The Coupling Relationship between the Uplift of Longmen Shan and the Subsidence of Foreland Basin,Sichuan,China

Depending on the analysis of the coeval sedimentary geometry and subsidence mechanism in the Longmen Shan foreland basin, three models about the coupling relationship between Longmen Shan uplift and foreland basin subsidence since the Indosinian have been proposed：（1） crustal shortening and its related wide wedge-shaped foreland basin,（2） crustal isostatic rebound and its related tabular foreland basin, and（3） lower crustal flow and its related narrow wedge-shaped foreland basin. Based on the narrow wedge-shaped foreland basin developed since 4 Ma, it is believed that the narrow crustal shortening and tectonic load driven by lower crustal flow is a primary driver for the present Longmen Shan uplift and the Wenchuan（Ms 8.0） earthquake.

Roadbed Subsidence Mechanisms under the Driven of Penetration-Soak Coupling

Roadbed subsidence is one of the main types of highway flood damage, the periodic fluctuation of the river water level and the softening of the subgrade soils by the river water immersion for a long time are the main inducement factors of the subgrade subsidence. Based on the theory of absorbing water infiltration in unsaturated soil, calculation formula of dynamic stability coefficient of subgrade is established by using the Swedish arc method. Example analysis shows that, soil roadbed suffers the water permeability-soak, road-bed’s stability reduce with the time, and leads to roadbed subsidence. Research results for improving roadbed subsidence water logging mechanism understanding level have a positive meaning.

The Uplift of the Longmenshan Thrust Belt and Subsidence of the West Sichuan Foreland Basin

Based on fission track dating of apatite, and measurement of vitrinite reflectance of rock samples from the Longmenshan (Longmen Mountain)area and the West Sichuan foreland basin and computer modelling it is concluded that (l)the Songpan-Garze fold belt has uplifted at least by 3-4 km with an uplift rate of no less than 0.3-0.4 mm/a since 10 Ma B.P.; (2) the Longmenshan thrust nappe belt has uplifted at least by 5-6 km with an uplift rate of more than 0.5- 0.6 mm /a since 10 Ma B.P.; (3) the Longmenshan detachment belt has uplifted by 1 - 2 km at a rate of 0.016-0.032 mm/a since 60 Ma B.P.; (4) the West Sichuan foreland basin has uplifted by 1.7-3 km at a rate of 0.028-0.05 mm/a since 60 Ma B.P.; (5) the uplift rate of the area on the west side of the Beichuan-Yingxiu-Xiaoguanzi fault for the last 10 Ma is 40 times as much as that on its east side; (6) the uplifting of the the Songpan - Garze fold belt and the subsidence of the West Sichuan foreland basin 60 Ma ago exhibit a mirro-image correlation, i.e. the rapid uplifting of the the Songpan-Garze fold belt was corresponding to the rapid subsidence of the basin;the Songpan-Garze fold belt has uplifted at a much greater rate than the West Sichuan foeland basin in the last 60 Ma;and (7) the palaeogeothermal gradient was 25℃ /km in the West Sichuan foreland basin.

Interpreting the Coseismic Uplift and Subsidence of the Longmen Shan Foreland Basin System during the Wenchuan Earthquake by a Elastic Flexural Model

The coseismic surface uplift of the Longmen Shan（LMS） created an instantaneous topographic load over the western margin of the Sichuan Basin, where surface subsidence, decreasing eastward, has been measured using several methods, such as GPS, SAR and levelling. Using an elastic flexural model, we aim to interpret the coseismic surface uplift and subsidence, and constrain the effective lithospheric elastic thickness（Te） of the Sichuan Basin. Using different effective elastic thickness values for the Sichuan Basin, a series of subsidence curves were computed by the elastic flexure model equation for a broken elastic plate. The curves, produced by models using an effective elastic thickness of 30–40 km, provided the best fit to the general pattern of observed coseismic subsidence of the Sichuan Basin. However, the calculated subsidence（-40–70 cm） at the front of the LMS is evidently lower than the observed values（-100 cm）, suggesting that the effective elastic thickness therein should be lower. These results indicate that the lithospheric strength may decrease westward from the Sichuan Basin to the LMS.

MECHANISM OF WATER-SOIL COUPLED ACTION DURING MINING SUBSIDENCE

This paper,on the basis ot the scientific research of engineering geological exploration in a mining area ,systematically studies the reasons and influence factors of consolidation and deformation of the saturated soil included in the thick loose water-bearing overburden due to mining subsidence ,and analyses the dissipation of hyperstatic pore water pressure during the change of original stress and strain state of, the soil. Again,by means of the coupled model based on Cambridge model and Biot's three-dimensional consolidation theory,adopting a great many physico-mechanical parameters measured in various soil layers,the paper analyses the consolidation and deformation of saturated soil affected by mining subsidence with elasto-plastic finite element method. Thus ,the research not only reveals the regulation of stress ,straln,displacement and hyperstatic pore water pressure dissipation in overlying soil mass,but also opens up a new direction and way for the research of mining subsidence.

UNITIVE ANALYSIS SCHEMES ON PROBLEMS OF MULTIPLE MOVING BOUNDARIES WITH 3-D LIQUID-SOLID MULTIPLE NONLINEAR COUPLING FOR UPLIFT OF ANCHOREDLIQUID STORAGE TANKS

In the paper, 3-D analysis method with unitive schemes is set up, which is used to resolve the uplift with multiple moving boundaries and multiple nonlinear coupling for anchored liquid storage tanks. hi it, an algorithm of quasi-harmonious finite elements for arbitrary quadrilateral of thin plates and shells is built up to analyze the multiple coupling problems of general thin plates and shells structures with three dimensions, the complementary equations for analyzing uplifting moving boundary problems are deduced. The axial symmetry and presumption of beam type mode are not used. In it, an algorithm is put forward for analyzing the Navier-Stokes problems of unsteady, three-dimensional, and viscous liquid with sloshing of moving boundary surfaces in large amplitude under ALE frame by scheme of time-split-steps to which linear potential theory is not applied. The algorithms can be used to analyze the solid-liquid multiple nonlinear coupling problems with 3-D moving boundary with friction in multiple places.

Strata consolidation subsidence induced by metro tunneling in saturated soft clay strata

To choose the optimum construction method of metro tunneling, we conducted research with numerical simulation on strata consolidation subsidence by dewatering, dynamic dewatering, and non-dewatering construction method, taking the integrated effects of fluid-solid coupling and tunneling mechanics into account. We obtained the curved surfaces of ground surface subsidence and strata consolidation subsidence. The results show that the quantity of ground surface subsidence is 31 mm for the non-dewatering method, 39 mm for the dynamic dewatering method, and 105 mm for the dewatering method. Their ratio is 1：1.3：3.4; and the percentages of strata consolidation subsidence to whole ground surface subsidence of each construction method is 27% （no-dewatering）, 50% （dynamic dewatering）, and 79% （dewatering）. It is obvious that the non-dewatering construction method is the most effective method to control the strata consolidation subsidence induced by metro tunneling in saturated soft clay strata, and it has been successfully applied to the construction of the Shenzben metro line 1.

Finite-difference model of land subsidence caused by cluster loads in Zhengzhou,China

Groundwater exploitation has been regarded as the main reason for land subsidence in China and thus receives considerable attention from the government and the academic community.Recently,building loads have been identified as another important factor of land subsidence,but researches in this sector have lagged.The effect of a single building load on land subsidence was neglected in many cases owing to the narrow scope and the limited depth of the additional stress in stratum.However,due to the superposition of stresses between buildings,the additional stress of cluster loads is greater than that of a single building load under the same condition,so that the land subsidence caused by cluster loads cannot be neglected.Taking Shamen village in the north of Zhengzhou,China,as an example,a finite-difference model based on the Biot consolidation theory to calculate the land subsidence caused by cluster loads was established in this paper.Cluster loads present the characteristics of large-area loads,and the land subsidence caused by cluster loads can have multiple primary consolidation processes due to the stress superposition of different buildings was shown by the simulation results.Pore water migration distances are longer when the cluster loads with high plot ratio are imposed,so that consolidation takes longer time.The higher the plot ratio is,the deeper the effective deformation is,and thus the greater the land subsidence is.A higher plot ratio also increases the contribution that the deeper stratigraphic layers make to land subsidence.Contrary to the calculated results of land subsidence caused by cluster loads and groundwater recession,the percentage of settlement caused by cluster loads in the total settlement was 49.43%and 55.06%at two simulated monitoring points,respectively.These data suggest that the cluster loads can be one of the main causes of land subsidence.

Spatial coupling relationships of gas hydrate formation in the Tibetan Plateau

At present, gas hydrates are known to occur in continental high latitude permafrost regions and deep sea sediments. For middle latitude permafrost regions of the Tibetan Plateau, further research is required to ascertain its potential development of gas hydrates. This paper reviewed pertinent literature on gas hydrates in the Tibetan Plateau. Both geological and ge- ographical data are synthesized to reveal the relationship between gas hydrate formation and petroleum geological evo- lution, Plateau uplift, formation of permafrost, and glacial processes. Previous studies indicate that numerous residual basins in the Plateau have been formed by original sedimentary basins accompanied by rapid uplift of the Plateau. Ex- tensive marine Mesozoic hydrocarbon source rocks in these basins could provide rich sources of materials forming gas hydrates in permafrost. Primary hydrocarbon-generating period in the Plateau is from late Jurassic to early Cretaceous, while secondary hydrocarbon generation, regionally or locally, occurs mainly in the Paleogene. Before rapid uplift of the Plateau, oil-gas reservoirs were continuously destroyed and assembled to form new reservoirs due to structural and thermal dynamics, forcing hydrocarbon migration. Since 3.4 Ma B.P., the Plateau has undergone strong uplift and extensive gla- ciation, periglacier processes prevailed, hydrocarbon gas again migrated, and free gas beneath ice sheets within sedi- mentary materials interacted with water, generating gas hydrates which were finally preserved under a cap formed by frozen layers through rapid cooling in the Plateau. Taken as a whole, it can be safely concluded that there is great temporal and spatial coupling relationships between evolution of the Tibetan Plateau and generation of gas hydrates.

Geochemical characteristics of Sr isotopes in the LS33 drill core from the Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea, and their response to the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau

Making full use of modern analytical and testing techniques to explore and establish new indexes or methods for extracting paleoseawater geochemical information from sediments will help to reconstruct the sedimentary paleoenvironment in different research areas.The connection between the subsidence of the South China Sea basin and the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau has been a scientific concern in recent decades.To explore the information on the sedimentary paleoenvironment,provenance changes and uplift of Tibetan Plateau contained in core sediments(debris),we selected core samples from Well LS33 in the Qiongdongnan Basin,South China Sea,and analyzed the contents of typical elements(Al,Th,and rare earth elements)that can indicate changes in provenance and the Sr isotopic compositions,which can reveal the geochemical characteristics of the paleoseawater depending on the type of material(authigenic carbonate and terrigenous detritus).The results show the following:(1)during the late Miocene,the Red River transported a large amount of detrital sediments from the ancient continental block(South China)to the Qiongdongnan Basin.(2)The authigenic carbonates accurately record changes in the 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the South China Sea since the Oligocene.These ratios reflect the semi-closed marginal sea environment of the South China Sea(relative to the ocean)and the sedimentary paleoenvironment evolution process of the deep-water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin from continental to transitional and then to bathyal.(3)Since the Neogene,the variations in the 87Sr/86Sr ratio in the authigenic carbonates have been consistent with the variations in the uplift rate of the Tibetan Plateau and the sediment accumulation rate in the Qiongdongnan Basin.These consistent changes indicate the complex geological process of the change in the rock weathering intensity and terrigenous Sr flux caused by changes in the uplift rate of the Tibetan Plateau,which influence the Sr isotope composition of seawater.

区域地面沉降研究进展与展望

地面沉降是全球性重大地质环境问题,区域差异性地面沉降已经对城市基础设施、线性轨道交通和地下空间开发利用形成重大威胁,制约着经济和社会的可持续发展。围绕区域地表形变信息获取、地面沉降演变机制和模拟方面的研究进展进行系统阐述,重点分析了InSAR形变监测和多源形变数据融合的区域地表形变信息获取技术,基于室内土工试验数据和长时序观测数据,利用相关分析、统计分析和机器学习等方法分析地面沉降演变与各影响因素的关系。在此基础上,探讨了地下水流场—土体变形模型、数理统计模型和机器学习模型等地面沉降过程模拟模型的优缺点。发现多源形变数据融合能够提高区域地表形变信息的时空分辨率,地质构造、地层岩性、地下水开采和动静载荷等影响因素的差异性是造成地面沉降差异性演化的机制,地面沉降数学模型的计算效率与可解释性难以兼顾是当前沉降模拟存在的主要问题。据文献检索,当前研究主要关注地下水超量开采引发的地面沉降。进而提出未来区域地面沉降研究方向:在气候变化叠加新水情、新数据背景下,充分融合遥感大数据与野外观测站实测小数据集,耦合基于物理机制的模型和机器学习模型,优化集成InSAR、GeoAI、云平台等技术的最新进展,揭示全球气候变化和人类活动综合作用下的区域地面沉降演变机制,为区域地面沉降防控和城市安全提供技术支撑。

基于流固耦合的双线盾构隧道施工诱发地表沉降分析

富水地区盾构掘进时,受地下水渗流影响,土体骨架中孔隙水消散产生土体固结,引起地表沉降明显增加。分析渗流条件下盾构隧道施工诱发的地表沉降对控制施工安全具有重要意义。在流固耦合影响下,本文基于厦门市轨道交通2号线东孚站—马銮北站区间某区间段双线盾构隧道工程,研究了隧道盾构施工过程所引发的地表动态沉降问题。通过建立有限差分三维数值计算模型,分析了隧道施工过程中地表沉降、管片变形和隧道洞周孔隙水压变化的规律。计算结果与工程实测数据规律吻合较好,可为类似工程施工提供指导。

南水北调地下水回补对潮白河冲洪积扇中上部地表形变响应及控制因素

2014年南水进京后,持续开展地下水回补对于遏制和减缓地面沉降发展起到重要作用,但地下水回升由此带来的不同区域、不同层位的地面沉降与回弹机制及其控制因素尚不明确。深入探讨和研究回补时间、回补量、回补地点与水位及地表形变之间的关系,了解地表形变发生机理和识别主控因素,为后续如何科学回补,发挥最大化水资源回补效益、对地面沉降防治和超采区治理具有极其重要意义。笔者以潮白河冲洪积扇中上部区域为例,采用永久散射体差分干涉测量(PS-InSAR)技术获取研究区地面沉降形变信息,并结合区域分层地下水位动态变化、分层沉降变化等多手段进行耦合,查明研究区地表形变与多因素之间的响应与控制因素。结果表明:南水持续回补导致区域地面沉降减缓,并在牛栏山地区出现地表抬升,抬升范围也随着水位上升逐渐向中下游扩展,2022年最大回弹速率达46.9 mm/a;地表形变具有明显的受断裂所控制的第四系沉积差异特性,以黄庄—高丽营断裂、顺义断裂和南口—孙河断裂所分割的后沙峪凹陷范围内变化明显大于其他地区;地下水位变幅与富水性差异决定水位上升范围与响应变化,而沉积构造作用所造成第四系沉积差异在地下水流向上具有一定控制作用。结果为地面沉降防控和机理研究提供理论和科学依据,同时也为后续开展地下水科学回补和方案优化提供指导和借鉴。

珠江口盆地番禺低隆起新生代断裂体系及油气成藏潜力

番禺低隆起的油气勘探潜力受新生代断裂体系控制,目前对其断裂特征和演化过程的研究较为匮乏。利用覆盖番禺低隆起的三维地震资料,对研究区的结构特征、断裂平面展布、断裂剖面变形样式等进行分析;定量计算了新生代以来各洼陷边界断裂的活动速率,划分了断裂活动期次;对研究区新生代演化过程进行了复原,分析了不同时期断裂发育的动力学成因。结果表明:番禺低隆起各洼陷均为“南断北超”结构,控洼断裂沿走向的不连续导致洼陷具有多个沉积中心;控洼断裂新生代活动可划分为初始裂陷期、加速裂陷期、裂后拗陷期、构造复活期和构造平静期;其中,文昌组沉积期和韩江组下段沉积期为断层活动的两大高峰期;番禺低隆起新生代断裂的发育受到基底先存断裂的严格控制,断裂走向自深到浅发生顺时针偏转,与南海区域应力场的偏转密切相关。裂陷期断裂活动强烈,使得番禺低隆起具备发育优质烃源岩的潜力。

地下水恢复期逆作地下结构底板变形特征分析

在地下结构施工-运营期间地下水自然恢复过程中,地下水渗流将会导致基底孔压发生复杂变化,且随着时间的推移基底孔压不断增大,将会引起地下结构底板的变形。因此,依托典型超深地下结构,结合底板附近分布非均质土层的特点,考虑采用地下结构-地连墙-抗拔桩的联合抗浮方式,利用有限元分析软件PLAXIS建立地下水恢复期间的二维流固耦合模型;对比是否设置抗拔桩情况下的基底应力、底板变形特征,揭示了地下水恢复期间抗拔桩对地下结构的控制作用。研究结果表明,抗拔桩的设置对基底应力、变形,以及底板变形特征都有影响。在地下水恢复期间,设置抗拔桩可以有效控制地下水的恢复对岩性分界处土体带来的不利影响,对于控制基底变形比较有利,岩性分界处基底差异位移值变得更小;可以使底板变形、不均匀差异变形得到改善,不均匀位移值减小了5.79 mm。

基于时序InSAR的关闭矿井地表残余沉降监测

矿井关闭后,由于受到岩体之间应力和地下水等诸多因素的影响,导致矿区地下岩层和土层的结构发生变化,从而在采空区的地表上造成了二次形态的改变。为探寻矿井关闭后地表形变的规律,采用SBAS-InSAR(Small Baselines Subset InSAR)技术,对影像数据处理后,得到了淮北市海孜矿区关闭矿井5.5 a的地表形变信息。通过影像结果分析,该矿区有2处较为明显的下沉区域,分别分布于矿区东部和西南部,最大下沉速率为25 mm/a,最大下沉量为124 mm,根据以往学者对关闭矿井地区残余下沉的研究,推测其下沉原因可能与煤层采深、地下水汇集破坏煤岩柱以及地表积水等因素有关,同时矿区中部区域发生明显抬升,多集中于祁集镇及周边范围,最大抬升速率为18 mm/a,最大抬升量为133 mm,推测抬升原因可能与地下水回升和建筑物的重力加载有关,推测地下水涌入居民区地下,造成裂隙岩体反弹,而建筑物重力加速了这一过程,则建筑物集中地区抬升越明显。矿区下沉区域约4 a后地表沉降趋于稳定,居民区地表经历先下沉后抬升逐渐趋于稳定。笔者从地表形变最显著区域选取特征点,结合煤层深度、地下水和建筑物重力等因素进行更加详细地分析,根据形变特征将地表形变随时间变化分为3个阶段:残余下沉阶段、相对稳定阶段和抬升阶段;再根据矿区内地表的年形变面积变化得出:监测时间内,矿区大体上抬升面积逐年增加,下沉面积的比重逐渐减小,从而推测矿区抬升区域已达到最大抬升量,但抬升范围将会进一步扩大。

深部顺槽巷道稳定性控制及效果评估

为解决基于传统支护参数对深部顺槽巷道支护面临的片帮、顶板下沉以及底鼓等问题,在分析3#煤层回采巷道地质条件和支护现状的基础上,基于锚索耦合理论优化支护参数,实现支护手段与巷道围岩的二次耦合。同时,在现场布置4个观测点以综合监测支护效果,并综合分析其社会效益。

塔里木盆地构造变形迁移与三大地质事件的关系及其地质意义

塔里木盆地经历多期构造运动,形成多期断裂系统和隆凹构造,在地质历史的演化过程中,均发生了横向迁移。通过大量二维地震资料解释和断裂分析,结合地层残余厚度及分布状况,参考重点层系构造图,经研究发现,不同地质时期的断裂系统具有按照先后顺序有规律的横向迁移特征。同时,不同时期塔里木盆地隆凹格局也发生了巨大变化。随着塔里木盆地独有的早期深埋、中期二叠纪火山活动及晚期快速沉降三大地质事件的发生,地层沉积沉降和构造隆升的不均衡性,使得烃源岩在平面上的演化程度呈现不均一性。按现今构造单元可分为古隆起生烃终止区、古隆起阶段生烃区、凹陷生烃衰竭区、凹陷阶段生烃区和凹陷周期持续生烃区等5类烃源岩演化区。现今台盆区仅有阿满过渡带、塔北隆起中段、草湖次凹、麦盖提斜坡及塔西南山前等5个地区发育有效烃源岩,持续生烃或阶段生烃,为塔里木盆地台盆区晚期成藏提供了不竭的烃源。

深时源—汇系统综合研究和沙垒田实例分析

【意义】源—汇系统研究是当今沉积地质学关注热点,其重建对理解区域构造、气候、海(湖)平面升降、物源供给、搬运通道和分散系统及其相互关系与规模性砂体预测均具有重要作用。【进展】源—汇系统可以根据时间尺度、成因机制、级次等要素进行分类,其主要研究内容包括物源体系、搬运通道及沉积体系研究。研究方法主要涉及碎屑矿物年代学定量示踪、源区地貌重建与定量古地貌分析、地貌比例关系分析、沉积物通量定量估算和地层正演模拟综合表征等;源—汇系统要素之间存在定量的收支平衡关系,基于收支平衡模型可预测砂体规模和有利储层分布。沙垒田地区源—汇系统研究表明,均一母岩组成与边界条件约束下汇水高差和汇水面积较大以及地形坡度较陡通常对应形成规模和厚度较大的扇体。【结论与展望】未来源—汇系统研究应加强基于盆地类型和成因的源—汇系统类型和级次划分,加强源—汇系统参数定量研究,不断提高深时源—汇系统要素表征精度,建立具有预测功能的深时源—汇系统要素耦合模型,有效预测砂体时空分布,不断实现多学科与多方法交叉融合,建立具有中国区域地质特色的源—汇系统模型。

孙吴-结雅盆地沉降-隆升演化史分析

位于松辽盆地东北部的孙吴-结雅盆地是横跨黑龙江的中、新生代断坳叠置型陆相残留盆地,具有良好的油气前景,目前实际油气勘探程度较低。为揭示该地区中、新生代盆地的构造及演化特点,笔者在孙吴-结雅盆地3个主要断陷内,利用4口钻井资料进行了地层的精确划分与对比,恢复各时代地层的沉降-隆升史曲线。研究表明,自晚侏罗世晚期形成以来,盆地经历了3次沉降和2次隆升。盆地所经历的2次较大规模的隆升年代分别为103.4~93.9 Ma和42.3~23.0 Ma(北部为33.9 Ma),其后期隆升时间明显长于前期,隆升幅度也大于前期。盆地的主体沉积形成时间为109.8 Ma。孙吴-结雅盆地的形成与演化经历伸展断陷、构造反转、整体坳陷、晚期反转和差异升降等5个阶段,造就了现今盆地的下断上坳、隆坳相间的盆地基本构造结构和格局。