Preparation of Ternary Lanthanide Complexes with Unsaturated Acid and 1,10-Phenanthroline, and Their Anti-Inflammatory Action

Four ternary lanthanide complexes with unsaturated acid and 1,10-phenanthroline are prepared in methanol and characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, UV, IR, (()~1H) NMR and XPS. The results from this paper show that the complexes Ln(phen)(SA)_3·2H_2O or Ln(phen)(CA)_3·H_2O (Ln=Ce(Ⅲ), Sm(Ⅲ) and Eu(Ⅲ), (phen=1,10-)phenanthroline, SA=Sorbate and CA=Cinnamate) has better anti-inflammatory effect than cerium nitrate and their gremores are steadier than cerium nitrate gremor. And there is a kind of medicament which can replace the cerium nitrate gremor completely in treating burn.

Serum bile acid and unsaturated fatty acid profiles of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetic patients

BACKGROUND The understanding of bile acid(BA)and unsaturated fatty acid(UFA)profiles,as well as their dysregulation,remains elusive in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)coexisting with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).Investigating these metabolites could offer valuable insights into the pathophy-siology of NAFLD in T2DM.AIM To identify potential metabolite biomarkers capable of distinguishing between NAFLD and T2DM.METHODS A training model was developed involving 399 participants,comprising 113 healthy controls(HCs),134 individuals with T2DM without NAFLD,and 152 individuals with T2DM and NAFLD.External validation encompassed 172 participants.NAFLD patients were divided based on liver fibrosis scores.The analytical approach employed univariate testing,orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis,logistic regression,receiver operating characteristic curve analysis,and decision curve analysis to pinpoint and assess the diagnostic value of serum biomarkers.RESULTS Compared to HCs,both T2DM and NAFLD groups exhibited diminished levels of specific BAs.In UFAs,particular acids exhibited a positive correlation with NAFLD risk in T2DM,while theω-6:ω-3 UFA ratio demonstrated a negative correlation.Levels ofα-linolenic acid andγ-linolenic acid were linked to significant liver fibrosis in NAFLD.The validation cohort substantiated the predictive efficacy of these biomarkers for assessing NAFLD risk in T2DM patients.CONCLUSION This study underscores the connection between altered BA and UFA profiles and the presence of NAFLD in individuals with T2DM,proposing their potential as biomarkers in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.

Epoxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Methyl Esters in the Presence of SO_3H-functional Brφnsted Acidic Ionic Liquid as Catalyst

The epoxidation of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters(FAMEs)by peroxyacetic acid generated in situ from hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid was studied in the presence of SO3H-functional Brnsted acidic ionic liquid (IL)[C3SO3HMIM][HSO4]as catalyst.The effects of hydrogen peroxide/ethylenic unsaturation ratio,acetic acid concentration,IL concentration,recycling of the IL catalyst,and temperature on the conversion to oxirane were studied.The kinetics and thermodynamics of unsaturated FAMEs epoxidation and the kinetics of oxirane cleavage of the epoxidized FAMEs by acetic acid were also studied.The conversion of ethylenic unsaturation group to oxirane, the reaction rate of the conversion to oxirane,and the rate of hydrolysis(oxirane cleavage)were higher by using the IL catalyst.

Effects of unsaturated fatty acids on calcium-activated potassium current in gastric myocytes of guinea pigs

AIM: To investigate the effects of exogenous unsaturated fatty acids on calcium-activated potassium current [IK(Ca)] in gastric antral circular myocytes of guinea pigs. METHODS: Gastric myocytes were isolated by collagenase from the antral circular layer of guinea pig stomach. The whole-cell patch clamp technique was used to record /K(Ca) in the isolated single smooth muscle cells with or without different concentrations of arachidonic acid (AA), linoleic acid (LA), and oleic acid (OA). RESULTS: AA at concentrations of 2,5 and 10 μmol/L markedly increased IK(Ca) in a dose-dependent manner. LA at concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 μmol/L also enhanced /K(Ca) in a dose-dependent manner. The increasing potency of AA, LA, and oleic acid (OA) on /K(Ca)at the same concentration (10μmol/L) was in the order of AA>LA>OA. AA (10 μmol/L)-induced increase of Ik(ca) was not blocked by H-7 (10 μmol/L), an inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), or indomethacin (10 μmol/L), an inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase pathway, and 17-octadecynoic acid (10 μmol/L), an inhibitor of the cytochrome P450 pathway, but weakened by nordihydroguaiaretic acid (10μmol/L), an inhibitor of the lipoxygenase pathway. CONCLUSION: Unsaturated fatty acids markedly increase Ik(Ca), and the enhancing potencies are related to the number of double bonds in the fatty acid chain. The lipoxygenase pathway of unsaturated fatty acid metabolism is involved in the unsaturated fatty acid-induced increase of IK(Ca) in gastric antral circular myocytes of guinea pigs.

Biosynthesis of Unsaturated Fatty Acids via Mortierella Isabellina Cultivated in a Medium Containing Butanol

Mortierella isabellina was found to accumulate large amounts of unsaturated fatty acids when it was grown in a medium containing butanol(5 g/L) and yeast extract(10 g/L) and cultivated at 25 ℃ for 5 d during which additional feeding butanol of 2 g/L was fed after being cultivated for 48 h . The resultant mycelial lipids accounted for 40 1% of the dry mycelia, while about 34% of butanol in the medium was converted. The mycelial lipids contained four kinds of unsaturated fatty acids, i.e ., palmitoleic(4 9%), oleic(54 1%), linoleic(10 4%) and linolenic(5 4%) acids. Those accounted for 74 8% of the total fatty acids. The effects of the culture conditions, such as cultivation temperature, initial pH of the medium and additional feeding butanol in the course of cultivation, on the production of mycelial lipids by M. isabellina were studied.

Oils with different degree of saturation:effects on ileal digestibility of fat and corresponding additivity and bacterial community in growing pigs

Background Oils are important sources of energy in pig diets.The combination of oils with different degree of saturation contributes to improve the utilization efficiency of the mixed oils and may reduce the cost of oil supplemented.An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of oils with different degree of saturation on the fat digestibility and corresponding additivity and bacterial community in growing pigs.Methods Eighteen crossbred(Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire)barrows(initial body weight:29.3±2.8 kg)were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum.The experimental diets included a fat-free basal diet and 5 oil-added diets.The 5 oil-added diets were formulated by adding 6%oil with different ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids(U:S)to the basal diet.The 5 oils were palm oil(U:S=1.2),canola oil(U:S=12.0),and palm oil and canola oil were mixed in different proportions to prepare a combination of U:S of 2.5,3.5 and 4.5,respectively.Results The apparent and standardized ileal digestibility(AID and SID)of fat and fatty acids increased linearly(P<0.05)as the U:S of dietary oils increased except for SID of fat and C18:2.The AID and SID of fat and fatty acids differed among the dietary treatments(P<0.05)except for SID of unsaturated fatty acids(UFA)and C18:2.Fitted one-slope broken-line analyses for the SID of fat,saturated fatty acids(SFA)and UFA indicated that the breakpoint for U:S of oil was 4.14(R^(2)=0.89,P<0.01),2.91(R^(2)=0.98,P<0.01)and 3.84(R^(2)=0.85,P<0.01),respectively.The determined SID of fat,C18:1,C18:2 and UFA in the mixtures was not different from the calculated SID of fat,C18:1,C18:2 and UFA.However,the determined SID of C16:0,C18:0 and SFA in the mixtures were greater than the calculated SID values(P<0.05).The abundance of Romboutsia and Turicibacter in pigs fed diet containing palm oil was greater than that in rapeseed oil treatment group,and the two bacteria were negatively correlated with SID of C16:0,C18:0 and SFA(P<0.05).Conclusions The optimal U:S for improving the utilization efficiency of mixed oil was 4.14.The SID of fat and UFA for palm oil and canola oil were additive in growing pigs,whereas the SID of SFA in the mixture of two oils was greater than the sum of the values of pure oils.Differences in fat digestibility caused by oils differing in degree of saturation has a significant impact on bacterial community in the foregut.

Growth Response and Fatty Acid Composition of Juvenile Procambarus clarkii Fed Different Sources of Dietary Lipid

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding various sources of dietary lipid on weight gain, feed conversion, survival and fatty acid composition of juvenile red swamp crawfish, Procam-barus clarkii. Six semi-purified diets containing vitamin-free casein, defatted soybean meal, 0. 5% choline chloride, 0. 5% glycine and 0. 5% cholesterol were supplemented with 6. 0% of either anchovy oil, linseed oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil or pork lard. Each diet was fed to crawfish (3. 07±0. 21 g average weight) in three replicate aquaria for 60 days. Survival rate, weight gain and feed conversion were best for crawfish fed the diet containing anchovy oil. Crawfish fed the linseed oil diet had the second highest weight gain, followed by crawfish on soybean oil, repaseed oil, safflower oil and pork lard diets, respectively. Feed conversion values were a reflection of weight gain. Results showed that both n-6 and n-3 fatty acids are dietary essential for juvenile Procambarus clarkii, although n-3 fatty acids promoted faster growth than n-6. However, highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) (20 : 5n-3 and 22 :6n-3) had better growth-promoting effect than 18 : 3n-3, due probably to the limited ability of crawfish to bioconvert fatty acids to polyenoic forms of longer chain length. The fatty acid composition of the crawfish generally reflected that of the dietary lipids, especially for the diets containing unsaturated fatty acids.

Branched chain amino acids alter fatty acid profile in colostrum of sows fed a high fat diet

Background:Branched chain amino acids(BCAAs)are important substrates for milk protein synthesis in the mammary gland,and are tightly related to lipid metabolism.No study has been performed examining the role of BCAAs with high fat diets on milk fat synthesis.This study was designed to investigate the effect of dietary BCAAs on growth performance of piglets,progeny body weight,and milk fat composition in sows fed a high fat diet.Four diets(CON=control diet;HF=high fat diet with 8%soybean oil;HF-MB=HF plus 0.39%BCAAs;HF-HB=HF plus 0.78%BCAAs)were fed to sows from late gestation to weaning.Results:Compared to HF,BCAAs(HF-MB and HF-HB)increased the litter weight(P<0.05)and overall litter weight gain(P<0.05)at weaning and increased colostrum fat content by 27.3–35.8%(P<0.01).Fatty acid profiles between the two doses of BCAAs were similar.Compared with HF,HF-MB tended to decrease the percentage of C18:3n3(P=0.063)and increased the percentage of C18:1n9c(P=0.03).In addition,BCAAs in HF-MB increased the concentration of total fatty acid by 22.1%in colostrum(P=0.03)but decreased that in serum at parturition by 53.2%(P=0.027).The fatty acids in colostrum that increased with BCAAs were C15:0,C17:0,C20:3n6,C20:4n6,C20:5n3 and C22:6n3(P=0.00~0.04).Colostrum fatty acids of C20:0,C21:0,C22:0,C16:1,C20:1,C18:1n9c also tended to be increased(0.05<P<0.1)with BCAAs.The change in sow serum fatty acid profile due to BCAAs was different from that in colostrum.Conclusions:BCAAs in high fat diet of sows altered the fatty acid composition in colostrum and enhanced litter growth.Our study indicated that BCAAs supplementation can enhance mammary fatty acid uptake and mammary fat synthesis and that supplemental BCAAs and fat in late gestation and lactation diets for sows can improve reproductive performance.

Effect of dietary soybean oil and antioxidants on fatty acids and volatile compounds of tail subcutaneous and perirenal fat tissues in fattening lambs

Background： Fat is the primary source of the volatiles that determine the characteristic flavors of animal products.Because unsaturated fatty acids（UFAs） contribute to changes in flavor as a result of the oxidation process, a feeding trial was performed to investigate the effects of dietary soybean oil or antioxidants on the fatty acid and volatile profiles of the tail subcutaneous（SF） and perirenal fat tissues（PF） of fattening lambs. Thirty-six Huzhou lambs were assigned to four dietary treatments in a randomized block design. The lambs＇ diets were supplemented with soybean oil（0 or 3 % of DM） or antioxidants（0 or 0.025 % of DM）.Results： Neither soybean oil nor antioxidant supplementation had an effect on lamb growth（P 〉 0.05）. In regard to tail SF, soybean oil supplementation increased the 18：2n6t（P 〈 0.05） and the total amount of volatile acids,whereas antioxidant supplementation increased the content of C18：2n6c and C18：3n3（P 〈 0.05） but had no effect on the volatiles profile. In regard to PF, dietary soybean oil supplementation increased the C18：0 content（P 〈 0.01）;decreased the C18：1（P = 0.01）, C22：1 n9（P 〈 0.01） and total UFA（P = 0.03） contents; and tended to decrease the E-2-octenal（P = 0.08）, E, E-2, 4-decadienal（P = 0.10）, 2-undecenal（P = 0.14） and ethyl 9-decenoate（P = 0.10） contents.Antioxidant supplementation did not affect either the fatty acid content or the volatiles profile in the PF.Conclusions： Tail SF and PF responded to dietary soybean oil and antioxidant supplementation in different ways. For SF, both soybean oil and antioxidant supplementation increased the levels of unsaturated fatty acids but triggered only a slight change in volatiles. For PF, soybean oil supplementation decreased the levels of unsaturated fatty acids and oxidative volatiles, but supplementation with antioxidants had little effect on PF fatty acids and the volatiles profile.

Protective role of concomitant administration of flax lignan concentrate and omega-3-fatty acid on myocardial damage in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity

The severe cardiotoxicity incurred due to doxorubicin limits the use of their therapeutic potential.The current study aims to investigate the cardioprotective effect of concomitant administration of flax lignan concentrate(FLC)and omega-3-fatty acid(ω-3-FA)on myocardial damage in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats.Cardiotoxicity was induced by intraperitoneal injection of doxorubicin(4 mg/kg)on day 7th,14th,21st and 28th day in normal saline.Concomitant administration of FLC(500 mg/kg)andω-3-FA(1 mL/kg)lowered TNF-αlevel,normalized ST,QT and mean arterial blood pressure,elevation in endogenous enzymes levels such as glutathione and lowering in malondialdehyde,super oxide dismutase followed by normalized lipid profile and reduced the mortality rate.The treatment had antiapoptotic potential at cellular level also histopathology of heart tissue(light and electron microscopical).Thus concomitant action of FLC andω-3-FA may be antioxidant,antihyperlipidemic,anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic actions seem to the probable mechanisms in doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity.It can be concluded that FLC andω-3-FA both have distinct mechanism for cardioprotection and hence the additive effect was observed in the present study due to concomitant administration of FLC andω-3-FA.©2013 Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

Research Status of Alpha Linolenic Acid(ALA) and Its Application Advances in Livestock and Poultry Production

Alpha linolenic acid （ ALA）, a kind of polyunsaturated fatty acid extracted from plants and fruits, has a variety of biological functions. In recent years, ALA has attracted much attention as a natural green feed additive. The physical and chemical properties, metabolic process, physiological function of ALA as well as its application and mechanisms in livestock and poultry production are summarized in the paper.

Changes in Unsaturated Levels of Fatty Acids in Thylakoid PSII Membrane Lipids During Chilling-induced Resistance in Rice

Temperature is one of the abiotic factors limiting growth and productivity of plants. In the present work, the effect of low non-freezing temperature, as an inducer of ＂chilling resistance＂, was studied in three cultivars of rice （Oryza sativa L.）, japonica cv. 9516 （j-9516）, the two parental lines of superhigh-yield hybrid rice between subspecies, Peiai/E32 （ji-PE）, and the traditional indica hybrid rice Shanyou 63 （i-SY63）. Leaves of chill-treated rice showed chilling-induced resistance, as an increase of their low-temperature tolerance was measured using chlorophyll fluorescence measurements, revealing a change in photosystem II （PSII） efficiency. After 5 d of exposure to 11 ~C under low light （100 pmol·m^-2·s^-1）, levels of unsaturated fatty acids in PSII thylakoid membrane lipids decreased during the initial 1-2 d, then increased slowly and reached 99.2%, 95.3% and 90.1% of the initial value （0 d） in j-9516, ji-PE and i-SY63, respectively, on the fifth day. However, under medium light （600 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）, all cultivars experienced similar substantial photoinhibition, which approached steady state levels after a decline in levels of unsaturated fatty acids in PSII thylakoid membrane lipids to about 57.1%, 53.8% and 44.5% of the initial values （0 d） in j-9516, ji-PE and i-SY63 on the fifth day. Under either chilling-induced resistance （the former） or low temperature photoinhibition （the latter） conditions, the changes of other physiological parameters such as D1 protein contents, electron transport activities of PSII （ETA）, Fv/Fm, xanthophyl cycle activities expressed by DES （deepoxide state） were consistent with that of levels of unsaturated fatty acids in PSII thylakoid membrane lipids. So there were negative correlations between saturated levels of fatty acids （16：1（3t）, 16：0, 18：0）, especially the 16：1（3t） fatty acid on thylakoid membrane and other physiological parameters, such as D1 protein contents, ETA and （A＋Z）/（A＋V＋Z）. A specific role of desaturation of fatty acids and the photoprotective pigments of the xanthophyl cycle, leading to an acclimation response in thylakoid membrane lipids may be involved. We conclude that chilling-induced resistance is accelerated by the unsaturation of thylakoid membranes, and the ability of rice plants to cold-harden can be enhanced by genetic engineering.

Comparative studies on phosphate ore flotation collectors prepared by hogwash oil from different regions

In order to compare the differences between variations of phosphate ore flotation collectors prepared by hogwash oils, JZQ-F collectors were prepared by the hydrolysis method using four types of hogwash oils from different regions in China. The components of the hogwash oils were determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FIIR) spectra analysis, while the components of the JZQ-F were determined through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry(GC–MS). The flotation effects of the JZQ-F collectors were investigated by flotation experiments and the adsorption characteristics were determined through the quartz crystal microbalance(QCM-D). Results show that the JZQ-F collector from the Ordos area has 27.43% unsaturated fatty acids. JZQ-F collectors from Beijing, Qingdao, and Dongguan areas contain over 62% of unsaturated fatty acids, which can acquire phosphorous concentrates with a the grade of P_2O_5 above 31.96% and the recovery higher than 91.52%. These three collectors have a larger adsorption capacity, faster adsorption rate, and stronger adsorption structure on apatite surface, which contributed to a good adsorption performance and a favorable flotation effect.

Identification of the toxic compounds produced by Sargassum thunbergii to red tide microalgae

The inhibitory effects of methanol extracts from the tissues of three macroalgal species on the growths of three marine red tide microalgae were assessed under laboratory conditions.Extracts of Sargassum thunbergii(Mertens ex Roth) Kuntz tissue had stronger inhibitory effects than those of either Sargassum pallidum(Turner) C.Agardh or Sargassum kjellmanianum Yendo on the growths of Heterosigma akashiwo(Hada) Hada,Skeletonema costatum(Grev.) Grev,and Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg.Methanol extracts of S.thunbergii were further divided into petroleum ether,ethyl acetate,butanol,and distilled water phases by liquid-liquid fractionation.The petroleum ether and ethyl acetate fractions had strong algicidal effects on the microalgae.Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses of these two phases identified nine fatty acids,most of which were unsaturated fatty acids.In addition,pure compounds of four of the nine unsaturated fatty acids had effective concentrations below 5 mg/L.Therefore,unsaturated fatty acids are a component of the allelochemicals in S.thunbergii tissue.

Effects of the ratio of unsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid on the growth performance,carcass and meat quality of finishing pigs

The effects on finishing pigs(80-100 kg BW) fed diets supplemented with oil sources containing different ratios of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids(UFA:SFA ratio) were evaluated in 15 barrows and15 gilts(Duroc × Large White × Landrace). Three experimental diets were evaluated using a randomized complete block design, with broken rice, soybean meal and rice bran as the main feedstuffs in the control diet. Diets 2 and 3 consisted of the control diet supplemented with 3% oil, with UFA:SFA ratios of 2.5:1 and 5:1, respectively. Overall, there was no significant difference(P> 0.05) found in the average daily gain(ADG) of the pigs fed the treatment diets; however, the pigs fed the control diet and diet 3 had better(P < 0.05) feed conversion ratios(FCR) than the pigs fed diet 2. The pigs fed diets 2 and 3, which were supplemented with oil at UFA:SFA ratios of 2.5:1 and 5:1, had greater(P < 0.05) average daily feed intakes(ADFI) than the pigs in the control group. Additionally, it was found that the gender of the pigs had an effect(P < 0.05) on the FCR. Interaction effects between the experimental diets and the gender of the pigs(P < 0.05) were found in the ADFI and FCR. There were no significance differences(P > 0.05)among the treatment groups with regard to the carcass quality of the pigs; however, it was found that the gilts had greater(P < 0.01) loin eye areas than the barrows fed diets 2 and 3 and the loin eye area of pig fed diet 2 was the largest(P < 0.05); In the case of the meat quality parameters, it was clearly found that the pigs fed the control diet had a greater(P < 0.05) lightness(L~*) in the meat colour, and the lowest cooking loss was found in the pigs fed the diet supplemented with fat containing the UFA:SFA ratio of 5:1.Overall, the dietary treatment did not significantly affect the drip loss, thawing loss and shear force of the pork. In conclusion, the supplementation of oil with UFA:SFA ratios of 2.5:1 and 5:1 has the potential to improve pork quality.

Effect of n-3 HUFA levels in rotifers and Artemia on growth and survival of larval black sea bream (Sparus macrocephalus)

Requirement for dietary n-3 HUFA (n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid) for growth and survival of black sea bream (Sparus macrocephalus) larvae was studied using rotifers and Artemia at various levels of n-3 HUFA. Five treatments with rotifers and Artemia differing in n-3 HUFA were prepared by enriching them with various oil emulsions. Results indicated that dietary n-3 HUFA significantly influence fish n-3 HUFA levels and are essential for growth and survival of black sea bream larvae. The results also indicated that the incorporation of n-3HUFA TG (triacylglycerols) into tissues of larval black sea bream was more effective from natural fish oil in comparison with n-3 HUFA fatty acid ethyl esters from ethyl-esterified oil.

Efficient hydrocarboxylation of alkynes based on carbodiimide‐regulated in situ CO generation from HCOOH:An alternative indirect utilization of CO_(2)

The role of carbodiimide as dehydrant in the chemo‐,regio‐and stereoselective Pd(Ⅱ/0)‐catalyzed hydrocarboxylation of various alkynes with HCOOH releasing CO in situ is reported for the first time to obtainα,β‐unsaturated carboxylic acids.Both symmetrical and unsymmetrical monoalkynes show good reactivity.Importantly,2,2’‐(1,4‐phenylene)diacrylic acid can also be synthesized in high yield through the dihydrocarboxylation of 1,4‐diethynylbenzene.Besides,an excellent result in gram scale experiment and TON up to 900 can be obtained,displaying the efficiency of this protocol.Notably,regulating the types and concentrations of dehydrant can control the CO generation,avoiding directly operating toxic CO and circumventing sensitivity issue to the CO amount.On the basis of the attractive features of formic acid including easy preparation through CO_(2) hydrogenation and efficient liberation of CO,this protocol using formic acid as bridging reagent between CO_(2) and CO can be perceived as an indirect utilization of CO_(2),offering an alternative method for preparing acrylic acid analogues.

METABOLISM -OF LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN-DEPENDENT UNSATURATED FATTY ACID IN CULTURED CELLS

The traditional view of the regulation of eicosanoid formation holds that agonists have to activate receptor-coupled phospholipases before eicosanoid syntheiss can be initiated. Action of phospholipases results in an increase in the intracellular concentration of unesterified arachidonic acid (AA). Once unesterified AA is present in sufficient amounts it can be metabolized by a variety of enzymes that catalyze

The AD/HD Syndrome as a Group of Biological Disorders

Problem: There is a need to collect the many and varied data on AD/HD (Attention deficit hyper-activity disorder) into a meaningful overview. Method: Based on peer reviewed and published data as well as own research we try to make sense of the physiological mechanisms resulting in the relevant symptoms. Conclusion: AD/HD clearly has a genetic disposition, but as with many other genetic syndromes, the resulting proteomics must be stressed to become manifest as disease/ disorder. A common trait in the different etiologies is lower arousal.

Lipase catalyzed synthesis of epoxy-fatty acids

Lipase catalyzed synthesis of epoxy-fatty acids from unsaturated carboxylic acids was investigated. Under mild condition unsaturated carboxylic acids were converted to peroxycarboxylic acids by lipase with hydrogen peroxide, then the unsaturated peroxycarboxylic acids epoxidised the C = C bond of themselves.