Farm Production Growth in the Upper and Middle Parts of the Yellow River Basin,China,During 1980-1999

The impact of inputs on farm production growth was evaluated by analyzing the economic data of the upper and middle parts of the Yellow River basin, China for the period of 1980-1999. Descriptive statistics were employed to characterize the temporal trends and spatial patterns in farm production and five pertinent inputs of cultivated cropland, irrigation ratio, agricultural labor, machinery power and chemical fertilizer. Stochastic frontier production function was applied to quantify the dependence of the farm production on these inputs. The growth of farm production was decomposed to reflect the contributions by input growths and change in total factor productivity.. The change in total factor productivity was further decomposed into the changes in technology and in technical efficiency. The gross value of farm production in the region of study increased by 1.6 fold during 1980-1999. Among the five selected farm inputs, machinery power and chemical fertilizer increased by 1.8 and 2.8 fold, respectively. The increases in cultivated cropland, irrigated cropland, and agricultural labor were all less than 0.16 fold. The growth in the farm production was primarily contributed by the increase in the total factor productivity during 1980-1985, and by input growths after 1985. More than 80% of the contributions by input growths were attributed to the increased application of fertilizer and machinery. In the change of total factor productivity, the technology change dominated over the technical efficiency change in the study period except in the period of 1985-1990, implying that institution and investment played important roles in farm production growth. There was a decreasing trend in the technical efficiency in the region of study, indicating a potential to increase farm production by improving the technical efficiency in farm activities. Given the limited natural resources in the basin, the results of this study suggested that, for a sustainable growth of farm production in the area, efforts should be directed to technology progress and improvement in technical efficiency in the use of available resources.

Capability of TMPA products to simulate streamflow in upper Yellow and Yangtze River basins on Tibetan Plateau

Due to the high elevation, complex terrain, severe weather, and inaccessibility, direct meteorological observations do not exist over large portions of the Tibetan Plateau, especially the western part of it. Satellite rainfall estimates have been very important sources for precipitation information, particularly in rain gauge-sparse regions. In this study, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM） Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis （TMPA） products 3B42, RTV5V6, and RTV7 were evaluated for their applicability to the upper Yellow and Yangtze River basins on the Tibetan Plateau. Moreover, the capability of the TMPA products to simulate streamflow was also investigated using the Variable Infiltration Capacity （VIC） semi-distributed hydrological model. Results show that 3B42 performs better than RTVSV6 and RTV7, based on verification of the China Meteorological Administration （CMA） observational precipitation data. RTVSV6 can roughly capture the spatial precipitation pattern but overestimation exists throughout the entire study region. The anticipated improvements of RTV7 relative to RTVSV6 have not been realized in this study. Our results suggest that RTV7 significantly overestimates the precipitation over the two river basins, though it can capture the seasonal cycle features of precipitation. 3B42 shows the best performance in streamflow simulation of the abovementioned satellite products. Although involved in gauge adjustment at a monthly scale, 3B42 is capable of daily streamflow simulation. RTV5V6 and RTV7 have no capability to simulate streamflow in the upper Yellow and Yangtze River basins.

Formation Mechanisms and Geomorphic Evolution of the Erlian Mudflow Fans, Eastern Guide Basin of the Upper Reaches of Yellow River

Several argillaceous platforms lie along the Yellow River（YR） of the eastern Guide Basin, northeastern Tibetan Plateau, and their compositions, formation processes, and geomorphic evolution remain debated. Using field survey data, sample testing, and high-resolution remote sensing images, the evolution of the Erlian mudflow fans are analyzed. The data show significant differences between fans on either side of the YR. On the right bank, fans are dilute debris flows consisting of sand and gravel. On the left bank, fans are viscosity mudflows consisting of red clay. The composition and formation processes of the left bank platforms indicate a rainfall-induced pluvial landscape. Fan evolution can be divided into two stages： early-stage fans pre-date 16 ka B.P., and formed during the last deglaciation; late-stage fans post-date 8 ka B.P.. Both stages were induced by climate change. The data indicate that during the Last Glacial Maximum, the northeastern Tibetan Plateau experienced a cold and humid climate characterized by high rainfall. From 16–8 ka, the YR cut through the Erlian early mudflow fan, resulting in extensive erosion. Since 8 ka, the river channel has migrated south by at least 1.25 km, and late stage mudflow fan formation has occurred.

Landslide susceptibility assessment in Western Henan Province based on a comparison of conventional and ensemble machine learning

Landslide is a serious natural disaster next only to earthquake and flood,which will cause a great threat to people’s lives and property safety.The traditional research of landslide disaster based on experience-driven or statistical model and its assessment results are subjective,difficult to quantify,and no pertinence.As a new research method for landslide susceptibility assessment,machine learning can greatly improve the landslide susceptibility model’s accuracy by constructing statistical models.Taking Western Henan for example,the study selected 16 landslide influencing factors such as topography,geological environment,hydrological conditions,and human activities,and 11 landslide factors with the most significant influence on the landslide were selected by the recursive feature elimination(RFE)method.Five machine learning methods[Support Vector Machines(SVM),Logistic Regression(LR),Random Forest(RF),Extreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost),and Linear Discriminant Analysis(LDA)]were used to construct the spatial distribution model of landslide susceptibility.The models were evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic curve and statistical index.After analysis and comparison,the XGBoost model(AUC 0.8759)performed the best and was suitable for dealing with regression problems.The model had a high adaptability to landslide data.According to the landslide susceptibility map of the five models,the overall distribution can be observed.The extremely high and high susceptibility areas are distributed in the Funiu Mountain range in the southwest,the Xiaoshan Mountain range in the west,and the Yellow River Basin in the north.These areas have large terrain fluctuations,complicated geological structural environments and frequent human engineering activities.The extremely high and highly prone areas were 12043.3 km^(2)and 3087.45 km^(2),accounting for 47.61%and 12.20%of the total area of the study area,respectively.Our study reflects the distribution of landslide susceptibility in western Henan Province,which provides a scientific basis for regional disaster warning,prediction,and resource protection.The study has important practical significance for subsequent landslide disaster management.

基于CMIP6耦合WRF的黄河上游复合干旱热浪事件演变规律

复合干旱热浪事件较传统极端气候事件破坏性更强,近年来在全球范围内发展迅速,黄河上游作为气候敏感区受其影响尤其突出,刻画其特征并分析未来可能气候条件下的演变趋势对事件防控有重要意义。本文提出了一种基于第六次国际耦合模式比较计划CMIP6耦合天气预报研究模式WRF的未来气象数据动力降尺度方法。识别了黄河上游不同情景下的复合干旱热浪事件及其特征,揭示了复合事件与单一事件的区别,分析了复合干旱热浪事件的未来演变规律。结果表明:(1)历史期、SSP245和SSP585情景下复合干旱热浪事件较单一事件的温度升高3.8%、13.1%、13.5%,干旱指数降低5.8%、2.6%、2.6%,极端特征更加显著。(2)SSP245情景下复合干旱热浪事件特征呈西南高、东北低的空间分布形式,而在SSP585情景下以北部、东部区域分布最高。(3)未来各情景下区域整体复合干旱热浪事件特征呈显著上升趋势,其中SSP585的上升趋势高于SSP245。

The wind-water two-phase erosion and sediment-producing processes in the middle Yellow River basin, China

Based on data from the middle Yellow River basin, a wind-water two-phase mechanism for erosion and sediment-producing processes has been found. By using this mechanism, the extremely strong erosion and sediment yield in the study area can be better explained. The operation of wind and water forces is different in different seasons within a year. During winter and spring, strong wind blows large quantities of eolian sand to gullies and river channels, which are temporally stored there. During the next summer, rainstorms cause runoff that contains much fine loessic material and acts as a powerful force to carry the previously prepared coarse material. As a result, hyperconcentrated flows occur, resulting in high-intensity erosion and sediment yield.

近60a黄河上游流域不同强度降水及大气湿润指数变化的新特征

深入研究黄河上游流域降水及大气湿润度旨在为其生态环境保护提供科学依据。选用1961-2020年黄河上游流域36个测站降水、气压、气温、风速、相对湿度等资料,采用最小二乘法、Mann-Kendall突变检验和相关分析等方法,分析了黄河上游流域近60 a不同强度降水量、雨日及大气湿润指数的变化特征。结果表明:(1)黄河上游流域年降水量总体呈现西南多、东北少的特征,近60 a以4.9 mm·(10a)^(-1)的速度增加,尤以夏季增加最显著。(2)除小雨雨日减少外,小雨雨量、中雨雨日、雨量及大-暴雨雨日、雨量均呈增加趋势,其中产流区夏季中雨雨量增加最为显著。(3)黄河上游流域各区域湿润指数均呈现一致的下降趋势,其中源头区下降最多,其突变发生在1989年。(4)随着气候变暖,黄河上游流域潜在蒸散量增加的速率比降水增加的速率大,进而造成空气中水分散失增加,大气湿润度下降,对植被生长的潜在风险增加。

黄河流域中游3A级及以上山地景区空间特征及形成机制

为了促进区域经济发展、改善黄河流域生态环境质量,基于景区兴趣点(point of interest,POI)数据,采用核密度估计、标准差椭圆、地理联系率和空间叠加分析等方法,探究黄河流域中游170个3A级及以上(以下简称“3A级以上”)山地景区的空间分布特点及影响因素.结果表明:①黄河流域中游3A级以上山地景区集中分布在晋、陕、豫三省,景区密度大.3A级山地景区高密度区主要分布在豫北、豫南、晋东南;4A级山地景区呈向右旋转90°的“Y”型分布;5A级山地景区主要集中在晋、陕、豫交界处,组团状分布,由东北向西南展布.②自然地理环境方面,3A级以上山地景区主要分布在海拔300~1200 m处,坡度为15°~45°,偏南坡.河流水系、植被指数、空气质量对景区分布的影响效果显著.③社会经济环境方面,交通区位、固定资产投资、旅游收入和文化遗产禀赋是景区发展的重要影响因素.

1951—2020年黄河上中游径流变化特征及归因分析

【目的】河川径流是地表重要的水资源,对其变化特征和原因进行解析,是流域水资源科学管理规划的前提。【方法】本文采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验、Pettitt突变检验、Budyko弹性系数法等方法分析了黄河上游和中游近70年(1951—2020年)径流变化的趋势和成因。【结果】(1)1951—2020年黄河上游年降水量呈不显著增加趋势(4.04 mm/(10 a),P> 0.05),中游呈不显著减少趋势(4.90 mm/(10 a),P> 0.05);上游、中游年潜在蒸散发均呈不显著增加趋势(1.77、2.23 mm/(10 a),P> 0.05);(2)黄河上游和中游1980—2020年土地利用/覆盖变化明显,主要表现在林草面积的增加,上游、中游年NDVI分别以0.025/(10 a)、0.042/(10 a)的速率显著增加(P <0.01);(3)1951—2020年,上游和中游年径流量分别以3.46、7.46 mm/(10 a)的速率显著减少(P <0.01),并分别在1986年、1990年发生突变;(4)上游和中游径流对降水变化最为敏感,其次是土地利用/覆盖变化、潜在蒸散发变化,且径流对各影响因子的敏感性逐年增强,即气候和土地利用/覆盖的变化将更容易引起径流的变化;(5)土地利用/覆盖变化是导致黄河上游和中游径流减少的主要原因,其次是降水和潜在蒸散,但各影响因子对径流变化的影响性质和程度在上游和中游不同区间存在一定的差异。其中,上游地区降水、潜在蒸散发、土地利用/覆盖变化对径流的影响性质和程度分别为-14.04%、1.30%、112.73%;中游地区分别为21.54%、3.63%、74.83%。【结论】1951—2020年黄河上游和中游径流变化是气候变化和土地利用/覆盖变化共同作用的结果,但主要影响因素为人类活动主导的土地利用/覆盖变化,且各因子对径流的影响在不同区间存在一定的差异。本研究结果可为黄河上游和中游不同区间的水资源管理和综合治理提供理论支持。

黄河流域上游煤矿区土地利用类型变化及其对固碳服务的影响

明晰矿区土地利用变化及其对区域碳储量的影响,是“双碳”目标背景下推进矿区低碳减排和绿色高质量发展的重要手段.基于多源数据集,使用InVEST模型、土地利用动态度、转移矩阵、缓冲区分析和灰色关联度等方法,识别了1990-2020年黄河流域上游13个大中型煤矿区的土地利用类型时空变化,评估了不同矿区及其周边不同距离缓冲区的固碳服务能力,并对二者的关联度进行分析,旨在厘清矿区土地利用变化对固碳服务的影响.结果表明:(1)1990-2020年煤矿区土地利用类型主要以草地、未利用地、林地和耕地向城乡工矿居民用地转移为主,城乡工矿居民用地面积以288.8 hm^(2)/a的速度持续扩张.(2)1990-2020年不同时段城乡工矿居民用地的单一动态度均为正值,草地和未利用地则均为负值,其中2010-2015年各土地利用类型的综合动态度均较高,2015-2020年则均相对较低,并且露天开采方式矿区土地利用强度远高于井工开采方式.(3)1990-2020年各矿区内单位面积年固碳量在0.7~4.1 Mg/hm^(2)之间,在时间上呈先下降后升高再下降的趋势,并且在距离矿区50 km范围内,距离越远,平均单位面积年固碳量越高,影响程度逐渐下降.(4)不同土地利用类型与单位面积年固碳量的平均关联度从高到低表现为未利用地>耕地>草地>林地>水体.研究显示,黄河流域上游煤矿区开发过程中未利用地和耕地面积的变化是矿区生态系统固碳服务变化的重要原因.

基于多源数据融合产品的黄河中游多沙粗沙区耕地时空动态变化

[目的]黄河中游多沙粗沙区是我国典型的生态脆弱区,准确量化该区耕地时空动态变化对评估区域粮食安全、生态修复效益、水土流失状况及黄河下游安澜等都具有重要意义。[方法]基于5种30 m高分辨率土地利用/覆被数据集产品(CNLUCC、GLC_FCS30、CLCD、AGLC-2000-2015、GlobeLand30),运用耕地利用动态度、偏差系数、转移矩阵、空间一致性分析等方法对比分析多源产品耕地在多沙粗沙区的时空特征,形成30 m分辨率高精度融合数据集产品,并对其进行验证,在此基础上基于融合产品分析1990-2020年黄河中游多沙粗沙区耕地的数量、分布、结构特征。[结果]现有多源数据集产品之间耕地特征存在较大差异,而融合产品精度均优于单独使用5种现有产品。基于融合产品分析发现,1990-2020年耕地面积呈先增加后波动式降低的趋势,退耕还林(草)工程实施为分界线;1990-2020年耕地面积净减少3170.59 km^(2),减少17.63%,且>15°的坡耕地面积占比逐年减少;耕地的动态转移类型主要为草地,其次为人工地表。退耕还林(草)等生态工程的实施和城镇化建设是导致耕地减少的主要原因。[结论]综合分析多源产品的优劣,基于目标地类融合和解释多源数据探究的有效方法,以深入研究某区域的地类特征,从而获得更为精确的研究结论。

黄河中上游区土地使用结构与布局复合优化

黄河中上游地区生态环境脆弱,空间发展问题突出,探索该区域土地使用结构和布局优化配置是实现黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的有效途径。该研究以黄河中上游地区为研究对象,基于该区域土地使用、社会经济等数据,运用多目标规划(multi-objective programming,MOP)和PLUS模型模拟了惯性发展、生态保护、经济优先和生态-经济均衡4种情景下研究区未来土地格局和变化趋势,并在平衡生态与经济的目标下提出最优土地使用结构和布局方案。结果表明:1)4种情景下,土地使用比例结构存在较大差异;2)均衡情景下的区域土地使用结构和空间布局方案为最优,其综合效益值最高且达到19481.00亿元,与生态保护情景相比其经济效益(12223.88亿元)增长了4.07%,与经济优先情景相比其生态价值(7257.12亿元)增长了2.32%;经济优先情景下综合效益值为20273.96亿元,是4种情景下最高的。研究可为黄河中上游区域未来土地使用规划编制和土地可持续利用规划提供依据。

黄河上游风电光伏互补性量化评估及容量配比研究

针对现有的相关性分析并不能清晰地描述风电和光电联合后变化特征这一问题,该文以黄河上游清洁能源基地为例对风电和光电之间的互补性展开研究,分析其在多个时间尺度上的特征和变化规律,采用一种基于波动特性描述的多能源互补性评估指标体系,评估风电和光电的互补性。结果表明,风电和光电在不同时间尺度上均存在一定程度的互补性,即两者叠加能够降低其自身的波动性。进一步探究不同风、光装机配比下互补性的变化规律,有助于全面理解风、光等不同能源之间的互补性,并为清洁能源基地的规划与设计提供一定的科学依据。

考虑径流过程矢量化的机器学习洪水预报模型

准确的超前洪水预报有利于开展防洪减灾工作和优化水资源调度。本文提出一种针对场次洪水的径流过程矢量化方法(Runoff Process Vectorization, RPV),并耦合3种机器学习(Machine Learning, ML)模型构建了RPV-ML洪水预报系列模型。以黄河中上游孤山川、佳芦河和祖厉河3个典型流域为研究区,分别基于43、28、37场洪水的降雨径流数据,按照洪水场次7∶3的比例进行模型训练和验证。研究表明:(1)相同预见期条件下RPV-ML模型在孤山川、佳芦河和祖厉河流域洪水预报纳什效率系数更高、均方根误差和洪峰相对误差更低,RPV-ML模型比ML模型具有更好的预报性能,在预见期为4~6 h时优势更显著;(2) RPV-ML和ML模型预报精度会随着预见期增加逐渐下降,但RPV-ML预报精度呈现缓慢下降趋势,具有更好的鲁棒性;(3)基于RPV改进的时间卷积网络(Temporal Convolutional Network, TCN)可以更好地克服预报误差问题,RPV-TCN模型在3个流域预报性能最好。

黄河流域中游地下水干旱演变规律及其对植被变化的响应

【目的】明确黄河流域中游地下水干旱时空演变规律。【方法】基于GRACE/GRACE-FO卫星数据和GLDAS数据计算标准化地下水干旱指数SGDI,利用改进的Mann-Kendall趋势检验研究和识别黄河流域中游的地下水干旱时空演变规律,利用Spearman相关分析研究地下水干旱对植被变化的响应。【结果】①黄河流域中游地下水储量异常以-0.027mm/d的速率变化,时空分布极不均匀。②地下水干旱时间上分布不均匀,在2018年之后发生中度甚至重度的地下水干旱,且SGDI的Theil-Sen变化率为-4.10×10^(-4)/d,未来地下水干旱有显著的增加趋势。③地下水干旱空间上分布不均匀,干旱增加趋势面积占比为63.02%,未来干旱恶化趋势增加,出现自西南向东北加剧现象。④植被变化对地下水干旱的驱动作用不显著。【结论】黄河流域中游地下水干旱较严重,地下水干旱对植被变化存在不显著的响应。

黄河上游气象水文要素演化规律分析

黄河上游是我国重要的生态屏障,高原地区的气候、地形和水文特征对黄河水文循环和生态环境具有重要影响。研究采用M-K检验和小波分析法,开展黄河上游12个气象站及4个水文站气温、降雨以及径流的突变、趋势和周期分析,揭示了黄河上游气象水文要素的演变规律。结果表明:黄河上游气温以0.336℃/10 a的速率增长,气温的突变发生在1996年;降水量以6.07 mm/a速率减少,减少速率较低,基本处于稳定状态,突变发生在1982年,主周期为16 a;黄河沿站流量上升速率为0.23(m^(3)s^(-1))/a,唐乃亥、青铜峡、头道拐站流量下降速率分别为1.23(m^(3)s^(-1))/a、1.41(m^(3)s^(-1))/a和3.83(m^(3)s^(-1))/a,径流量总体波动较小。最后,采用R/S重标极差法预测了未来气象水文要素的发展趋势,结果表明气温和降水的可持续性不强;而径流发展具有反持续性,未来的趋势将可能与过去相反,其中唐乃亥站流量的反持续性较强。

黄河流域上游植被覆盖变化特征及其影响因素

植被覆盖度能很好的反映流域生态状况,遥感技术为大规模、高效、精准地监测植被覆盖变化提供了重要手段。本文分析了2001—2020年黄河流域上游植被覆盖度时空变化特征,利用Hurst指数与Cv系数检验其持续性、稳定性,分析气候、地形和人口对植被覆盖度变化的影响。结果表明:(1)植被覆盖度由东北向西南递增,69.25%区域呈增长趋势。稳定区域面积占总面积的73.79%,强持续性区域面积占比为66.49%。(2)植被覆盖度与降水正相关区域占比75.63%,与气温正相关区域占比39.28%。(3)植被覆盖度随着高程的增加先升高后下降,与坡度呈正相关,与坡向关系不显著。(4)植被覆盖度在人口密度为65~85人·km^(-2)与GDP为27000~37000元·km^(-2)时最高,人类活动对黄河流域上游植被覆盖变化呈现促进作用。研究结果为黄河流域上游生态高质量发展提供科学参考。

黄河上中游地区水资源利用、低碳排放和绿色发展协调性

为探究黄河上中游地区水资源利用、低碳排放和绿色发展耦合协调的空间分布、空间格局演变和空间聚集情况,采用耦合协调度模型、标准差椭圆、空间自相关分析方法,分析2010—2020年黄河上中游54个城市水资源利用、低碳排放、绿色发展3个子系统耦合协调的空间异质性。结果表明:1)3个子系统的综合评价指数各有不同程度的提升;各城市的耦合协调度提升程度不同,初级协调城市占比由2010年的55%上升到2020年的74%,中级协调城市较少。2)3个子系统耦合协调度的重心主要迁移方向为西南,标准差椭圆长轴方向为西北-东南,其长轴和短轴的标准差分别减少2.21、0.59 km,有向西南方向迁移的集聚态势。3)3个子系统的耦合协调度在空间上成显著正相关关系,高-高聚集主要分布在黄河中游地区的东南部和西南部,高-低聚集主要分布在兰州市,而低-低聚集主要分布在黄河上游地区的东部;黄河上中游地区3个子系统的耦合协调度虽然逐年提升,但是空间异质性明显。

明代黄河上游地区丧葬礼仪服饰文化内涵与影响因素的研究

黄河上游地区的丧葬礼仪服饰在明代已发展至成熟阶段,丧服是礼法秩序的外在表现形式,葬服是社会等级尊卑的具体呈现,丧葬礼仪服饰所体现出的地域性、礼仪性与文化性值得进行深入的研究与探讨。通过对明代黄河上游地区丧葬礼仪服饰文化内涵与影响因素进行分析,总结出丧葬礼仪服饰受到社会环境的影响,不仅是对儒家孝道观念的延续,也是对富贵吉祥的美好生活的祈求。民间百姓寄情于服饰,希望死者能早登极乐之地,最终达到福佑子孙后代的目的。

黄河中上游地区铁路建设项目的水土保持及其监理

以黄河中上游地区铁路建设项目水土保持监理工作为背景,总结了该类工程的水土保持工程措施及监理工作开展的思路。介绍了案例工程情况,阐述了水土保持施工的准备工作、防治措施等内容。在监理工作方面,从监理项目部建设、管理制度建设、过程控制和资料管理等方面提出了完善思路。