我院儿科门诊常用药Unlicensed和Off-lable状况调查

目的探讨我院儿科门诊常用药的安全性。方法根据我院门诊儿科常用药Unlicensed和Off-lable调查的情况,分析这种状况存在的原因以及可能带来的问题。结果我院儿科门诊常用药的说明书欠缺儿童给药剂量,儿童用药存在Off-lable现象。结论在当今儿童用药和儿童用药资料严重缺乏的情况下,Unlicensed和Off-lable用药行为不可避免。全社会应该共同努力,寻找解决的方法,保障儿童用药的安全。

Flexible Uplink MU-MIMO Scheduling in UnlicensedSpectrum

Utilizing the unlicensed spectrum as supplementary is being studied to meet the increasingly growing demand of user equipment for rate,traffic and bandwidth,and thus to mitigate the current spectrum scarcity crisis.In this paper,we investigate the uplink multi-user multiple-input multiple-output(UL MU-MIMO) technique to achieve multiplexing gain in unlicensed spectrum.We first define a new parameter called channel busy radio(CBR) which is related to the probability of occupying the unlicensed channel,and find that the failure to occupy the unlicensed channel leads to the performance degradation in unlicensed spectrum.Then,according to the user-specific CBR of the unlicensed channel,we propose a flexible scheduling scheme for UL MU-MIMO in unlicensed spectrum,and formulate an optimization problem for the optimal scheduled user number.Furthermore,an adaptive scheduling algorithm is proposed to decide the optimal number of the scheduled users efficiently.The simulation results show that,based on statistical channel condition in unlicensed spectrum,adjusting the number of the scheduled user flexibly can offset the degraded throughput and form an optimal MU-MIMO transmission.

Unlicensed Band Sharing Based on Bargaining Game for Heterogeneous Networks

Currently,limited licensed frequency bands cannot meet the increasing demands for various wireless communication applications any more.It is necessary to extend wireless communication networks to unlicensed spectrum.In this paper,we propose a new bargaining framework for unlicensed band access to achieve high spectrum efficiency,where one radio access technology(RAT)(such as macro cellular network)“competes”the unlicensed bands with multiple other RATs(such as small cellular networks or Wi-Fi)virtually.Considering that macro cell can share unlicensed frequencies with multiple small cells which are in the same coverage area for more freedom,we use bargaining game theory to fairly and effectively share the unlicensed spectrum between macro and multiple heterogeneous small cell networks,where bargaining loss and time dissipation loss for virtual“price”of unlicensed bands are mainly considered.In the oneto-many bargaining process,we also develop a multiple RAT alliance game strategy to reduce transmission loss in a joint manner.Simulation results show that the proposed unlicensed band sharing algorithm significantly improves the spectrum efficiency performance compared with the other practical schemes for heterogeneous networks.

Unlicensed Personnel’s Experience of Digital Signing for Medication Administration in Municipal Healthcare

Aim: To describe unlicensed personnel’s experience of digital signing lists via a smartphone application for the distribution of medication in municipal healthcare in Western Sweden. Design: A qualitative and quantitative design was used. Methods: The study included 48 unlicensed personnel, 28 of whom answered an open-ended questionnaire, while an additional 20 volunteered for individual interviews. The material was analysed by qualitative content analysis. Results: The results indicate that digital signing lists via a smartphone application are feasible, and efficient and facilitate the work. However, some aspects negatively affected the sense of security, meetings with patients and quality of care, such as an insufficient internet signal in some rural areas, difficulty remembering the password, as well as the change of focus from patient to smartphone. To improve quality of care and the meeting with the patient, it is crucial that the technology works and that unlicensed personnel develop technical skills.

Flight Time Minimization of UAV for Cooperative Data Collection in Probabilistic LoS Channel

This paper investigates the data collection in an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)-aided Internet of Things(IoT) network, where a UAV is dispatched to collect data from ground sensors in a practical and accurate probabilistic line-of-sight(LoS) channel. Especially, access points(APs) are introduced to collect data from some sensors in the unlicensed band to improve data collection efficiency. We formulate a mixed-integer non-convex optimization problem to minimize the UAV flight time by jointly designing the UAV 3D trajectory and sensors’ scheduling, while ensuring the required amount of data can be collected under the limited UAV energy. To solve this nonconvex problem, we recast the objective problem into a tractable form. Then, the problem is further divided into several sub-problems to solve iteratively, and the successive convex approximation(SCA) scheme is applied to solve each non-convex subproblem. Finally,the bisection search is adopted to speed up the searching for the minimum UAV flight time. Simulation results verify that the UAV flight time can be shortened by the proposed method effectively.

Unlicensed Spectrum Sharing Game Between LEO Satellites and Terrestrial Cognitive Radio Networks

By cognitive radio,the low Earth orbit（LEO） satellites may prefer to operate in the unlicensed spectrum which is open to all the users,and compete for the limited resources with terrestrial cognitive radio networks（CRNs）.The competition can be regarded as a game and analyzed with game theory.This particular unlicensed spectrum sharing problem is modeled here,and the special properties of ＂spatially-distinguished-interference＂ and the short period of the interactions between satellites and terrestrial CRNs are explored.Then,the problem is formulated as a ＂partially-blind＂ finitely repeated prisoner＇s dilemma by game theory.Finally,we begin with two promising spectrum sharing schemes,which can be used to enforce the frequency reuse among the remotely located terrestrial CRN players as well as to overcome the observation noise.By analysis and comparison,it is proposed that the novel refreshing-contrite-tit-for-tat（R-CTFT） is the optimal spectrum sharing scheme.Simulation results verify that it can be used to utilize the spectrum most efficiently.

Extent, reasons and consequences of off-labeled and unlicensed drug prescription in hospitalized children: a narrative review

Background Off-label and unlicensed prescriptions pose a severe safety concern among the pediatric population.We aimed to summarize the up-to-date evidence on the extent,reasons,and consequences of off-label and unlicensed drugs in hospitalized pediatric patients.Methods We systematically searched PubMed,EMBASE,SCOPUS,Web of Science and Google Scholar between 1990 and 2020 in which the last search was conducted on 12 February 2021.We included studies with the following inclusion criteria:(1)observational studies in design;(2)target population was hospitalized pediatric patients whether admitted in the intensive care unit or in the general ward;(3)study reporting the prevalence of off-label,unlicensed prescriptions or both;and(4)published in English.Results A total of 47 studies were eligible for inclusion.The proportion of off-label and unlicensed prescriptions ranged from 7.4%to 99.5%and 0.1%to 74.4%,respectively.The most frequent category of off-label prescriptions was prescription outside the age range,with the most commonly reported reason for off-label prescriptions being the lack of information specifically for pediatrics on the drug information leaflets.The consequences of off-label and unlicensed prescriptions ranged from minor and bearable skin reactions to debilitating renal failure,risking deaths.Conclusions Off-label and unlicensed prescriptions are extensive and require progressively meditative interventions.However,the pediatric population is currently a“therapeutic orphan”.Unless adequate pediatric clinical trials and licensed drugs become available,off-label and unlicensed drug prescription should not entirely be banned but rather promoted in an organized manner.

Traffic balancing over licensed and unlicensed bands in heterogeneous networks

The rapid boosting in mobile traffic and the scarcity of available radio spectrum have hindered the improvement of capacity in cellular networks.It is necessary to discover an appropriate coexistence between cellular and other radio access technologies(mainly Wi-Fi)to offload the high traffic on to unlicensed bands.Dealing with joint time and power allocation to devices,a non-convex problem is modeled to maximize the throughput as well as guarantee the desired user satisfaction.A two-step traffic balancing scheme is proposed to derive the solution.We also focus on the inner competition among cellular users instead of traditional competition between cellular and Wi-Fi in the unlicensed bands.Finally,simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed two-step traffic balancing scheme.

关于儿童用药的问题及建议

目的:探讨在新生儿、婴儿、儿童和青少年人群,未经许可的(Unlicensed)和药品说明书标识以外的(Off-label)用药行为产生的原因及解决思路。方法:根据浙江大学附属儿童医院用药调查的情况,分析这种状况存在的原因以及可能带来的问题,借鉴国外先进经验,提出解决思路。结果:Unlicensed和Off-label用药行为容易引起药物不良反应、给药错误和医疗纠纷;鼓励儿童剂型的开发,加强市场监管,补充用药说明可以缓解这种矛盾。结论:儿童用药安全性需要人们进一步关注。

A Survey on Technologies and Challenges of LTE-U

The rapid growth of mobile data traffic has caused great pressure on the limited spectrum resources,and there must be some better methods to deal with this problem.The innovative technology of Long-Term Evolution(LTE)using the unlicensed spectrum,known as LTE-Unlicensed(LTE-U),has been proposed to effectively alleviate the shortage of authorized band resources.LTE-U has explored a lot of potential capacity in mobile communication systems with limited authorized spectrum resources,and improved the spectrum utilization of unauthorized frequency bands.However,LTE-U is still facing challenges in its application.In this paper,we summarize the key features of LTE-U and the coex-istence of LTE-U with Wi-Fi in the unlicensed Spectrum.We analyze the key technologies(including carrier aggregation,HARQ,interference cancelation,and centralized scheduling),the operating modes and deployment scenarios(including carrier aggregation LTE-U,duty cycle LTE-U,and standalone LTE-U),and the advantages(including anchored LTE-U and Standalone LTE-U scenarios),as well as main technical challenges.We then address the different management mechanisms of LTE-U and Wi-Fi(including the differences between the MAC layer and physical layer),the types of coexistence technology classification(including channel separation and channel sharing technologies),and directions for future work.We hope that this comprehensive survey spurs further research in this promising area.

eLTE-U承载城市轨道CBTC方案

多年以来,城市轨道交通由于没有无线频谱,不能很好地采用无线通信系统承载CBTC.一些城市的部分地铁采用wifi系统承载CBTC,虽然勉强能用,但是也出现乘客使用wifi干扰CBTC导致停运情况.当然,现在部分城市能申请到1.8G的5M频谱行业频谱,采用1.8G TDD-LTE无线通信系统承载CBTC.但是部分城市轨道交通无法申请到1.8G行业频谱只能用免授权频谱承载CBTC的需求,华为公司开发的eLTE-U无线通信系统是一个很好的选择.eLTE-U系统是通过将通用的LTE通信系统做两个改造形成.一是改造射频支持Unlicense频段(5.8G赫兹/2.4G赫兹),同时遵守该Unlicense频段的频谱法规,第二是核心网EPC采用小型私有云化的EPC.Unlicense频段最主要的两个法规是:发射功率要求EIRP小于36dBm;空口避让机制LBT.基于这些限制华为公司开发室外型AirNode微基站,和云化微核心网eCore9300构成eLTE-U系统.同时,提供终端模组(miniPCIe)支持5.8G赫兹/2.4G赫兹Unlicense频段,被轨道终端厂家集成到配套的TAU中,形成端到端系统,用以承载CBTC.