Liquid-liquid Microextraction Based on Solidification of Floating Organic Drops Coupled with Gas Chromatography for Analyzing Trace Benzene, Toluene and Xylene in Water Samples

A new liquid-liquid microextraction method based on the solidification of floating organic drops coupled with gas chromatography was developed for the determination of trace benzene, toluene and xylene（BTX） in water samples. In the microextraction procedure, a microdrop of n-decanol was delivered to the surface of the analytes’ solution, and stirred for a desired time. Following the absolute extraction, the sample vial was cooled in an ice bath for 10 min. The solidified n-decanol was then transferred into a plastic tube and melted naturally; and 1 μL of it was injected into gas chromatography for analysis. Factors relevant to the extraction efficiency were studied and optimized. The optimal experimental conditions were： 15 μL of n-decanol as extractive solvent, 30 mL of solution containing analytes, no salt, the stirring rate 400 r/min, the extraction temperature 30 °C, and the extraction time 30 min. Under those optimized conditions, the detection limit（LOD） of analytes was in a range of 0.05―0.10 ng/mL by the developed method. A good linearity（r0.99） in a calibration range of 0.01―100 μg/mL was obtained. The recoveries of the real samples at different spiked levels of BTX were in the range from 92.2% to 103.4%.

Energy Emissions Profile and Floating Solar Mitigation Potential for a Malaysia’s State

The establishment of the National Low Carbon City Master Plan(NLCCM)by Malaysia’s government presents a significant opportunity to minimize carbon emissions at the subnational or local scales,while simultaneously fostering remarkable economic potential.However,the lack of data management and understanding of emissions at the subnational level are hindering effective climate policies and planning to achieve the nationally determined contribution and carbon neutrality goal.There is an urgent need for a subnational emission inventory to understand and manage subnational emissions,particularly that of the energy sector which contribute the biggest to Malaysia’s emission.This research aims to estimate carbon emissions for Selangor state in accordance with the Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories(GPC),for stationary energy activities.The study also evaluates the mitigation potential of Floating Solar Photovoltaic(FSPV)proposed for Selangor.It was found that the total stationary energy emission for Selangor for the year 2019 was 18,070.16 ktCO2e,contributed the most by the Manufacturing sub-sector(40%),followed by the Commercial and Institutional sub-sector;with 82%contribution coming from the Scope 2 emission.The highest sub-sector of Scope 1 emissions was contributed by Manufacturing while Scope 2 emissions from the Commercial and Institutional.Additionally,the highest fuel consumed was natural gas,which amounted to 1404.32 ktCO2e(44%)of total emissions.The FSPV assessment showed the potential generation of 2.213 TWh per year,by only utilizing 10%of the identified available ponds and dams in Selangor,equivalent to an emission reduction of 1726.02 ktCO2e,offsetting 11.6%Scope 2 electricity emission.The results from the study can be used to better evaluate existing policies at the sub-national level,discover mitigation opportunities,and guide the creation of future policies.

变压器磁铁固定座全自动级进式精密注塑模设计

根据变压器磁铁固定座结构特点,用辅助料带将金属端子串联在一起,再通过气缸和双推板脱模机构,使注塑模具能够像冲压模具那样可以进行全自动级进式进料和脱模。同时模具采用浮动式侧向抽芯机构,巧妙地解决了料带定位镶件和滑块相互干涉的问题。模具结构先进合理、快速高效,塑件尺寸精度得到了大幅提高。

灯头壳多工位拉深级进模设计

针对灯头壳零件的结构特点和生产要求,介绍了灯头壳多工位拉深级进模的结构设计要点和工作原理。提出了控制模具动作顺序的施力措施及设计方法,叙述了采用浮动式凹模在多工位拉深模中的作用。应用结果表明,该模具结构保证了灯头壳冲压变形趋向的稳定性和可靠性,此设计方法对薄壁件多工位拉深级进模的设计具有通适性。

600t起重船结构强度有限元分析

本文建立了某起重船起重结构的有限元模型。通过有限元计算,在其建造和结构强度测试之前,初步核算其结构的强度能否满足作业的要求,为结构设计提供参考。本文介绍的计算,可供起重船设计人员在设计起重船结构时参考使用。

关于股权分置改革问题的思考

股权分置改革是我国资本市场的一场根本性的制度变革。从2005年股改正式启动至今虽取得了一些成效,但也存在着一些问题。2006年是股改的关键年,一些经营绩效较差的上市公司也将在年内完成股改。有效地进行股权分置改革,对于推动中国证券市场的健康发展具有重要的现实意义。

Distribution control and formation mechanism of gas inclusions in directionally solidified Al2O3-Er3Al5O12-ZrO2 ternary eutectic ceramic by laser floating zone melting

Distribution control and formation mechanism of gas inclusions formed in directionally solidified Al2O3-Er3Al5O12-ZrO2 eutectic ceramic rods are explored during laser floating zone melting. In atmospheric environment, highly-dense bubble-free eutectic rods are well fabricated at low solidification rate(<25μm/s). Gas inclusions form intermittently when the solidification rate is in the range of 25-50 μm/s,but produce continuously at higher solidification rates(100-200 μm/s). The gas inclusions exhibit an elongated finger-like pattern along the growth direction, which of the maximum value of diameter first increases and then decreases with increasing the solidification rate. Meanwhile, the volume fraction of gas inclusions increased gradually with the solidification rate. Based on the effect of surface tension gradient, heterogeneous nucleation of gas bubbles is evaluated to be the primary formation mechanism of gas inclusions.

高精度切边圆盘剪的设计

本文结合作者在高精度切边圆盘剪的设计、调试体会,分析了影响切边质量的因素,并提出了获得较高切边质量所采取的措施。

采用隔油池和气浮法处理含油污水

根据含油污水处理的理论 ,对山海关机务段含油污水处理工程设施工及设备调试的实践经验进行论述和总结。

螺旋式气柜改直升式过程总结

介绍了10 000 m3螺旋式气柜改造为直升式气柜的施工过程及关键步骤的注意事项,对施工工期把握,内外导轮、导架安装技术要求,配重调整等进行了详细的阐述。为其他厂家在短期内改造大型气柜提供了实践经验。

斜浪下FLNG与LNGC旁靠时相对运动的时域分析（英文）

Strong hydrodynamic interactions during the side-by-side offloading operation between floating liquefied natural gas(FLNG) and liquefied natural gas carrier(LNGC) can induce high risks of collision. The weather vane effect of a single-point mooring system normally results in the satisfactory hydrodynamic performance of the side-by-side configuration in head seas. Nevertheless, the changes in wave directions in real sea conditions can significantly influence the relative motions. This article studies the relative motions of the side-by-side system by using the theoretical analysis method and the numerical calculation method. Based on the three-dimensional potential theory modified by artificial damping-lid method, the frequency-domain hydrodynamic coefficients can be improved to calculate the retardation functions for the multi-body problem. An in-house code is then developed to perform the time-domain simulation of two vessels, through which the relative motions are subsequently obtained. A range of oblique waves are chosen for the extensive calculation of relative motions between the two vessels, which are further analyzed in terms of the phase shift of motion responses induced by specific resonant wave patterns. Investigation results show that wave directions have a significant influence on the relative sway, roll, and yaw motions. Under the circumstance that the absolute phase shift between the roll motions of two vessels approaches 180°, stronger relative motions are induced when LNGC is on the weather side.Moreover, the gap water resonances at high frequencies tend to cause the dangerous opposed oscillation of two vessels in the sway and yaw modes, whereas FLNG reduces the gap water resonances and relative motions when located on the weather side.

Numerical Study of Heat Transfer Characteristic for Subcooled Falling Film outside the Shaped Tubes under Rolling Motion

The heat transfer performance of spiral wound heat exchanger used in the floating liquefied natural gas(FLNG)may be significantly affected by the sloshing conditions.In this paper,a three-dimensional numerical model combined with the dynamic mesh technology is conducted to study subcooled falling film heat transfer under static and sloshing conditions.The three-dimensional velocity distribution of the liquid film on the shell side is observed.The effects of cross-section shape of heat exchange tubes,Reynolds numbers and sloshing parameters on heat transfer characteristics are analyzed.The results indicate that the heat transfer performance of the egg-shaped tube is superior to that of the elliptical and circular tube under both static and sloshing conditions due to significant heat transfer improvement in the lower half of the tube.The heat transfer coefficients of three different kinds of tubes decrease under sloshing conditions.When the rolling amplitude is 6°,the average heat transfer coefficients of the circular tube,elliptical tube and egg-shaped tube are reduced by 2.1%,3.7%and 4.9%respectively.Under the current sloshing parameters,increasing the rolling amplitude,the heat transfer coefficients of three different tubes are slightly increased,while the sloshing period has little effect on heat transfer.The egg-shaped tube and elliptical tube are greatly affected by sloshing motion at the low Reynolds number,while the effect is relatively small at the high Reynolds number.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF EFFECTS OF INNER-TANK SLO-SHING ON HYDRODYNAMICS OF AN FLNG SYSTEM

The present research focuses on experimentally clarifying the effect of inner-tank sloshing on the hydrodynamics of an Floating Liquefied Natural Gas（FLNG）system.Through the comparisons of the results obtained from the model tests carried out with the vessel model ballasted with liquid and solid cargo separately,the effects of the inner-tank sloshing on the hydrodynamics of an FLNG system are highlighted and presented.Statistical languages of the maximum,minimum,mean values and the standard deviations and power density spectra calculated with the help of the algorithm of Fast Fourier Transformation（FFT）are provided.It is concluded that the effects of the inner-tank sloshing on the responses of the FLNG system are sensitive to wave excitation frequencies,and that the effects of the inner-tank sloshing play an important role,particularly in the roll motion of the FLNG hull.The outcome of the proposed technique would offer constructive feedback,which can lead to more practical applications and can serve as a reference for the verification of the potential numerical simulations by other researchers.

HYDRODYNAMIC INTERACTION BETWEEN FLNG VESSEL AND LNG CARRIER IN SIDE BY SIDE CONFIGURATION

The Floating Liquefied Natural Gas （FLNG） is a new type of floating platform for the exploitation of stranded offshore oil/gas fields. The side by side configuration for the FLNG vessel and the LNG carrier arranged in parallel is one of the possible choices for the LNG offloading. During the offloading operations, the multiple floating bodies would have very complex responses due to their hydrodynamic interactions. In this study, numerical simulations of multiple floating bodies in close proximity in the side by side offloading configuration are carried out with the time domain coupled analysis code SIMO. Hydrodynamic interactions between the floating bodies and the mechanical coupling effects between the floating bodies and their connection systems are included in the coupled analysis model. To clarify the hydrodynamic effects of the two vessels, numerical simulations under the same environmental condition are also conducted without considering the hydrodynamic interactions, for comparison. It is shown that the hydrodynamic interactions play an important role in the low frequency motion responses of the two vessels, but have little effect on the wave frequency motion responses. In addition, the comparison results also show that the hydrodynamic interactions can affect the loads on the connection systems.

Risk assessment of LNG and FLNG vessels during manoeuvring in open sea

Manoeuvring of a Liquefied Natural Gas(LNG)carrier in open sea at Floating LNG(FLNG)terminals can be associated with several operational risks of potential consequences to human safety,the environment and economy.In this paper,a fuzzy set approach was developed to handle the uncertainty in expert opinions commonly used for qualitative risk assessment studies such as the risk matrix.Risk parameters were modelled using a number of fuzzy sets,and a fuzzy risk value was calculated for several hazardous scenarios at different phases during ship berthing operations.The calculated fuzzy risk values were found to be consistent with the results of the risk matrix technique.©2017 Shanghai Jiaotong University.Published by Elsevier B.V.

Numerical Investigation on the Hydrodynamic Diference Between Internal and External Turret-Moored FLNG

Motion responses of the floating liquefied natural gas(FLNG)hull and the mooring loads in a 100-year return environmental condition are predicted with the help of the well known coupled dynamic analysis code DeepC.A ship-shaped turret-moored FLNG moored by 4×3 chain-polyester-chain lines in 1.5 km depth of water is studied.Two types of turrets such as internal and external turrets,resulting from diferent locations of the turrets,are adopted respectively in the numerical simulations.Motion responses of the FLNG hull and forces of the mooring lines obtained from the internal turret case and external turret case are compared with each other.Significant diferences are obtained.Statistic analysis is also used to analyze the comparison results,and efects of the turret location on the FLNG hydrodynamic characteristics are summed up.The conclusion regarding the hydrodynamic diferences between internal and external turret-moored FLNG systems would provide help for design of the FLNG system.

深孔带中间法兰锻件的锻造

深孔带中间法兰锻件由于孔深、壁薄且中间部位带法兰,因此锻造成形难度极大。设计了一种浮动模架,利用弹簧驱动上浮动模座,在螺旋压力机上通过两道成形工步生产深孔带中间法兰锻件。制定了成形工艺,第1工步预锻局部成形,第2工步终锻采用浮动模座热挤压深孔成形。分析了弹簧设计对锻造工艺的影响,选择了合理的弹簧压缩变形量。采用设计的工艺和设备生产该锻件并进行质量检验,结果表明,生产出的产品外形尺寸和粗加工后各尺寸符合图纸规定要求,纤维流线连续流畅,晶粒度达到7级左右,力学性能参数满足用户要求。

Numerical simulation and analysis of periodically oscillating pressure characteristics of inviscid flow in a rolling pipe

Floating liquefied natural gas （LNG） plants are gaining increasing attention in offshc,re energy exploitation. The effects of the periodically osciUatory motion on the fluid flow in all processes on the oil＂shore plant are very complicated and require detailed thermodynamic and hydrodynamic analyses. In this paper, numerical simula- tions are conducted by computational fluid dynamics （CFD） code combined with user defined function （UDF） in order to understand the periodically oscillating pressure characteristics of inviscid flow in the rolling pipe. The computational model of the circular pipe flow is established with the excitated rolling motion, at the excitated frequencies of 1-4rad/s, and the excitated amplitudes of 3^-15~, respectively. The influences of flow velocities and excitated conditions on pressure characteristics, including mean pressure, frequency and amplitude are systematically investigalted. It is found that the pressure fluctuation of the inviscid flow remains almost constant at different flow velocities. The amplitude of the pressure fluctuation increases with the increasing of the excitated amplitude, and decreases with the increasing of the excitated frequency. It is also found that the period of the pressure fluctuation varies with the excitated frequency. Furthermore, theoretical analyses of the flow in the rolling circular pipe are conducted and the results are found in qualitative agreement with the numerical simulations.