of ethylene and competitive products(C_1 and other C_(2+)products)are investigated,guiding the further design and development of preferred conditions for ethylene generation.Engineering strategies of Cu-based catalysts for CO_(2)RR-ethylene are further summarized,and the correlations of reaction mechanism/pathways,engineering strategies and selectivity are elaborated.Finally,major challenges and perspectives in the research area of CO_(2)RR are proposed for future development and practical applications.

The Effect of Latinization on Reading Time and Understanding: Greeklish in Communication and Social Media

The increasing prevalence of technology in society has an impact on young people’s language use and development. Greeklish is the writing of Greek texts using the Latin instead of the Greek alphabet, a practice known as Latinization, also employed for many non-latin alphabet languages. The primary aim of this research is to evaluate the effect of Greeklish on reading time. A sample of 732 young Greeks were asked about their habits when communicating through e-mail and social media with their friends and they then participated in an experiment in which they were asked to read and understand two short texts, one written in Greek and the other in Greeklish. The findings of the research show that nearly one third of the participants use Greeklish. The results of the experiment conducted reveal that understanding is not affected by the alphabet used but reading Greeklish is significantly more time consuming than reading Greek independently of the sex and the familiarity of the participants with Greeklish. The findings suggest that amending social and communication media with software utilities related to Latinization such as language identifiers and converters may reduce reading time and thus facilitate written communication among the users.

Solving Algebraic Problems with Geometry Diagrams Using Syntax-Semantics Diagram Understanding

Solving Algebraic Problems with Geometry Diagrams(APGDs)poses a significant challenge in artificial intelligence due to the complex and diverse geometric relations among geometric objects.Problems typically involve both textual descriptions and geometry diagrams,requiring a joint understanding of these modalities.Although considerable progress has been made in solving math word problems,research on solving APGDs still cannot discover implicit geometry knowledge for solving APGDs,which limits their ability to effectively solve problems.In this study,a systematic and modular three-phase scheme is proposed to design an algorithm for solving APGDs that involve textual and diagrammatic information.The three-phase scheme begins with the application of the statetransformer paradigm,modeling the problem-solving process and effectively representing the intermediate states and transformations during the process.Next,a generalized APGD-solving approach is introduced to effectively extract geometric knowledge from the problem’s textual descriptions and diagrams.Finally,a specific algorithm is designed focusing on diagram understanding,which utilizes the vectorized syntax-semantics model to extract basic geometric relations from the diagram.A method for generating derived relations,which are essential for solving APGDs,is also introduced.Experiments on real-world datasets,including geometry calculation problems and shaded area problems,demonstrate that the proposed diagram understanding method significantly improves problem-solving accuracy compared to methods relying solely on simple diagram parsing.

The Chinese Association for International Understanding Holds Lecture II of the Civilisation Lecture Series

On December 6th,2023,the Chinese Association for International Understanding(CAFIU)held Lecture II of the Civilisation Lecture Series in Paramaribo,the capital of Suriname.Ai Ping,Vice-President of CAFIU,delivered a keynote speech.Han Jing,the Chinese Ambassador to Suriname,delivered a speech.

Tiêu Equation Experimentation of Understanding by Energy Transfer Quantum Mechanics

Background: The Tiêu equation has a ground roots approach to the process of Quantum Biology and goes deeper through the incorporation of Quantum Mechanics. The process can be measured in plant, animal, and human usage through a variety of experimental or testing forms. Animal studies were conducted for which, in the first day of the study all the animals consistently gained dramatic weight, even as a toxic substance was introduced as described in the introduction of the paper to harm animal subjects which induced weight loss through toxicity. Tests can be made by incorporating blood report results. Human patients were also observed to show improvement to their health as administration of the substance was introduced to the biological mechanism and plants were initially exposed to the substance to observe results. This is consistent with the Tiêu equation which provides that wave function is created as the introduction of the substance to the biological mechanism which supports Quantum Mechanics. The Tiêu equation demonstrates that Quantum Mechanics moves a particle by temperature producing energy thru the blood-brain barrier for example. Methods: The methods for the Tiêu equation incorporate animal studies to include the substance administered through laboratory standards using Good Laboratory Practices under Title 40 C.F.R. § 158. Human patients were treated with the substance by medical professionals who are experts in their field and have knowledge to the response of patients. Plant applications were acquired for observation and guidance of ongoing experiments of animals’ representative for the biologics mechanism. Results: The animal studies along with patient blood testing results have been an impressive line that has followed the Tiêu equation to consistently show improvement in the introduction of the innovation to biologic mechanisms. The mechanism responds to the substance by producing energy to the mechanism with efficient effect. For plant observations, plant organisms responded, and were seen as showing improvement thru visual observation.

Current Situation and Implementation Paths of International Understanding Education in Local Application-oriented Universities

It is urgent and necessary to implement international understanding education in local application-oriented colleges and universities.Improving the international competitiveness of talents and cultivating global citizens is one of the goals of higher education.This paper discussed the problems of international understanding education in local application-oriented colleges and universities,including weak policy orientation,insufficient practical exploration,aphasia of national culture,etc.It is recommended to implement the international understanding education from two ways:subject penetration and project-based professional courses.In addition,the introduction of Chinese culture cannot be ignored to prevent the absence of national culture in cross-cultural communication.

Research on the Interrelationship among Understanding, Memory and Oral Expression in Listening Teaching of non-English in Higher Vocational College

This is a research report on the interrelationship among understanding, memory and oral expression in listening comprehension training. The research investigated 150 non-English majors through a questionnaire in a higher vocational college. The result indicates that the interrelationship among understanding, memory and oral expression in listening classes which are determined by the listening materials and teaching method directly influences students' listening proficiency and speaking ability. It is suggested that some strategies to be used to foster students' abilities in these three areas so as to improve their listening ability.

Failure of Aspired Understanding Among the Human Race——On the Theme of A Passage to India

The author attempts to interpret the theme of A Passsage to India by analyzing the major events and characterization. It is indicated in the thesis that E.M.Forster highlights the failure of aspired understanding between different races, different people and even within a person. In other words, in many cases people have aspirations for understanding, but in reality the real understanding is very difficult to fulfill.

哲学概念翻译的格义、立名与正名——以understanding的汉译为例

哲学的核心问题是概念考察,概念翻译成为哲学翻译的核心问题。哲学概念因其含义丰富而使翻译尤其困难,其译名从诞生到接受往往会经历一个漫长而复杂的过程。借用美国修辞学家伯克的新修辞学思想,以洛克认识论核心概念“understanding”汉译史上先后出现的“悟性”“理解”“认识”“理智”等几个代表性译名为例探讨哲学概念翻译过程中的格义、立名与正名现象,并对其中的动因及影响进行分析,以期对哲学翻译,尤其是哲学概念的翻译有所裨益。

体裁理论研究概观——兼Understanding Genre一文述评

最近20年来,体裁理论、体裁分析以及体裁教学在我国学界呈现出方兴未艾的趋势。然而,国内的研究对新修辞学派体裁观的关注和应用仍然不足,这就不利于对专业或学术语篇进行多维度的有效分析。本期登载的丹麦哥本哈根大学Auken博士撰写的长文Understanding Genre,围绕"体裁是基于日常的情境而产生的典型性的社会行为"这一论断,阐述了该理论和实践研究最基本的六个特征。基于对该文的理解和国内研究现状,我们提出未来体裁研究的建议。

Cultural Context and Humor Understanding

"Humor"is a very general word,which has been studied by numerous scholars from different points of view,pursuing different goals and using different assumptions.This paper holds that cultural context counts for the production and perception of humor.

Osteoarthritis:toward a comprehensive understanding of pathological mechanism

Osteoarthritis （OA） is the most common degenerative joint disease and a major cause of pain and disability in adult individuals. The etiology of OA includes joint injury, obesity, aging, and heredity. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms of OA initiation and progression remain poorly understood and, currently, there are no interventions available to restore degraded cartilage or decelerate disease progression. The diathrodial joint is a complicated organ and its function is to bear weight, perform physical activity and exhibit a joint-specific range of motion during movement. During OA development, the entire joint organ is affected, including articular cartilage, subchondral bone, synovial tissue and meniscus. A full understanding of the pathological mechanism of OA development relies on the discovery of the interplaying mechanisms among different OA symptoms, including articular cartilage degradation, osteophyte formation, subchondral sclerosis and synovial hyperplasia, and the signaling pathway（s） controlling these pathological processes.

Simulation of Cyber-Physical Systems of Systems： Some Research Areas-Computational Understanding, Awareness, and Wisdom

After a brief emphasis about the interconnected world, including Cyber-Physical Systems of Systems, the increasing importance of the decision-making by autonomous, quasi-autonomous, and autonomic systems is emphasised. Promising roles of computational understanding, computational awareness, and computational wisdom for better autonomous decision-making are outlined. The contributions of simulation-based approaches are listed.

China's shale gas exploration and development: Understanding and practice

Through detailed analyses of the distribution characteristics of organic-rich shale, appearance features of high-quality shale, microscopic characteristics of shale reservoir rocks, fracability, and the relationship between preservation conditions and shale gas enrichment in Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin, theoretical understandings and specific suggestions with respect to the exploration and development of shale gas in China are summarized and proposed respectively. Important geological understandings in the exploration and development of shale gas of the Wufeng Formation–Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin can be summarized into the following aspects: depositional environment and depositional process control the distribution of organic-rich shale; high quality shale in "sweet spot segments" are commonly characterized by high content of organic carbon, high brittleness, high porosity and gas content; organic pores are important storage space for the enrichment of shale gas; preservation conditions are the key factor for the geological evaluation of shale gas in structurally complex regions; shale gas can be considered as "artificial gas reservoirs" and the fracability assessment is essential for high-production; nanoscale storage space and the mode of occurrence control the special seepage characteristics of shale gas. The following suggestions are proposed for the development of China's shale gas industry:(1) focus more on fundamental research to achieve new breakthrough in the geological theory of shale gas;(2) emphasize exploration practices to have all-round discoveries in multiple strata;(3) study the regularities of development and production to establish new models of shale gas development;(4) think creatively to invent new technologies to tackle key problems;(5) explore the management innovation to create new mechanisms in shale gas development.

Relevance of early intervention in Fahr's disease: understanding through a case study

SUMMARY Intracranial calcification may result from disturbances in calcium metabolism. It often remains asymptomatic, but may present with symptoms like seizure and neurological deficits. Correction of the underlying metabolic disturbance before damage of neuronal tissues due to intracranial calcification may be useful in preventing irreversible neurological deficits. This window period may be the crucial period that needs a thorough clinical evaluation and urgent intervention. We highlight the case of an adult woman with Fahr's disease presented with generalised tonic-clonic seizure. The management priorities were also discussed along with review of literature.

Understanding the effect of propofol and electrical cardioversion on the systolic blood pressure of emergency department patients with atrial fibrillation

Dear editor, We read with pleasure the well-designed study by Butler et al of electrical cardioversion of emergency department patients with atrial fibrillation. We appreciate their analysis of the distinctives of procedural sedation when employed for this indication. Understanding the dosing adjustments to propofol undertaken by their sedationists will help us more carefully evaluate our own approach to sedating patients undergoing electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation.