On the Use of Monotonicity-Preserving Interpolatory Techniques in Multilevel Schemes for Balance Laws

Cost-effective multilevel techniques for homogeneous hyperbolic conservation laws are very successful in reducing the computational cost associated to high resolution shock capturing numerical schemes.Because they do not involve any special data structure,and do not induce savings in memory requirements,they are easily implemented on existing codes and are recommended for 1D and 2D simulations when intensive testing is required.The multilevel technique can also be applied to balance laws,but in this case,numerical errors may be induced by the technique.We present a series of numerical tests that point out that the use of monotonicity-preserving interpolatory techniques eliminates the numerical errors observed when using the usual 4-point centered Lagrange interpolation,and leads to a more robust multilevel code for balance laws,while maintaining the efficiency rates observed forhyperbolic conservation laws.

Multilevel carbon architecture of subnanoscopic silicon for fast‐charging high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries

Silicon(Si)is widely used as a lithium‐ion‐battery anode owing to its high capacity and abundant crustal reserves.However,large volume change upon cycling and poor conductivity of Si cause rapid capacity decay and poor fast‐charging capability limiting its commercial applications.Here,we propose a multilevel carbon architecture with vertical graphene sheets(VGSs)grown on surfaces of subnanoscopically and homogeneously dispersed Si–C composite nanospheres,which are subsequently embedded into a carbon matrix(C/VGSs@Si–C).Subnanoscopic C in the Si–C nanospheres,VGSs,and carbon matrix form a three‐dimensional conductive and robust network,which significantly improves the conductivity and suppresses the volume expansion of Si,thereby boosting charge transport and improving electrode stability.The VGSs with vast exposed edges considerably increase the contact area with the carbon matrix and supply directional transport channels through the entire material,which boosts charge transport.The carbon matrix encapsulates VGSs@Si–C to decrease the specific surface area and increase tap density,thus yielding high first Coulombic efficiency and electrode compaction density.Consequently,C/VGSs@Si–C delivers excellent Li‐ion storage performances under industrial electrode conditions.In particular,the full cells show high energy densities of 603.5 Wh kg^(−1)and 1685.5 Wh L^(−1)at 0.1 C and maintain 80.7%of the energy density at 3 C.

Mechanical response and microscopic damage mechanism of pre-flawed sandstone subjected to monotonic and multilevel cyclic loading:A laboratory-scale investigation

This study aims to investigate the mechanical response and acoustic emission(AE)characteristic of pre-flawed sandstone under both monotonic and multilevel constant-amplitude cyclic loads.Specifically,we explored how coplanar flaw angle and load type impact the strength and deformation behavior and microscopic damage mechanism.Results indicated that being fluctuated before rising with increasing fissure angle under monotonic loading,the peak strength of the specimen first increased slowly and then steeply under cyclic loading.The effect of multilevel cyclic loading on the mechanical parameters was more significant.For a single fatigue stage,the specimen underwent greater deformation in early cycles,which subsequently stabilized.Similar variation pattern was also reflected by AE count/energy/b-value.Crack behaviors were dominated by the fissure angle and load type and medium-scale crack accounted for 74.83%–86.44%of total crack.Compared with monotonic loading,crack distribution of specimen under cyclic loading was more complicated.Meanwhile,a simple model was proposed to describe the damage evolution of sandstone under cyclic loading.Finally,SEM images revealed that the microstructures at the fracture were mainly composed of intergranular fracture,and percentage of transgranular fracture jumped under cyclic loading due to the rapid release of elastic energy caused by high loading rate.

Enforcing a Source-end Cooperative Multilevel Defense Mechanism to Counter Flooding Attack

The exponential advancement in telecommunication embeds the Internet in every aspect of communication.Interconnections of networks all over the world impose monumental risks on the Internet.A Flooding Attack(FA)is one of the major intimidating risks on the Internet where legitimate users are prevented from accessing network services.Irrespective of the protective measures incorporated in the communication infrastructure,FA still persists due to the lack of global cooperation.Most of the existing mitigation is set up either at the traffic starting point or at the traffic ending point.Providing mitigation at one or the other end may not be a complete solution.To insist on better protection againstflooding attacks,this work proposes a cooperative multilevel defense mechanism.The proposed cooperative multilevel defense mechanism consists of two-level of mitigation.In thefirst level,it is proposed to design a Threshold-based rate-limiting with a Spoofing Resistant Tag(TSRT),as a source end countermeasure for High-Rate Flooding Attacks(HRFA)and spoofing attacks.In the second level,the accent is to discriminate normal traffic after Distributed Denial of Service(DDoS)traffic and drop the DDoS traffic at the destination end.Flow Congruence-based Selective Pushback(FCSP),as a destination-initiated countermeasure for the Low Rate Flooding Attack(LRFA).The source and the destination cooperate to identify and block the attack.A key advantage of this cooperative mechanism is that it can distinguish and channel down the attack traffic nearer to the starting point of the attack.The presentation of the agreeable cooperative multilevel safeguard mechanism is approved through broad recreation in NS-2.The investigation and the exploratory outcomes show that the proposed plan can effectively identify and shield from the attack.

Salp Swarm Algorithm with Multilevel Thresholding Based Brain Tumor Segmentation Model

Biomedical image processing acts as an essential part of severalmedical applications in supporting computer aided disease diagnosis. MagneticResonance Image (MRI) is a commonly utilized imaging tool used tosave glioma for clinical examination. Biomedical image segmentation plays avital role in healthcare decision making process which also helps to identifythe affected regions in the MRI. Though numerous segmentation models areavailable in the literature, it is still needed to develop effective segmentationmodels for BT. This study develops a salp swarm algorithm with multi-levelthresholding based brain tumor segmentation (SSAMLT-BTS) model. Thepresented SSAMLT-BTS model initially employs bilateral filtering based onnoise removal and skull stripping as a pre-processing phase. In addition,Otsu thresholding approach is applied to segment the biomedical imagesand the optimum threshold values are chosen by the use of SSA. Finally,active contour (AC) technique is used to identify the suspicious regions in themedical image. A comprehensive experimental analysis of the SSAMLT-BTSmodel is performed using benchmark dataset and the outcomes are inspectedin many aspects. The simulation outcomes reported the improved outcomesof the SSAMLT-BTS model over recent approaches with maximum accuracyof 95.95%.

A Multilevel Hierarchical Parallel Algorithm for Large-Scale Finite Element Modal Analysis

The strict and high-standard requirements for the safety and stability ofmajor engineering systems make it a tough challenge for large-scale finite element modal analysis.At the same time,realizing the systematic analysis of the entire large structure of these engineering systems is extremely meaningful in practice.This article proposes a multilevel hierarchical parallel algorithm for large-scale finite element modal analysis to reduce the parallel computational efficiency loss when using heterogeneous multicore distributed storage computers in solving large-scale finite element modal analysis.Based on two-level partitioning and four-transformation strategies,the proposed algorithm not only improves the memory access rate through the sparsely distributed storage of a large amount of data but also reduces the solution time by reducing the scale of the generalized characteristic equation(GCEs).Moreover,a multilevel hierarchical parallelization approach is introduced during the computational procedure to enable the separation of the communication of inter-nodes,intra-nodes,heterogeneous core groups(HCGs),and inside HCGs through mapping computing tasks to various hardware layers.This method can efficiently achieve load balancing at different layers and significantly improve the communication rate through hierarchical communication.Therefore,it can enhance the efficiency of parallel computing of large-scale finite element modal analysis by fully exploiting the architecture characteristics of heterogeneous multicore clusters.Finally,typical numerical experiments were used to validate the correctness and efficiency of the proposedmethod.Then a parallel modal analysis example of the cross-river tunnel with over ten million degrees of freedom(DOFs)was performed,and ten-thousand core processors were applied to verify the feasibility of the algorithm.

A Sensor-less Surface Mounted PMSM for Electronic Speed Control in Multilevel Inverter

Recent advancements in power electronics technology evolves inverter fed electric motors.Speed signals and rotor position are essential for controlling an electric motor accurately.In this paper,the sensorless speed control of surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor(SPMSM)has been attempted.SPMSM wants a digital inverter for its precise working.Hence,this study incor-poratesfifteen level inverter to the SPMSM.A sliding mode observer(SMO)based sensorless speed control scheme is projected to determine rotor spot and speed of the multilevel inverter(MLI)fed SPMSM.MLI has been operated using a multi carrier pulse width modulation(MCPWM)strategy for generation offif-teen level voltages.The simulation works are executed with MATLAB/SIMU-LINK software.The steadiness and the heftiness of the projected model have been investigated under no loaded and loaded situations of SPMSM.Furthermore,the projected method can be adapted for electric vehicles.

Multilevel optoelectronic hybrid memory based on N-doped Ge_(2)Sb_(2)Te_(5)film with low resistance drift and ultrafast speed

Multilevel phase-change memory is an attractive technology to increase storage capacity and density owing to its high-speed,scalable and non-volatile characteristics.However,the contradiction between thermal stability and operation speed is one of key factors to restrain the development of phase-change memory.Here,N-doped Ge_(2)Sb_(2)Te_(5)-based optoelectronic hybrid memory is proposed to simultaneously implement high thermal stability and ultrafast operation speed.The picosecond laser is adopted to write/erase information based on reversible phase transition characteristics whereas the resistance is detected to perform information readout.Results show that when N content is 27.4 at.%,N-doped Ge_(2)Sb_(2)Te_(5)film possesses high ten-year data retention temperature of 175℃and low resistance drift coefficient of 0.00024 at 85℃,0.00170 at 120℃,and 0.00249 at 150℃,respectively,owing to the formation of Ge–N,Sb–N,and Te–N bonds.The SET/RESET operation speeds of the film reach 520 ps/13 ps.In parallel,the reversible switching cycle of the corresponding device is realized with the resistance ratio of three orders of magnitude.Four-level reversible resistance states induced by various crystallization degrees are also obtained together with low resistance drift coefficients.Therefore,the N-doped Ge_(2)Sb_(2)Te_(5)thin film is a promising phase-change material for ultrafast multilevel optoelectronic hybrid storage.

基于多层次模块化的金工实习教学改革与实践

金工实习是培养高校大学生工程能力与素养的重要实践环节之一,其课程内容的丰富性、课程体系的完善性、教学方法的先进性一直是当代高校极为重视的授课要素。该文围绕“以常规技能训练为主的基础训练平台,以学科技术训练为主的拓展训练平台,以学生能力发展为主的综合训练平台,以创新能力培养为主的创新训练平台”进行课程体系和实训项目的设计和执行。通过“基础-拓展-综合-创新”四个阶段,实施多层次模块化金工实习教学模式的改革与实践,为金工实习教学改革与实践研究提供借鉴和支持。

多层次领导力发展模型的构建及其有效性检验——基于扎根理论的探索性研究

领导力发展对企业人力资源开发和领导者培养至关重要,而关于领导力发展的具体内容和如何验证发展结果的有效性,一直存有争议。采用扎根理论的研究方法,对正在进行领导力发展计划的A企业进行深度访谈和现场研究,构建了一个多层次视角的领导力发展模型。该模型基于发展自我、发展团队、发展组织的多层次视角,提出了领导力的发展内容包括做人、做事、发展下属、凝聚团队、组织管理、业绩管理六个核心要素。进一步将该模型与“方向-协作-承诺”模型(DAC模型)做对比分析,研究结果表明“发展自我”激发承诺,“发展团队”产生方向、协作和承诺,“发展组织”促进方向和协作,从而验证了该领导力发展模型的有效性。

基于直流电压动态修正的柔性多状态开关自适应下垂控制

为了满足配电网的多种互联需求,柔性多状态开关(flexible multi-state switch,FMSS)已衍生出多种互联应用的技术形态,多端FMSS与双端FMSS相比更具经济性和可靠性,已成为研究热点。传统下垂控制通过改变直流侧电压实现不平衡功率的消纳,但直流侧电压的偏离会影响系统安全可靠运行。针对模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)的多端FMSS系统,提出了一种改进型下垂控制策略,根据换流器消纳的有功功率实时动态改变直流电压的参考值和下垂增益,实现了直流电压的无偏差运行,既能避免换流站过载,又能解决不平衡功率消纳引起的电压偏离问题,提高了系统的稳定性。另外,由于MMC自身结构特性和PI参数整定困难,将传统的电流内环改为模型预测控制,并采用典型的二阶Runge-Kutta法对状态方程进行离散化,提高了控制精度。最后基于MATLAB/Simulink仿真软件搭建了四端FMSS系统模型,验证了所提控制策略的可行性与有效性。

基于MMC的分布式储能系统及其快速SOC均衡控制策略

提高基于模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)的分布式储能系统(distributed energy storage systems,DESS)的能量利用率,解决储能子模块(energy sub-module,ESM)荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)均衡问题至关重要。针对现有的SOC均衡控制策略的不足,提出内外分层的快速SOC均衡控制策略。外层针对桥臂间或相间的SOC差异,通过改进MMC模型预测控制(model predictive predictive control,MPC),配合自适应均衡系数,快速调整功率差额。内层引入自适应虚拟电阻法,根据ESM的SOC情况确定主导ESM,自适应调节各单元的虚拟电阻,产生相应的电压梯度,结合MMC排序算法使ESM按照各自SOC进行功率分配,从而实现ESM的SOC快速均衡,提高DESS能量利用率。通过在Matlab/Simulink构建仿真模型,证明了所提控制策略的有效性和可行性。

基于单级多电平开关变流的超大容量海上风电变流器

海上风机正向超大容量方向发展,基于较低电平数目变流技术的风电变流器在电压、容量等级的提升方面受到限制。提出了基于单级多电平开关变流的超大容量海上风电变流器方案,采用直流电压可大范围调节的宽直流电压模块化多电平变流器(MMC),在单级多电平变流器中实现DC/DC和DC/AC两级变换功能。基于风电变流器的单向功率传输特性,采用单向电流型宽直流电压MMC优化开关器件用量,并基于负电平利用优化调制比大幅降低MMC的子模块电容用量。所提出的方案不仅具有电压与容量等级高、功率损耗低、谐波含量低的优势,还能最大限度降低开关器件和电容的用量。与现有风电变流器方案进行对比,结果表明所提方案在经济性、运行性能等方面具有显著优势。通过仿真验证了所提方案拓扑结构和控制策略的可行性和有效性。

平行级联光杠杆测量金属丝杨氏模量

光杠杆能放大微小变化量,在原子力显微镜,精密天平和杨氏模量测量等领域都有重要的应用。级联光杠杆能够在有限空间内提高传统光杠杆的放大倍数而受到广泛关注,但仍存在不容易确定反射级次,入射光与光杠杆倾斜平面必须有一定初始夹角等问题。平行级联光杠杆通过在垂直于光杠杆倾斜面的平面放置多个光杠杆,形成多次反射提高放大倍数,每个镜面进行一次反射,易确定反射级次,并且入射光与光杠杆倾斜平面可无初始夹角。研究分析了平行级联光杠杆的光路及测量原理,确定了计算公式,并通过测量金属丝杨氏模量进行了实验验证。利用望远镜观测的方法,通过三级平行级联光杠杆,放大倍数可达103.7倍,与单个光杠杆相比,提高了一个数量级。

大型带罩天线阵列的精确高效电磁仿真算法

针对大型带罩天线阵列系统的辐射特性仿真问题,基于等效原理和波导模式匹配法,建立了多层快速多极子算法的波端口模型,实现了对天线激励源和匹配负载的精确电磁建模,同时提出了一种适用于计算金属介质天线模型的多层快速多极子算法并行策略,通过建立多棵八叉树结构降低了计算过程中各进程间的通信量,实现了对大型带罩天线阵列系统的精确、高效一体化仿真计算。通过与高阶矩量法及有限元-边界积分方程法计算得到的天线方向图、S参数进行对比,验证了该方法的精确性及高效性。

一种增加辅助子模块的MMC改进混合调制控制策略

传统的最近电平逼近调制NLM(nearest level modulation)具有控制简单,开关频率低的显著优势,但在输出电平数较少时,采用NLM调制的模块化多电平换流器MMC(modular multilevel converter)输出波形谐波畸变率较大。在传统三相六桥臂MMC拓扑的各桥臂中增加1个全桥结构的辅助子模块,控制该辅助子模块的电容电压为半桥子模块的一半。针对该MMC拓扑,提出了一种改进的混合调制策略,该混合调制策略可以实现半桥和辅助子模块的平衡控制。在降低MMC交流侧输出电流的谐波畸变率同时,还可以降低全桥子模块的开关频率和系统损耗。在Matlab/Simulink中搭建了详细的仿真模型,仿真结果验证了所提MMC拓扑和改进混合调制策略的有效性。

新型全固态模块化多电平特种高压电源优化设计

模块化多电平换流器(MMC)已成为新型全固态特种高压电源的有效解决方案,对其进行轻量化设计以节约设备空间成本成为当前研究热点。MMC中限制功率密度提升的首要因素为子模块大尺寸电容,为降低MMC对子模块容值的需求,提高系统功率密度,提出一种改进型MMC(I-MMC)拓扑。应用隔离型开关电容变换器,实现上下桥臂一对子模块高频链互联。研究中相单元内上、下桥臂子模块对并联的高频链两侧采用同步控制,使子模块电容之间呈现开关电容特性,实现波动功率在电容之间的自由传递,进而消除相位相反的基频与3倍频波动分量。结合MMC运行调制比和功率因数分析基频与3倍频波动分量消除后子模块电容取值,完成模块化设计。所提方案可将子模块电容减小至常规MMC的1/4。仿真与实验结果验证了所提拓扑方案的正确性与有效性。

考虑可再生能源接入的多端MMC交直流混合系统协调控制

模块化多电平变换器的零转动惯量特性,使其无法对交流电网的频率波动提供支撑,导致交直流混合系统的整体惯性下降,影响并网系统的动态性能与稳定性。文章将改进功率-电压下垂控制与虚拟同步机技术相结合,提出一种新型功率协调控制策略。在系统直流电压稳定的情况下,对交流电网进行频率调节,同时对各变换器间的功率进行合理分配,无需通讯系统即可建立有效的能量管理体系。与传统双闭环控制进行对比试验,结果表明,所提控制策略有效解决了系统由低惯量、欠阻尼引起的动态性能与稳定性的问题。

多组分多层级3D打印材料研究进展

多组分多层级3D打印材料(McMl3DPMs)是一种新兴的先进材料,源于多孔材料、复合材料和增材制造的融合。由于增材制造赋予了Mc Ml3DPMs三维架构跨越广泛组分构成和结构类型的能力,Mc Ml3DPMs拥有杰出的机械性能,甚至是通常被认为相互排斥的性能(例如高强度和高韧性)。本文重点介绍为了实现高性能结构用Mc Ml3DPMs所必须解决的科学挑战以及最近研究工作对此做出的努力,将从结构设计、制造过程建模、缺陷表征和性能评价3个方面对相关案例进行回顾。最后,本文指出了当前研究的不足之处,并展望了Mc Ml3DPMs的未来发展,包括讨论了进一步推进这一新兴领域发展的几个可能的研究方向。

突发事件社交媒体用户观点变化研究——基于多层级微博评论视角

突发事件背景下不同层级的评论可以细粒度地揭示用户观点变化,对捕捉舆论矛盾和网络舆情治理有重要意义。以突发事件的微博评论为研究对象,利用基于TF-IDF算法的LDA模型、情感倾向分析和Kruskal-Wallis差异性检验,从用户关注焦点和情感异同两个方面对比不同层级评论的用户观点变化。研究发现:就用户关注焦点而言,随着评论层级的增加,用户关注焦点发生变化,讨论话题逐渐延伸,一级评论对于事件的针对性、关联性最强,二级评论则更关注事件的发展与处理进程,三级评论中用户间矛盾冲突最为突显;就情感而言,评论均表现出强烈的消极倾向,但各层级评论的用户情感存在显著差异,且评论层级越深,情感越消极,三级评论比一级、二级评论带有更多隐性消极情感用词,符合认知负荷理论。研究为社交媒体用户信息行为和网络舆情分析提供了更加细粒度的视角。