Evaluation of empirical estimation of uniaxial compressive strength of rock using measurements from index and physical tests

The uniaxial compressive strength(UCS) of rock is an important parameter required for design and analysis of rock structures,and rock mass classification.Uniaxial compression test is the direct method to obtain the UCS values.However,these tests are generally tedious,time-consuming,expensive,and sometimes impossible to perform due to difficult rock conditions.Therefore,several empirical equations have been developed to estimate the UCS from results of index and physical tests of rock.Nevertheless,numerous empirical models available in the literature often make it difficult for mining engineers to decide which empirical equation provides the most reliable estimate of UCS.This study evaluates estimation of UCS of rocks from several empirical equations.The study uses data of point load strength(Is(50)),Schmidt rebound hardness(SRH),block punch index(BPI),effective porosity(n) and density(ρ)as inputs to empirically estimate the UCS.The estimated UCS values from empirical equations are compared with experimentally obtained or measured UCS values,using statistical analyses.It shows that the reliability of UCS estimated from empirical equations depends on the quality of data used to develop the equations,type of input data used in the equations,and the quality of input data from index or physical tests.The results show that the point load strength(Is(50)) is the most reliable index for estimating UCS among the five types of tests evaluated.Because of type-specific nature of rock,restricting the use of empirical equations to the similar rock types for which they are developed is one of the measures to ensure satisfactory prediction performance of empirical equations.

Correlations between direct and indirect strength test methods

The difficulties associated with performing direct compression strength tests on rocks lead to the development of indirect test methods for the rock strength assessment. Indirect test methods are simple, more economical, less time-consuming, and easily adaptable to the field. The main aim of this study was to derive correlations between direct and indirect test methods for basalt and rhyolite rock types from Carlin trend deposits in Nevada. In the destructive methods, point load index, block punch index, and splitting tensile strength tests are performed. In the non-destructive methods, Schmidt hammer and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests are performed. Correlations between the direct and indirect compression strength tests are developed using linear and nonlinear regression analysis methods. The results show that the splitting tensile strength has the best correlation with the uniaxial compression strength.Furthermore, the Poisson's ratio has no correlation with any of the direct and indirect test results.

水泥-粉煤灰基矸石胶结充填体破坏特征及强度形成机制

在煤矿结构充填开采中,不同充填率条件下对矸石胶结充填体强度的需求不同,拟通过改变粉煤灰在水泥–粉煤灰二元胶凝材料用量中的占比(下称“粉煤灰占比”)调控矸石胶结充填体强度,对不同粉煤灰占比(0~90%)矸石胶结充填体进行单轴压缩试验,探明矸石胶结充填体的强度调控范围,结合数字图像相关技术对试样破坏形态进行分析,结合声发射事件对试样脆延性破坏模式进行分析。采用承压筒法和单轴压缩试验分别测定了煤矸石的强度和不同粉煤灰占比水泥–粉煤灰二元胶凝材料的强度,并根据煤矸石的强度与水泥–粉煤灰二元胶凝材料的强度关系揭示矸石胶结充填体的强度形成机制。研究结果表明:矸石胶结充填体强度随着粉煤灰占比的增加而减少,实现了较大的矸石胶结充填体强度调控范围:1.77~30.04 MPa。不同强度范围的矸石胶结充填体试样对应的破坏形态和脆延性破坏模式也不同,材料性质发生了质的变化。随着粉煤灰占比的增加,在破坏形态方面,矸石胶结充填体试样由剪切破坏(0~50%粉煤灰占比)向拉剪复合破坏(60%~80%粉煤灰占比)再向拉伸破坏(90%粉煤灰占比)转变,对应的强度范围分别为20.8~30.04 MPa,5.63~12.35 MPa和1.77 MPa;在脆延性破坏模式方面,试样由脆–延性破坏(0~40%粉煤灰占比)转变为延性破坏(50%~90%粉煤灰占比),对应的强度范围分别为24.64~30.04 MPa和1.77~20.8 MPa。矸石胶结充填体的强度由水泥–粉煤灰二元胶凝材料的强度(1.43~55.5 MPa)和煤矸石的强度(平均强度为4.43 MPa)共同决定。水泥–粉煤灰二元胶凝材料对矸石胶结充填体的强度贡献较大,煤矸石使矸石胶结充填体的强度受限。所得试验结果为结构充填中充填材料的强度选择提供参考。

先进高强双相钢DP780温度相关应力⁃应变关系

为了研究先进高强度双相钢DP780的温热成形力学行为,通过不同温度(300℃、400℃、500℃、600℃)及不同应变率(10-4~10-3 s-1)下的单向温拉伸试验获得了先进高强度双相钢DP780在相应条件下的基本力学性能指标和应力⁃应变曲线,并对试验结果进行了分析;为描述温热成形DP780板料应力⁃应变曲线,求解、修正了Grosman本构模型的相关参数;以单向拉伸试样为例,基于Fortran语言通过编写Abaqus⁃Vumat子程序进行了数值模拟验证。结果表明,所用Grosman模型预测值与试验数值拟合较好,验证了所求模型的有效性。

基于超声横波测试的Na基膨润土充填体强度预测模型研究

充填体作为充填采矿法的核心单元,其强度是保障安全开采的重要指标。Na基膨润土的亚甲基蓝吸附量和生坯抗压强度较高,是制备充填体的优质添加剂,然而鲜有其掺量与充填体强度之间关系的研究成果。本文基于超声波测试技术和单轴压缩试验,分析不同Na基膨润土掺量充填体的横波波速、主频幅值、幅值衰减系数、波形分形维数在各龄期的变化规律,结合敏感性分析遴选出对抗压强度变化最敏感的声学参数。建立了不同Na基膨润土掺量下充填体强度的预测模型,并结合显著性检验及对比分析,对强度预测模型进行了验证。研究成果可为开展充填体单轴抗压强度预测的相关理论研究和工程应用提供参考和帮助。

Statistical analysis of physico-mechanical parameters of sandstones occurring in orogenic settings

In northeastern Sicily(Italy),sandstone rock masses widely crop out as cover deposits over crystalline terrains belonging to the orogenic belt.Despite being part of the same geological formation,these sandstones are characterized by highly different features in terms of texture and physico-mechanical properties.This poses a scientific question on the possibility of tracing these rocks to a single statistical model,which could be representative of their main engineering geological properties.Therefore,it is worth investigating on the possible reasons of such differences,that should be searched either in the current geographical sandstone distribution or in the rock texture.For this study,sandstone samples were collected from different sites and were analyzed at both the hand and thin section scales.Three sandstone types were recognized,characterized by a different texture.Then,the laboratory characterization allowed estimating their main physico-mechanical and ultrasonic properties,such as porosity,density,mechanical strength,deformability,and ultrasonic velocities.The rock mechanical strength proved linked to the rock compactness and to the presence of lithic fragments,while pores and a pseudo-matrix between grains represent weakening features.Rock data were also statistically analyzed by grouping the specimens according to a geographical criterion,with respect to their sampling area,but no link was found between location and rock properties.Finally,with the aim of achieving mathematical laws that could be used to predict some rock properties from others,useful for practical purposes when dealing with such a high property variability,single and multiple regression analyses were carried out.Results show that the Uniaxial Compressive Strength,porosity,and P-wave velocity are the best predictors for a quick,indirect estimation of the main physico-mechanical parameters.The methodological approach developed for this research can be taken as reference to study other worldwide cases,involving rocks characterized by a wide range of physico-mechanical properties and covering large regional territories.

碳酸盐岩溶蚀效应及力学特性

针对不同赋存环境下溶蚀对碳酸盐岩力学特性的影响,采用自主研发的岩石动水压力溶蚀试验设备,开展多因素影响下碳酸盐岩溶蚀及单轴抗压强度试验,研究碳酸盐岩溶蚀效应、力学性质劣化规律及化学损伤。试验结果表明,不同赋存环境下岩样出现了不同程度的力学损伤,其抗压强度和弹性模量在溶解后有所下降,溶蚀率越高,峰值应力和弹性模量越低,进而提出劣化度拟合关系式,得到影响岩样抗压强度敏感度的各因素,依次为pH值、温度、时长、流速、动水压力及溶蚀后岩样的微观结构和矿物成分组成。

Evaluation of granule structure and strength properties of green packed beds in iron ore sintering using high-resolution X-ray tomography and uniaxial compression testing

The strength properties of green sinter beds,including the Young’s modulus and maximum bed strain,were evaluated using uniaxial compression tests.The green-sinter-bed samples were scanned using X-ray computed tomography(XCT),and the geometry characteristics of the granules were quantified by XCT image analysis.The orthogonal array method was applied to determine the concomitant effects of the moisture,hydrated lime,and concentrate contents on the bed strength characteristics.Less bed strain was observed when the granules had a thin adhering layer and increased interlock contacts,which had a great capacity to resist the applied load collectively.The optimal combination for decreasing the bed maximum strain was 5.8%moisture,2%hydrated lime,and 0%concentrate.The moisture and concentrate contents were the most significant factors determining the green bed strength.Increasing the moisture and concentrate contents produced granules with a thicker and more deformable adhering layer,resulting in a more compact bed.The addition of hydrated lime inhibited rearrangement,deformation,and fracture of the granules in green sinter bed during compression.

Rock Strength Estimation Using Several Tree-Based ML Techniques

The uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)of rock is an essential property of rock material in different relevant applications,such as rock slope,tunnel construction,and foundation.It takes enormous time and effort to obtain the UCS values directly in the laboratory.Accordingly,an indirect determination of UCS through conducting several rock index tests that are easy and fast to carry out is of interest and importance.This study presents powerful boosting trees evaluation framework,i.e.,adaptive boosting machine,extreme gradient boosting machine(XGBoost),and category gradient boosting machine,for estimating the UCS of sandstone.Schmidt hammer rebound number,P-wave velocity,and point load index were chosen as considered factors to forecast UCS values of sandstone samples.Taylor diagrams and five regression metrics,including coefficient of determination(R2),root mean square error,mean absolute error,variance account for,and A-20 index,were used to evaluate and compare the performance of these boosting trees.The results showed that the proposed boosting trees are able to provide a high level of prediction capacity for the prepared database.In particular,itwas worth noting that XGBoost is the best model to predict sandstone strength and it achieved 0.999 training R^(2) and 0.958 testing R^(2).The proposed model had more outstanding capability than neural network with optimization techniques during training and testing phases.The performed variable importance analysis reveals that the point load index has a significant influence on predicting UCS of sandstone.

基岩风化带性质对顶板突水溃砂的影响研究——以赵固一矿为例

基于赵固一矿上覆巨厚冲积层多含水层(组)薄基岩的特点,冲积层下部砂砾含水层水压达到4.0 MPa,为高水压含水层。为确定基岩性质对顶板突水溃砂的影响,保证多含水层(组)薄基岩区的正常回采,对水文勘察孔所取基岩岩样进行点荷载、干燥饱和吸水率和室内崩解试验,通过分析岩样各项试验指标随深度的变化曲线,确定基岩性质及其对留设防砂煤柱的影响。试验表明:基岩风化深度超过20 m;距离冲积层底界面0~6.5 m垂深范围内的泥类岩干燥饱和吸水率大于15%,遇水崩解多呈泥状、碎岩片和碎块泥,隔水性能良好,可以有效弥合采动裂缝,可以作为防水煤柱的保护层;冲积层底界面下部0~11.4 m的风化泥岩强度低于4.0 MPa的冲积层下部细砾含水层水压力,防砂煤柱的保护层不能全部由风化泥岩构成,提出防砂煤柱保护层厚度需要大于11.4 m;砂岩耐崩解性强,干燥饱和吸水率远小于泥类岩,阻隔水性能较差,防水煤柱保护层不可以全部由风化砂岩构成。风化砂岩强度大于4.0 MPa的冲积层下部砂砾含水层水压,可以有效抵御上覆水头压力。

缓冲/回填材料砌块抗拉强度试验研究

对半工业化/工业化制备的缓冲/回填材料砌块抗拉强度以及不同位置抗拉强度均匀性的准确评价,可为优化砌块制备工艺、设计砌块起吊装置提供重要参考。基于单轴压实技术制备标准试样,使用径向劈裂法测定抗拉强度,研究高径比、荷载接触方式对砌块抗拉强度测试结果的影响。在此基础上,采用钻孔、取心和切割技术在大型扇形砌块不同位置取样,分析其抗拉强度的均匀性。实验结果表明:使用劈裂法测定砌块抗拉强度时,平板加载和弧形加载结果相近,垫条加载试验结果小于前两者;砌块抗拉强度随高径比增加先呈指数减小,在高径比大于0.6时可忽略其对抗拉强度的影响;大型砌块不同位置处抗拉强度与模具形状无关,而与距模具边界位置相关,距边界越远抗拉强度越小。

干湿循环导致粉砂质泥岩力学特性变化规律研究

受亲水矿物成分影响,水侵作用下粉砂质泥岩力学特性易劣化.开展多种干湿条件下粉砂质泥岩的单/三轴压缩试验,研究试样在饱水作用下的强度和刚度弱化,分析干湿循环对试样力学特性的影响规律.试验结果表明,粉砂质泥岩强度和刚度均随饱和度增加而明显降低,在中期变形阶段刚度下降程度明显大于早期变形阶段.粉砂质泥岩强度随围压增大而线性提高,其强度特性可采用Drucker-Prager准则描述,且试样开裂角符合剪切滑移破坏特征.干湿循环试验结果表明,粉砂质泥岩单轴抗压强度和割线模量随循环次数增大而近似线性衰减,并且其刚度衰减快于强度衰减.

基于超声波测试的片岩单轴抗压强度预测模型

岩石单轴抗压强度是岩土工程中最基础、最重要的参数之一,建立其快速、方便、经济的预测方法一直是岩土界的研究热点。为了获取片岩单轴抗压强度的预测模型,基于超声波试验和单轴压缩试验数据,对福建某矿山的片岩岩样分别开展了单轴抗压强度与纵波波速、横波波速、纵波模量、横波模量、动弹性模量和静弹性模量的回归性分析,并各自建立了线性、对数、多项式、指数函数和幂函数5种回归模型。分析表明,除了动弹性模量以外,其他参量都易受空间变异性和各向异性影响,不适合用于片岩单轴抗压强度的预测。最终,通过拟合度、所包含参量、量纲平衡、测试方法以及显著性分析,确定基于动弹性模量建立的线性回归模型是最合理、可靠、方便的片岩单轴抗压强度预测模型。研究成果可为开展岩石单轴抗压强度预测的相关理论研究和工程应用提供参考和帮助。

添加聚丙烯纤维的再生混凝土的力学性能研究

将聚丙烯纤维掺入到再生混凝土中,研究了聚丙烯纤维直径、长度和质量分数对再生混凝土的单轴抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度的影响。研究结果表明:随着养护时间的延长,聚丙烯纤维再生混凝土的单轴抗压强度增大,而劈裂抗拉强度虽有波动但整体上呈增大趋势;对于龄期为7 d的聚丙烯纤维再生混凝土,纤维长度对单轴抗压强度的影响最大,最优水平为直径0.8 mm、长度20 mm、质量分数0.2%,在龄期28 d时,纤维质量分数对单轴抗压强度的影响最大,最优水平为直径0.8 mm、长度10 mm、质量分数0.2%;对于龄期为7 d的纤维再生混凝土,劈裂抗拉强度受纤维质量分数的影响最大,最优水平为直径0.4 mm、长度20 mm、质量分数0.8%,在龄期28 d时,纤维长度的影响最大,最优水平为直径0.4 mm、长度20 mm、质量分数0.4%。

干湿循环作用下云母石英片岩抗压性能劣化规律及机理

干湿循环作用可促使片岩边坡岩体力学性能劣化、稳定性降低,进而诱发滑坡、崩塌等地质灾害。以湖北十堰地区广泛分布的云母石英片岩为研究对象,分别对不同干湿循环作用下云母石英片岩试样开展了单轴压缩试验和电镜扫描测试,揭示了其抗压性能劣化规律及机理。结果表明:在干湿循环作用下,云母石英片岩抗压强度和弹性模量劣化效应明显,前期劣化速率较快、劣化幅度较大,后期劣化速率减缓、幅度降低;宏观破坏模式受到片理面的控制作用而逐步增强,由“X”型、“Y”型破坏逐渐演变为沿片理面的剪切破坏;微观结构表现为片状矿物颗粒不断剥落、颗粒化,微裂隙、孔隙逐渐发育、扩展贯通;干湿循环作用使得云母石英片岩产生次生矿物、离子和岩屑并不断离开岩石,促使片理、微裂隙等结构面扩展开裂、岩石结构松散,进而使得云母石英片岩整体力学性能劣化。研究成果可为片岩边坡稳定性分析及治理工程设计提供理论依据。

中等风化砂岩和泥质粉砂岩力学特性试验研究

对中等风化砂岩和泥质粉砂岩试件开展无侧限抗压强度试验、三轴压缩试验和竖向循环荷载试验,研究了围压、循环荷载比等因素对两种原状极软岩试样的抗压强度、变形模量、累积变形的影响。试验结果表明:试样在围压作用下先为体缩后变为体胀,试样开始发生体胀时对应的应变比应力达到峰值时的破坏应变略小;围压越大,软岩试样脆性越显著。随着循环荷载比的增大,试样轴向累积塑性应变由稳定型转变为破坏型。

Physical and Mechanical Features of the Quaternary Basanites of the Cap-Vert Peninsula of Dakar (Senegal, West Africa)

This work presents the results of geotechnical tests carried out in the laboratory on specimens of Quaternary olivine basanites from the Cap-Vert peninsula of Dakar. The samples were taken following geotechnical investigations in the Fann-PE, Mermoz-Ouakam, Yoff and Ngor areas respectively. The results obtained show a dry density between 20.45 and 29.30 kN/m3 which corresponds to medium to high density basanites. The porosity varies between 0.33% and 4.20%. For microlitic basanites, the porosity remains low, on the other hand, for micrograined basanites;a slight increase in porosity is noticed. As for the methylene blue adsorption test value measured, it is between 0.25 and 1.10. The uniaxial compression strength (Rc) and Young’s modulus (E) vary respectively from 12.19 MPa to 41.748 MPa and from 1477.6 MPa to 7699.1 MPa. The low strength values are recorded in altered and vesicular basanites. Also, a correlation was made between uniaxial compression strength and porosity and showed a gradual decrease in strength with increasing porosity.

深圳地区花岗岩地基承载力研究

基于52个点的地基载荷试验数据与对应试验点附近岩块的单轴抗压强度试验数据的对比分析,对深圳地区花岗岩地基的承载力进行了研究探讨。综合考虑试验场地实测的地基承载力与剪切波波速值,给出了按剪切波波速值初步估计深圳地区花岗岩地基承载力特征值的建议值范围,对类似工程项目有一定指导和借鉴意义。

全尺寸岩心强度连续测试系统在岩心检测中的应用研究

为降低刻划试验中泥页岩岩心的加工要求,提高岩石力学试验的效率,通过使用全尺寸岩心强度连续测试系统对泥页岩开展刻划测试实验及相关分析测试,结果表明:全尺寸岩心连续强度测试系统可以测试不同尺寸的岩心,且实现了沿岩心轴向连续测量岩石抗压强度的功能,应用全尺寸岩心强度连续测试系统测试岩心单轴抗压强度技术,测试结果准确、可靠,具有很大的推广价值。