Providing universal access to Japanese humanities digital libraries:an approach to federated searching system using automatic metadata mapping

We present our approach for constructing a federated searching system for Japanese humanities digital libraries using automatic metadata mapping.We discuss some achievements in the ongoing research to construct a federated searching system. The goals of this system are(1) to perform metadata mapping automatically for Japanese heterogeneous humanities digital libraries and(2) to let users access multiple humanities digital libraries by using only one query input.The proposed automatic metadata mapping method produced the average mapping precision of 94.9%.We also address the metadata-related challenges facing Japanese humanities databases.

On Universal Telecommunication Service and West China Development

This paper aims at studying the relationship bet-ween universaltelecommunication service and West China development. It, firstly, introduces our country' s demandsfor universal telecommunication service; secondly, analyses the demand of West China developmentfor the universal telecommunication service; thirdly, depicts the development status oftelecommunication industry of the west region ; fourthly, points out the significance of universaltelecommunication service in the west area; and lastly, brings forward the connotation of universaltelecommunication service of west area .

Evolution of China's Accessibility Standard System and International Experience

This paper summarizes the evolution of China’s accessibility standard system and its driving forces since the reform and opening-up was introduced in 1978,divides it into several stages based on social and economic development,and further analyzes its development trend in the context of standardization reforms.Then,it critically reviews the characteristics of China’s current accessibility standard system and problems encountered during the implementation process.Finally,it proposes suggestions for the development of China’s accessibility standard system in the new era by drawing on domestic and international experience.

A public health approach to rapid scale-up of free antiretroviral treatment in China： an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure

China＇s rapidly evolving HIV/AIDS epidemic calls for a dramatic expansion of both prevention and treatment services. Official state media recently reported that for the first time, in 2008, HIV/AIDS became China＇s leading cause of death among infectious diseases. Estimates from the Ministry of Health indicate that around 700 000 people were living with HIV and 85 000 people had AIDS in 2007. Initially, HIV-1 infection was confined primarily to certain high-risk populations such as injection drug users （IDU） along drug-trafficking routes, and former plasma donors （FPD） in rural communities in east-central China. Now, however, HIV prevalence is increasing among female sex workers （FSW） and men who have sex with men （MSM）.

Challenges in initiating antiretroviral therapy for all HIV-infected people regardless of CD4 cell count

Introduction:Recently published large randomized controlled trials,START,TEMPRANO and HPTN 052 show the clinical benefit of early initiation of antiretroviral treatment(ART)in HIV-infected persons and in reducing HIV transmission.The trials influenced the World Health Organization(WHO)decision to issue updated recommendations to prescribe ART to all individuals living with HIV,irrespective of age and CD4 cell count.Discussion:It is clear that the new 2015 WHO recommendations if followed,will change the face of the HIV epidemic and probably curb its burden over time.Implementation however,requires that health systems,especially those in low and middle-income settings,be ready to face this challenge on a large scale.HIV prevention and treatment are easy in theory yet hard in practice.The new WHO guidelines for initiation of ART regardless of CD4 cell count will lead to upfront increases in the costs of healthcare delivery as the goal is to treat all those now newly eligible for ART.Around 22 million people living with HIV qualify and will therefore require ART.Related challenges immediately follow:firstly,that everyone must be tested for HIV;secondly,that anyone who has had an HIV test should know their result and understand its significance;and,thirdly,that every person identified as HIV-positive should receive and remain on ART.The emergence of HIV drug resistant strains when treatment is started at higher CD4 cell count thresholds is a further concern as persons on HIV treatment for longer periods of time are at increased risk of intermittent medication adherence.Conclusions:The new WHO recommendations for ART are welcome,but lacking as they fail to consider meaningful solutions to the challenges inherent to implementation.They fail to incorporate actual strategies on how to disseminate and adopt these far-reaching guidelines,especially in sub-Saharan Africa,an area with weak healthcare infrastructures.Well-designed,high-quality research is needed to assess the feasibility,safety,acceptability,impact,and cost of innovations such as the universal voluntary testing and immediate treatment approaches,and broad consultation must address community,human rights,ethical,and political concerns.