Numerical study on vertical structures of undertow inside and outside the surf zone

Nearshore shoaling and breaking waves can drive a complex circulation system of wave-induced currents. In the cross-shore direction, the local vertical imbalance between the gradient of radiation stress and that of pressure due to the setup drives an offshore flow near the bottom, called ‘undertow’, which plays a significant role in the beach profile evolution and the structure stability in coastal regions. A 1DV undertow model was developed based on the relationship between the turbulent shear stress and the gradient of horizontal current velocity. A shear stress boundary condition at the wave trough level derived from the momentum balance equation combined with a no-slip condition at the sea bed were applied to solve the vertical structure of undertow. The turbulent eddy viscosity was assumed to be relevant to the breaking energy dissipation and linearly distributed over depth. The wave characteristics as inputs for the present model were obtained by solving an extended wave energy balance equation incorporating the surface roller effect. Numerical results showed generally good agreements with three series of experimental data for various bathymetries and wave conditions. Comparisons indicated that the formula proposed in this paper for the shear stress at wave trough level could reasonably improve the modeled undertow profiles especially outside the surf zone and a little distance shoreward of the breaking point, and revealed that the model performs well in simulating both vertical and horizontal distributions of undertow and is capable of providing hydrodynamic forcing for the cross-shore sediment transport.

Numerical Modeling of the Undertow Structure and Sandbar Migration in the Surfzone

A process-based 3D numerical model for surfzone hydrodynamics and beach evolution was established. Comparisons between the experimental data and model results proved that the model could effectively describe the hydrodynamics, sediment transport feature and sandbar migration process in the surfzone with satisfactory precision. A series of numerical simulations on the wave breaking and shoaling up to a barred beach were carried out based on the model system. Analyzed from the model results, the wave-induced current system in the surfzone consists of two major processes, which are the phase-averaged undertow caused by wave breaking and the net drift caused by both of the nonlinear wave motion and surface roller effect. When storm waves come to the barred beach, the strong offshore undertow along the beach suppresses the onshore net drift, making the initial sandbar migrate to the seaside. Under the condition of calm wave environment, both the undertow and net drift flow to the shoreline at the offshore side of the sandbar, and then push the initial sandbar to the shoreline. The consideration of surface roller has significant impact on the modeling results of the sandbar migration. As the roller transfer rate increases, the sandbar moves onshore especially under the storm wave condition.

Predicting Net Cross-Shore Total Load Transport: A Phase-Averaging, Quasi-Steady Approach Incorporating Undertow Contribution

Wave shapes that induce velocity skewness and acceleration asymmetry are usually responsible for onshore sediment transport, whereas undertow and bottom slope effect normally contribute to offshore sediment transport. By incorporating these counteracting driving forces in a phase-averaged manner, the theoretically-based quasi-steady formula of Wang （2007） is modified to predict the magnitude and direction of net cross-shore total load transport under the coaction of wave and current. The predictions show an excellent agreement with the measurement data on medium and fine sand collected by Dohmen-Janssen and Hanes （2002） and Schretlen （2012） in a full-scale wave flume at the Coastal Research Centre in Hannover, Germany. The modified formula can predict the net onshore transport of fine sand in sheet flows. In particular, it can predict the net offshore transport of medium sand in rippled beds through enlarged bed roughness, as well as the net offshore transport of fine-to-coarse sand in sheet flows with the aid of a new criterion to judge the occurrence of net offshore transport.

基于微服务技术的安全用电管理平台设计

随着社会用电需求的不断增加,用电安全隐患越发明显,用电安全已成为当今亟需深入探索并加以解决的重大课题。以减少电气火灾事故为总体设计目标,对RPC通信、指标数据解析与推送等进行了研究,设计了包含基于微服务的RPC通信、数据解析与实时监控、统计分析等功能,具有接口通信稳定、QPS高、支持接入多终端等特点的安全用电管理平台。

沙质海岸破波带内底部离岸流及沙坝迁移数值模拟研究

建立了破波带内三维水动力泥沙数学模型体系,模型中同时考虑了波浪、波生底部离岸流、非粘性泥沙运动及地貌演变等动力机制。通过波浪水槽实验实测水、沙及地形数据验证,所建模式可有效模拟破波带内底部离岸流、泥沙运动过程及离岸沙坝的随时间迁移规律。模拟成果表明波浪破碎后引起的波生流系在破波带内形成一个时均垂向环流结构,其中底部时均流向指向外海,表层则指向近岸,靠近破波点处,底部离岸流的流速逐渐降低。在时均垂向环流体系的输送下,破波带内被波浪掀起的床面泥沙在底部离岸流作用下持续向外海输送,并在破波点附近堆积形成沙坝。沙坝的形成改变了局部波流场结构,在波浪的持续作用下逐渐向外海运移直至剖面达到基本平衡。

A Three-Dimensional Nearshore Hydrodynamic Model with Depth-Dependent Radiation Stresses

For the simulation of the three-dimensional（3D）nearshore circulation,a 3D hydrodynamic model is developed by taking into account the depth-dependent radiation stresses.Expressions for depth-dependent radiation stresses in the Cartesian coordinates are introduced on the basis of the linear wave theory,and then vertical variations of depth-dependent radiation stresses are discussed.The 3D hydrodynamic model of ELCIRC（Eulerian-Lagrangian CIRCulation）is extended by adding the terms of the depth-dependent or depth-averaged radiation stresses in the momentum equations.The wave set-up,set-down and undertow are simulated by the extended ELCIRC model based on the wave fields provided by the experiment or the REF/DIF wave model.The simulated results with the depth-dependent and depth-averaged radiation stresses both show good agreement with the experimental data for wave set-up and set-down.The undertow profiles predicted by the model with the depth-dependent radiation stresses are also consistent with the experimental results,while the model with the depth-averaged radiation stresses can not reflect the vertical distribution of undertow.

基于间断有限元方法的三维近岸波生流数值模型建立

在三维水动力模型中引入三维辐射应力,水滚影响以及波浪附加紊动效应,并基于间断有限元方法建立了非结构化网格三维波生流数值模型。采用实验室内斜坡地形条件下正向入射波在破波带附近产生的近底回流和斜向入射波产生的沿岸流对模型进行了验证。结果表明,计算值与实测值吻合程度较好,该模型可以较好地描述三维近岸波生流。

Three-dimensional numerical modeling of nearshore circulation

A three-dimensional nearshore circulation model was developed by coupling CH3D, a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model and REF/DIF, a nearshore wave transformation model. The model solves the three-dimensional wave-averaged equations of motion. Wave-induced effects on circulation were introduced in the form of radiation stresses, wave-induced mass transport, wave-induced enhancement of bottom friction and wave-induced turbulent mixing. Effects of breaking waves were considered following Svendsen (1984a and 1984b) and Stive and Wind (1986). The model was successfully tested against the analytical solution of longshore currents by Longuet and Higgins (1970). The model successfully simulated the undertow as observed in a laboratory experiment by Stive and Wind (1982). In addition, the model was applied to a physical model by Mory and Hamm (1997) and successfully reproduced the eddy behind a detached breakwater as well as the longshore current on the open beach and the contiguous eddy in the open area of the wave tank. While the qualitative agreement between model results and experimental observations was very good, the quantitative agreement needs to be further improved. Albeit difficult to explain every discrepancy between the model results and observations, in general, sources of errors are attributed to the lack of understanding and comprehensive description of following processes: (1)the horizontal and vertical distribution of radiation stress, especially for breaking waves;(2)the detailed structure of turbulence;(3)Wave-current interaction (not included at this moment); and (4)the wave-current boundary layer and the resulting bottom shear stress.

基于HMM的说话人识别中下溢问题的修正

基于隐马尔可夫模型构造说话人识别系统,涉及到评估、识别、训练三个基本问题,相应地采用前-后向算法、Viterbi算法、Baum-Welch算法来进行编程实现。在实现过程中,发现和的下溢问题,提出了采取增加比例因子对其加以修正的方法。

截潜工程在计算山前侧向补给量中的应用

在计算山前侧向补给量的方法中,最常用的就是达西断面法,但达西断面法需要获取较多的参数,对于山前无钻孔或只有少量钻孔且水文地质研究程度较低的区域,很难采用达西断面法来计算得到山前侧向补给量。对于无法运用达西断面法但存在完整式截潜工程的山丘区,可以结合完整式截潜工程的截潜量利用水量均衡法计算山前侧向补给量。

Numerical Simulation of the Three-Dimensional Wave-Induced Currents on Unstructured Grid

By coupling the three-dimensional hydrodynamic model with the wave model, numerical simulations of the three- dimensional wave-induced current are carried out in this study. The wave model is based on the numerical solution of the modified wave action equation and eikonal equation, which can describe the wave refraction and diffraction. The hydrodynamic model is driven by the wave-induced radiation stresses and affected by the wave turbulence. The numerical implementation of the module has used the finite-volume schemes on unstructured grid, which provides great flexibility for modeling the waves and currents in the complex actual nearshore, and ensures the conservation of energy propagation. The applicability of the proposed model is evaluated in calculating the cases of wave set-up, longshore currents, undertow on a sloping beach, rip currents and meandering longshore currents on a tri-cuspate beach. The results indicate that it is necessary to introduce the depth-dependent radiation stresses into the numerical simulation of wave-induced currents, and comparisons show that the present model makes better prediction on the wave procedure as well as both horizontal and vertical structures in the wave-induced current field.

三维辐射应力引起的海底回流垂向分布

海底回流对近岸地形演变起到重要作用。文章给出了应用不同三维辐射应力得到的海底回流的解析解。在推导海底回流解析解时,涡黏系数分别选用了抛物线型、线性和垂向常数涡黏系数,讨论了他们对海底回流垂向变化的影响,给出了考虑不同三维辐射应力的海底回流解析解结果与试验结果的对比。最后将不同学者建立的三维辐射应力加入到本文数学模型中,对海底回流试验结果进行了数值模拟。

重力沉降-浓缩稳态过程数学模型及模拟

浓缩过程现代数学模型的建立,为沉降-浓缩工艺过程模拟仿真及其设备的选型设计提供了强有力的工具。在工业实践中,浓缩设备通常处于稳态运行状态。因此,建立浓缩机稳态过程数学模型,进行浓缩过程稳态模拟仿真,对了解浓缩工艺过程,优化浓缩工艺参数有非常重要的意义。本文通过对工业稳态浓缩过程进行研究,建立了浓缩过程稳态数学模型,并初步开发了稳态浓缩过程仿真程序。又通过对理想浓缩机进行了稳态模拟仿真,得到稳态过程的浓缩设备工艺参数的变化及其规律和浓缩机给料参数发生变化时对工艺过程的影响,尤其是对底流浓度的影响,其模拟结果可作为浓缩机设计的重要参考。

深锥沉降槽控制系统的研究与设计

在铝矿石用碱稀释成铝酸钠溶液与赤泥混合物过程中,絮凝剂添加量过高或过低都将影响沉降速度和分离效率,分离的赤泥排放量影响靶机安全运行,因而絮凝剂添加量和底流排放需要控制在合理范围内。本文对深锥沉降槽沉降机理进行分析,基于深锥沉降槽物料平衡关系,考虑到絮凝剂、底流密度、泥位等对沉降速度的影响,建立了絮凝剂添加和底流控制模型。依据絮凝剂质量与进料料浆中固体质量成比例的关系,设计了絮凝剂开环控制结构;依据分离沉降槽控制工艺,分离沉降槽底流排放采用双闭环底流控制结构,内环底流密度控制采用常规PID结构,外环泥层高度控制采用模糊控制器结构;依据洗涤沉降槽洗涤工艺,洗涤沉降槽的底流密度控制采用常规PID结构:研究结果表明,该方法能够提高沉降槽的生产效率,降低系统能耗,保障系统可靠运行,沉降槽絮凝剂添加量和底流排放控制在应用中取得了很好效果。

旋流器空气柱特性的研究

旋流器因具有剪切洗涤作用而成为食品工业中不可替代的分离设备,但是在使用的过程中水力旋流器存在空气柱,会增大能耗、降低分离效率,这也直接影响了旋流器在食品工业中的发展前景。此次研究通过试验和CFD数值模拟相结合的方法对旋流器空气柱的特性进行研究。结果表明:由两端出口进入的空气在相遇后会形成空气柱,并且从底流口进入的空气速度明显高于从溢流口进入的空气速度;随着底流背压的增大,空气柱直径逐渐变小,直到完全消失。