Study on the Influence of Piloti on Mean Radiant Temperature in Residential Blocks by 3-D Unsteady State Heat Balance Radiation Calculation

Piloti is commonly used in tropical and subtropical climate zones to get high wind velocity and create shadowed areas in order to optimize the living environment of residential blocks,but there are few studies to reveal the influence of piloti on the radiant environment of residential blocks systematically. Taking the city of Guangzhou as an example,using 3-D Unsteady State Heat Balance Radiation Calculation Method,this paper shows that the mean radiant temperature( MRT) under piloti area increases with the increase of piloti ratio,and especially when piloti ratio is equal to 100%,the MRT increase trend becomes sharp. The MRT of exposed area decreases with the increase of piloti ratio,especially when piloti ratio reaches 100%,the decrease trend of MRT becomes sharp,which offers the reference for the study on piloti design in subtropical climate zones and further research on living environment by CFD simulation in residential blocks.

Direct Calculation of Unsteady-State Weymouth Equations for Gas Volumetric Flow Rate with Different Friction Factors in Horizontal and Inclined Pipes

Direct calculations of unsteady-state Weymouth equations for gas volumetric flow rate occur more frequently in the design and operation analysis of natural gas systems. Most of the existing gas pipelines design procedures are based on a particular friction factor and steady-state flow analysis. This paper examined the behavior of different friction factors and the need to develop model analysis capable of calculating unsteady-state gas flow rate in horizontal and inclined pipes. The results show different variation in flow rate with Panhandle A and Panhandle B attaining stability in accurate time with initial unsteadiness at the instance of flow. Chen and Jain friction factors have opposition to flow with high flow rate: The prediction also reveals that Colebrook-White degenerated to Nikuradse friction factor at high Reynolds number. The horizontal and inclined flow equations are considerably enhanced on the usage of different friction factors with the aid of Matlab to handle these calculations.

Unsteady-state Grinding Technology (III) Studies on the Surface Quality

In conventional grinding theory, the chief removed mode of ceramic coprocessor by diamond tools was brittle removal. In order to perform the plastic removal or ductility processing of engineering ceramics the high degree of accuracy and high rigidity grinner must be using micro grain size diamond grinding wheel to direct the processing of micron below rank depth to prevent form the occurring of the brittle processing zone. This will resulted in the high expense of grinding. The expense of grinding could even reach the 80% of the total manufacture cost of the ceramic part. Ultra-precision grinding for advanced ceramics has been achieved by the unsteady-state grinding technique. In this paper, we mainly deals with observing and analyzing the surface quality of the silicon nitride ground by pink fused alumina wheel in different grinding parameters. To optimize the grinding parameters in the process of the unsteady-state grinding, the experiments of X-ray diffraction, energy spectrum analysis, SEM observation and roughness measurement were performed. The results show that: 1. In the process of unsteady state grinding, high line speed (rotational speed) of the grind wheel can improve the roughness of the silicon nitride apparently. It was also evident that the larger the grain mesh size, the better the surface quality. 2. There exists an optimum combination of grinding conditions such as grinding wheel speed, rotational speed of the workpiece, feed rate between the grinding wheel and the workpiece, grinding times and cutting coolant. The surface quality of the silicon nitride can be up to the standard of mirror finishing. 3. By analyzing the finished surface with X-ray diffraction and energy spectrum, the existence of some new phases including titanium and alumina was proved. 4. By utilizing the unsteady state grinding technique, the surface roughness of Ra ≤ 0.030 μm can be achieved by grinding the silicon nitride with the pink fused alumina wheel in low cost. Based on the unsteady-state grinding technique, this paper put forward a new processing method which by utilizing aluminum oxide grinding wheel to perform burnishing process and impudent the low surface roughness processing of engineering ceramic, the Ra is about 0.01 μm. Furthermore, the working efficiency of this method is high, and the process cost is low, so it is a prospective processing method.

Unsteady-State Grinding Technology (I) Theoretical Generalization and Research on Grinding Mechanism

In conventional grinding theory, it is obvious that there must be a very high hardness difference between grains of the grinding wheel and workpieces. The best grinding wheels are those giving the lowest "natural limiting surface roughness" while cutting at appreciable plunge velocities. With the development of new materials and new machining processes, conventional theories of grinding techniques are no longer suitable to explain many phenomena in the course of grinding procedures. In dealing with precision or ultra-precision grinding processes of advanced ceramics, many results of experiments and practical production have shown that grinding with super hard materials wheels is not the only method to machine advanced ceramics. This paper is intended to propose a new grinding theory named as unsteady-state grinding technique evolved from some phenomena that can not be explained by conventional grinding theory. Unsteady-state grinding technique means the technique which can make the surface roughness of the materials, especially hard and brittle, be up to the standard of ultra-precision machining by utilizing common wheels characteristic of inferior self-sharpening and wear-resistance. In the process of machining, the common wheel need to be redressed about 3～5 times and the time between two redressings is about 3～5 minutes. As a validation of the new grinding technology, experimental work was performed to prove the existence of the unsteady state in the process of ultra-precision grinding with common abrasive wheel-pink fused alumina wheel. From the results of the observation of the wheel topography, the whole grinding process in unsteady state was separated into three stages namely cutting by grains peaks, micro-cutting by micro edges of the broken grains and rubbing without material removal, which is different from conventional grinding theory. For the difference of hardness between grinding wheel and workpiece material is not so apparent, some people have doubts about whether the cutting especially micro-cutting actions exist in the process of unsteady state grinding. By utilizing the common abrasive wheel newly redressed to grind the finished surface of silicon nitride glut and comparing the finished surface with the damaged surface in SEM pattern and surface roughness, the existence of cutting and micro- cutting actions in the unsteady state grinding process was confirmed.

Unsteady-State Grinding Technology (II) Experimental Studies of Grinding Forces and Force Ratio

As is known to all, grinding force is one of the most important parameters to evaluate the whole process of grinding. Generally, the grinding force is resolved to three component forces, namely, normal grinding force F n, tangential grinding force F t and a component force acting along the direction of longitudinal feed which is usually neglected because of insignificance. The normal grinding force F n has influence upon surface deformation and roughness of workpiece, while the tangential grinding force F t mainly affect power consumption and service life of grinding wheel. In order to study deep into the process of the unsteady state grinding, we set up a measurement system to monitor the change of grinding force during the course of grinding and try to find some difference in the change of grinding force between the steady state grinding and unsteady state grinding. In the test, the normal and tangential grinding forces, F n and F t were measured by using a set of equipments including sensor, amplifier, oscilloscope and computer monitor. From the results, we can conclude that: 1) In the unsteady state grinding process, the values of the grinding forces are much lower than those of the steady state grinding process and the grinding force ratio showed a nonlinear fluctuation. 2) The tendency of the grinding forces in the process of the unsteady state grinding proved the existence of the cutting and micro-cutting actions. 3) Because the grinding force signals of the unsteady state grinding are much weaker than those of the steady state grinding, to obtain accurate value of the grinding forces, wave filtering is needed to be done. The whole process to filter the perturbation wave can be separated into three steps in order, changing the grinding force signals from analog signals into digital signals, FFT (fast Fourier transform) treatment to the digital signals, and IFFT(inversion fast Fourier transform) treatment to the digital signals after spectrum limitation.

Sensitivity Numerical Analysis of Human Body Exergy Balance under an Unsteady-State Thermal Environment —Behavioral Adaptation Induced by Undesirable Cold Storage by Building Envelope in Winter

We analyzed the relationships between the human body exergy balance and behavioral adaptations induced by undesirable cold storage by a building envelope under an unsteady-state thermal environment in winter. The complex interaction of the warm exergy production by shivering, lifting of the shell ratio, and reduction of the blood flow rate was considered to constitute the physiological adaptation necessary for maintaining the constant core temperature, which was an important aspect in living organisms. In the case of intermittent use room, it was suggested that better thermal comfort and desirable behavioral adaptations, which decreased the consumption of fossil fuels, could be achieved if interior wooden cladding was used in constructions with building envelopes that had a comparatively large heat capacity, or in cases of wooden constructions in which the building envelope heat capacity was comparatively small.

Effect of varying normal stress on stability and dynamic motion of a spring-slider system with rate- and state-dependent friction

Incorporating rate and state friction laws, stability of linearly stable （i.e., with stiffness greater than the critical value） spring-slider systems subjected to triggering perturbations was analyzed under variable normal stress condition, and comparison was made between our results and that of fixed normal stress cases revealed in previous studies. For systems associated with the slip law, the critical mag- nitude of rate steps for triggering unstable slips are found to have a similar pattern to the fixed normal stress case, and the critical velocity steps scale with a/（b - a） when k = kcr for both cases. The rate-step boundaries for the variable normal stress cases are revealed to be lower than the fixed normal stress case by 7 %-16 % for a relatively large ct = 0.56 with （b - a）/a ranging from 0.25 to 1, indicating easier triggering under the variable normal stress condition with rate steps. The difference between fixed and variable normal stress cases decreases when the α value is smaller. In the same slip- law-type systems, critical displacements to trigger instability are revealed to be little affected by the variable normal stress condition. When k 〉 kcr（V,）, a spring-slider system with the slowness law is much more stable than with the slip law,suggesting that the slowness law fits experimental data better when a single state variable is adopted. In stick-slip motions, the variable normal stress case has larger stress drops than the constant normal stress case. The variable normal stress has little effect on the range of slip velocity in systems associated with the slowness law, whereas systems associated with the slip law have a slowest slip velocity immensely smaller than the fixed normal stress case, by ~ 10 orders of magnitude.

点接触滑动-往复自旋运动润滑成膜规律研究

为模拟滚动轴承中常见的自旋工况,设计开发了1种可分别控制滑动速度和自旋速度的点接触光弹流滑动-往复自旋试验装置.采用新开发的装置对带有自旋的钢球-玻璃盘接触副形成的弹性流体动力润滑油膜形状、厚度等进行试验研究,考察了运动学参数与供油条件对点接触自旋运动膜厚分布的影响,针对非稳态工况中的滑动-往复自旋复合运动进行了试验研究,对接触区油池分布以及供油状况进行了fluent两相流仿真.结果表明:设计的试验装置可精确模拟接触副滑动-往复自旋复合运动,并实现了对该条件下的油膜分布可视化研究.随着钢球自旋角速度增大,经典的马蹄形相对卷吸中心线的对称性就会消失,自旋速度越大,非对称性越明显,载荷越大,最小油膜厚度越小.在非稳态运动过程中,最大自旋角速度时刻的油膜厚度低于稳态条件下相同角速度的油膜厚度;增大钢球往复自旋运动频率,对应时刻的油膜厚度变化减小.往复自旋运动大大缩小了乏油工况下接触区入口距离,与仿真结果一致.

Simulation of unsteady aerodynamic loads on high-speed trains in fluctuating crosswinds

To study the unsteady aerodynamic loads of high-speed trains in fluctuating crosswinds, the fluctuating winds of a moving point shifting with high-speed trains are calculated in this paper based on Cooper theory and harmonic superposition method. The computational fluid dynamics method is used to obtain the aerodynamic load coefficients at different mean yaw angles, and the aero- dynamic admittance function is introduced to calculate unsteady aerodynamic loads of high-speed trains in fluctuating winds. Using this method, the standard deviation and maximum value of the aerodynamic force （moment） are simulated. The results show that when the train speed is fixed, the varying mean wind speeds have large impact on the fluctuating value of the wind speeds and aerodynamic loads; in contrast, when the wind speed is fixed, the varying train speeds have little impact on the fluctuating value of the wind speeds or aerodynamic loads. The ratio of standard deviation to 0.SpKU2, or maximum value to 0.5pKU2, can be expressed as the function of mean yaw angle. The peak factors of the side force and roll moment are the same （ - 3.28）, the peak factor of the lift force is - 3.33, and the peak factors of the yaw moment and pitch moment are also the same （- 3.77）.

Solid-state synthesis of Sr-and Co-doped LaMnO_3 perovskites

The synthesis process for La 1- x Sr x Mn 1- y Co y O 3- δ ( x = 0.2, 0.3; y = 0.2, 0.8, designated as LSMC below) perovskite oxides prepared by solid state reaction was investigated using DSC/TG, XRD, EPMA and particle size analysis methods. It was found that LSMCs were all of single phase and the synthesis process might be divided into three stages: the decomposition of reactants, the formation of LaMn(Co)O 3 based oxides, and the formation of LSMC solid solution. Typical average and the peak value of particle size, and the specific surface area are 14.65?μm, 16.4?μm and 1.38?m 2/mL, respectively, for mixed reactants and are 23.81?μm, 32.11?μm and 0.5?m 2/mL, respectively, for powder synthesized at 1?200?℃ for 8?h in air.

基于多段压裂缝-井筒耦合流动模型的页岩油水平井段长度优化研究

长水平井段和大规模体积压裂是页岩油开发的关键技术,受储层特征、压裂规模的影响,不同区块的最佳水平井段长度存在差异,需综合考虑油藏渗流和长水平井井筒流动来优选水平井段长度。北美海相页岩连续性好,相对均质,油层巨厚,长水平井段对提高单井生产效率起决定性作用,而中国陆相页岩非均质性强,平面变化快,薄互层发育,需确定合理水平井段长度实现单井提产,获得经济效益。因此,准确表征页岩油藏渗流-长水平段井筒流动对页岩油产能评价和合理水平井段长度的确定至关重要。在五区线性流的基础上,综合考虑页岩基质启动压力梯度、复杂裂缝网络非均质及应力敏感特征,建立了页岩油水平井多段压裂缝-井筒耦合流动模型,并利用摄动变换、Laplace变换对模型求解。基于多段压裂缝-井筒耦合流动模型,开展了产量评价与预测,实现了复杂裂缝网络参数反演,论证了储层厚度、裂缝条数对合理页岩油水平井段长度的影响规律,在此基础上构建了页岩油水平井段长度优化图版。结果表明,对于厚层页岩,裂缝条数是影响合理水平井段长度的主控因素。将上述模型应用于实际区块,确定了不同区块在目前储层条件下的合理水平井段长度,该研究为明确不同类型页岩油储层合理水平井段长度的确定提供理论依据。

Modeling of Solid-state Polycondensation of Poly (ethylene terephthalate)

A mathematical model has been developed to handle the reactions in Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) undergoing polycondensation reactions in the solid state. The effect of temperature on chain mobility was considered to estimate the rate constants of chemical reactions. The polymer crystalline fraction is modeled as containing only repeat units, thus concentrating end groups and conden-sates in the amorphous fraction. This model is compared with PET reaction data with good results.

Equation of State of Nuclear Matter in Chiral σ-ω Model

The equation of state of nuclear matter is studied in the 1-loop approximation of chiral linear σ-ω model.By introducing the density-dependent coupling constants, the problem of tachyon pole in the chiral σ-ω model is resolved.The 1-loop contributions ofσ and π mesons to the nucleon's binding energy are included, while the empirical properties of nuclear matter such as saturation density, binding energy, and incompressibility are well reproduced.

Materials Design on the Origin of Gap States in a High-κ/GaAs Interface

Given the demand for constantly scaling micro- electronic devices to ever smaller dimensions, a SiO2 gate dielectric was substituted with a higher dielectric-constant material, Hf（Zr）O2, in order to minimize current leakage through dielectric thin film. However, upon interfacing with high dielectric constant （high-κ） dielectrics, the electron mobility in the conventional Si channel degrades due to Coulomb scattering, surface-roughness scattering, remotephonon scattering, and dielectric-charge trapping.Ⅲ-Ⅴ and Ge are two promising candidates with superior mobility over Si. Nevertheless, Hf（Zr）O2/Ⅲ-Ⅴ（Ge） has much more complicated interface bonding than Si-based interfaces. Successful fabrication of a high-quality device critically depends on understanding and engineering the bonding configurations at Hf（Zr）O2/Ⅲ-Ⅴ（Ge） interfaces for the optimal design of device interfaces. Thus, an accurate atomic insight into the interface bonding and mechanism of interface gap states formation becomes essential. Here, we utilize first- principle calculations to investigate the interface between HfO2 and GaAs. Our study shows that As--As dimer bonding, Ga partial oxidation （between 3＋ and 1＋） and Ga- dangling bonds constitute the major contributions to gap states. These findings provide insightful guidance for optimum interface passivation.

The “Non-Locality” of Entangled States Is Seeming Phenomenon

EPR raised fundamental problems of non-locality (NL) in the case of entangled states (ES) 82 years ago. These problems were not solved until now. EPR and their followers used and would continue to use calculation methods that were available at that time. However, we can easily explain this observable NL as a trivial result of conservation laws (CL) within modern quantum mechanics (MQM). But application of CL requires materialistic descriptions of reality in a micro world in contrast to so-called quantum measurement theory (QMT), which was created mainly in the times of EPR and is widely accepted until now. We have to use a materialistic description, just as many physicists who actually work with high precision do by default. In this article, practical examples are given for real, precise measurements of wave functions of molecules and crystals, which, of course, were not known to EPR and were not noticed by their followers. We should acknowledge that QMT is merely an unneeded complication of simple relations of MQM. NL is the seeming result of these complications.

State of Country Report——Foreign Trade 2009-2010

Facing economic crisis in the world 2009, international market demands suffered a serious recession, also China's foreign trade has encountered unprecedented difficulties. In front of this, Chinese Government takes series of adjustment timely to get over this rough time. So how is China's foreign trade in 2009, and where it will go in 2010, let's have a look at this…

基于最优周期bang-bang控制的乙醇生产过程强化

随着纤维素预处理和酶水解技术的突破,发酵过程已成为制约乙醇生产的主要因素。本文从乙醇发酵的简化模型出发,分析了半连续发酵过程的稳定性以及在乙醇抑制条件下系统的失稳条件。基于最优周期控制理论,探讨了周期操作开关生产的最优准则,以及恒化器模型采用周期操控实现过程强化的最优化方案。结果表明:对于具有Monod生长函数的经典恒化器系统,周期性的bang-bang控制(在本文中指控制输出补料操作的开启及关闭)可获得较稳态操作更优的基质转化率。

低渗-特低渗油藏非稳态油水相对渗透率计算模型

考虑低渗-特低渗储层多孔介质中油水渗流特征,建立考虑启动压力梯度、重力及毛管力影响的低渗-特低渗油藏非稳态油水相对渗透率计算模型,进行非稳态油水相对渗透率试验,计算不同影响因素下的油水相对渗透率曲线。结果表明,启动压力梯度作为油水渗流的阻力,对油水相对渗透率、储层压力、剩余油饱和度、产油及产水等影响最为显著,其次是重力,毛管力仅对油相相对渗透率有影响,对水相相对渗透率无影响。

闭口氢-氧PEM燃料电池非稳态运行研究

建立了闭口氢-氧质子交换膜燃料电池的三维非稳态数学模型,研究了不同操作压力条件下,电池的运行特性及内部各参数的变化情况。结果表明:闭口电池的性能随着运行时间的增加逐渐下降,且阴极侧氧气不足是导致电池衰减的主要原因;在较高的操作压力下,电池可以维持工作更长的时间。

凝析油-气不稳态渗流问题及其压降曲线

根据凝析气相态特征,采用凝析气田的原始相态资料,研究了凝析气在相态转换过程中储层内气体中可凝缩液体的体积分数、质量分数与气藏压力的关系及具体计算方法,建立了凝析油-气在多孔介质中的渗流方程。在考虑到井筒内存在凝析油-气相态重分布的情况下,建立了凝析气在复杂气藏内油-气两相不稳态渗流问题的新模型,求出了3种典型气藏外边界条件下的凝析油-气两相拟压力分布解析解,并绘出了井底压降曲线,给出了应用实例。