Upper bound solutions of stability factor of shallow tunnels in saturated soil based on strength reduction technique

Based on the upper bound theorem of limit analysis,the factor of safety for shallow tunnel in saturated soil is calculated in conjunction with the strength reduction technique.To analyze the influence of the pore pressure on the factor of safety for shallow tunnel,the power of pore pressure is regarded as a power of external force in the energy calculation.Using the rigid multiple-block failure mechanism,the objective function for the factor of safety is constructed and the optimal solutions are derived by employing the sequential quadratic programming.According to the results of optimization calculation,the factor of safety of shallow tunnel for different pore pressure coefficients and variational groundwater tables are obtained.The parameter analysis shows that the pore pressure coefficient and the location of the groundwater table have significant influence on the factor of safety for shallow tunnel.

Combined influence of nonlinearity and dilation on slope stability evaluated by upper-bound limit analysis

The combined influence of nonlinearity and dilation on slope stability was evaluated using the upper-bound limit analysis theorem.The mechanism of slope collapse was analyzed by dividing it into arbitrary discrete soil blocks with the nonlinear Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion and nonassociated flow rule.The multipoint tangent(multi-tangent) technique was used to analyze the slope stability by linearizing the nonlinear failure criterion.A general expression for the slope safety factor was derived based on the virtual work principle and the strength reduction technique,and the global slope safety factor can be obtained by the optimization method of nonlinear sequential quadratic programming.The results show better agreement with previous research result when the nonlinear failure criterion reduces to a linear failure criterion or the non-associated flow rule reduces to an associated flow rule,which demonstrates the rationality of the presented method.Slope safety factors calculated by the multi-tangent inclined-slices technique were smaller than those obtained by the traditional single-tangent inclined-slices technique.The results show that the multi-tangent inclined-slices technique is a safe and effective method of slope stability limit analysis.The combined effect of nonlinearity and dilation on slope stability was analyzed,and the parameter analysis indicates that nonlinearity and dilation have significant influence on the result of slope stability analysis.

Energy analysis of stability on shallow tunnels based on non-associated flow rule and non-linear failure criterion

On the basis of upper bound theorem, non-associated flow rule and non-linear failure criterion were considered together.The modified shear strength parameters of materials were obtained with the help of the tangent method. Employing the virtual power principle and strength reduction technique, the effects of dilatancy of materials, non-linear failure criterion, pore water pressure,surface loads and buried depth, on the stability of shallow tunnel were studied. In order to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, the solutions in the present work agree well with the existing results when the non-associated flow rule is reduced to the associated flow rule and the non-linear failure criterion is degenerated to the linear failure criterion. Compared with dilatancy of materials, the non-linear failure criterion exerts greater impact on the stability of shallow tunnels. The safety factor of shallow tunnels decreases and the failure surface expands outward when the dilatancy coefficient decreases. While the increase of nonlinear coefficient, the pore water pressure coefficient, the surface load and the buried depth results in the small safety factor. Therefore, the dilatancy as well as non-linear failure criterion should be taken into account in the design of shallow tunnel supporting structure. The supporting structure must be reinforced promptly to prevent potential mud from gushing or collapse accident in the areas with abundant pore water, large surface load or buried depth.

Stability analysis for natural slope by kinematical approach

The stability of natural slope was analyzed on the basis of limit analysis. The sliding model of a kind of natural slope was presented. A new kinematically admissible velocity field for the new sliding model was constructed. The stability factor formulation by the upper bound theorem leads to a classical nonlinear programming problem, when the external work rate and internal energy dissipation were solved, and the constraint condition of the programming problem was given. The upper bound optimization problem can be solved efficiently by applying a nonlinear SQP algorithm, and stability factor was obtained, which agrees well with previous achievements.

Energy analysis of stability of twin shallow tunnels based on nonlinear failure criterion

Based on nonlinear Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion, the analytical solutions of stability number and supporting force on twin shallow tunnels were derived using upper bound theorem of limit analysis. The optimized solutions were obtained by the technique of sequential quadratic programming. When nonlinear coefficient equals 1 and internal friction angle equals 0, the nonlinear Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion degenerates into linear failure criterion. The calculated results of stability number in this work were compared with previous results, and the agreement verifies the effectiveness of the present method. Under the condition of nonlinear Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion, the results show that the supporting force on twin shallow tunnels obviously increases when the nonlinear coefficient, burial depth, ground load or pore water pressure coefficients increase. When the clear distance is 0.5to 1.0 times the diameter of tunnel, the supporting force of twin shallow tunnels reaches its maximum value, which means that the tunnels are the easiest to collapse. While the clear distance increases to 3.5 times the diameter of tunnel, the calculation for twin shallow tunnels can be carried out by the method for independent single shallow tunnel. Therefore, 3.5 times the diameter of tunnel serves as a critical value to determine whether twin shallow tunnels influence each other. In designing twin shallow tunnels,appropriate clear distance value must be selected according to its change rules and actual topographic conditions, meanwhile, the influences of nonlinear failure criterion of soil materials and pore water must be completely considered. During the excavation process, supporting system should be intensified at the positions of larger burial depth or ground load to avoid collapses.

考虑水力效应的裂缝边坡稳定性非线性能耗分析

现有考虑水力效应的裂缝边坡稳定性分析大多基于线性破坏准则,而岩土体破坏往往呈现非线性特征,因此开展水力效应影响下的裂缝边坡稳定性非线性极限上限分析具有重要意义。基于极限分析上限定理及强度折减技术,结合“外切线法”非线性破坏准则,构建坡顶含竖直裂缝的边坡对数螺旋线破坏模式,根据虚功原理推导出裂缝边坡安全系数解析式,通过MATLAB优化计算,结合边坡工程实例探讨了典型因素对裂缝边坡稳定性、临界裂缝及滑动面位置的影响规律。研究结果表明:随着地下水位h的持续上升,边坡安全系数不断降低,临界裂缝深度逐渐增大且临界裂缝位置逐渐向坡顶缘偏移;非线性系数m明显影响边坡的稳定性,边坡安全系数随着非线性系数的增大显著减小,采用线性破坏准则会高估地下水位变化对边坡稳定性的影响;随着非线性系数的增大,临界裂缝深度随之增大,临界裂缝位置距离坡顶缘越来越远,滑坡体体积逐渐增大;裂缝与坡顶缘距离l m随着非线性系数m的增大而增大(当m增大0.2时,l m增大约1 m),且随着裂缝与坡顶缘距离的增大,边坡安全系数无明显变化,临界裂缝深度先逐渐减小后趋于稳定。

地震作用下双层土质边坡稳定性上限分析

为探究地震作用对双层土质边坡稳定性的影响,基于极限分析上限理论,建立了地震作用下双层土质边坡旋转破坏机构。采用拟静力法简化地震荷载作用,推导了双层土质边坡安全系数表达式。分析土体黏聚力比、边坡坡角以及地震作用对双层土质边坡稳定性及其滑动面参数的影响。研究结果表明:在水平地震作用下,随着黏聚力比的增大,边坡安全系数呈非线性增大且潜在滑动面变浅;当水平地震作用增强时,边坡失稳破坏范围显著加大;随着竖向地震系数及黏聚力比的增大,边坡安全系数略微降低;水平地震作用增强时,竖向地震作用对边坡稳定性的影响逐渐增大,此时需要考虑竖向地震的影响。

基于极限分析上限法的地震作用下分层地基盾构隧道开挖面稳定性研究

目前针对盾构隧道开挖面稳定性的研究还较少考虑土体分层特性和地震作用的耦合影响,因此构建了一种在分层土体中考虑地震作用的开挖面三维对数螺旋破坏模型进行研究。首先,将地震引起的动态响应通过拟静力法简化为水平和竖直两个方向上的惯性力作用;其次,在均质土体中的三维对数螺旋破坏机制的基础上,将其改进为适用于分层土体的三维对数螺旋破坏机制;再次,根据上限定理,在虚功率方程中引入地震惯性力所做功率,得到考虑土体分层特性和地震作用条件下的盾构隧道开挖面支护力的上限解;最后,将上限理论解与三维数值模拟结果和既有模型试验结果进行对比,得到了较好的一致性。此外,针对水平地震加速度系数和地层厚度对关键物理特征进行了影响因素分析。结果表明,当比例系数ζ>0时,极限支护力随水平地震加速度系数的增大显著增大;当ζ<0时,极限支护力随水平地震加速度系数增大而增大的趋势减弱。当水平地震加速度系数kh=0时,即在无地震作用情况下,归一化极限支护力不随ζ的变化而变化;在上硬下软土层中,下部土层厚度比的增大会引起极限支护力的增大,在上软下硬土层中,下部土层厚度比的增大会引起极限支护力的减小。

含挖填界面边坡三维稳定性上限分析

针对工程实践中挖填交界面与边坡坡面走向线斜交的高边坡空间三维稳定分析问题,基于极限分析上限定理,构建拓展的三维牛角状破坏机构,通过引入机构参数挖填界面倾角α突出边坡特性,建立与之对应的功能平衡方程,采用序列二次规划优化算法求解强度折减后的边坡安全系数上限解。在此基础上,计算了宁夏黄土丘陵地区妙岭750kV变电站高边坡以及相关文献中极限状态下边坡稳定性系数γH/c工程案例,并将计算结果与有限元极限分析软件模拟值进行对比分析。结果表明:随着挖填界面倾角α的增大,边坡安全系数Fs上限解和模拟值均减小,两种方法的计算结果相对误差在5.9%以内,且拓展的破坏机构与数值模拟的剪切耗散变形模式基本一致;在极限状态下,拓展机构的上限解和数值模拟结果都十分接近于1.0,二者相对误差未超过8.3%。研究工作为此类高边坡空间稳定分析问题提供了一种简便实用的计算方法。

地震荷载下边坡抗滑桩有效加固区与最优加固位置理论

假设边坡滑裂面为对数螺旋曲线,应用极限分析上限定理,根据典型均质边坡的局部失稳模式,分别计算桩前和桩后坡体的局部稳定性,提出抗滑桩有效加固区理论.采用Ito理论考虑桩-土相互作用,分别计算抗滑桩加固边坡的地震安全系数、已知设计安全系数所需的最小桩径或桩间净距及其对应的所需抗力、抗力合力作用点位置和滑面以上桩长.根据计算结果结合工程的安全性、经济性和施工难度可确定合理的设计桩位,通过算例分析地震荷载和岩土物理力学参数对抗滑桩加固边坡的有效加固区的影响.

三维加筋边坡抗震稳定性的拟动力上限分析

拟动力法可以更好地考虑地震传播的时空变化特性,文章采用拟动力分析方法研究均匀加筋与三角加筋2种不同加筋模式下,加筋土坡的三维地震稳定性问题;基于极限分析上限定理,构建三维加筋土边坡的破坏机构,推导地震边坡三维安全系数的表达式,并考察拟静力与拟动力分析结果之间的差异性;通过参数分析揭示三维加筋边坡的拟动力安全系数变化规律。结果表明:相对于拟动力分析,拟静力分析获得的安全系数解更为保守,特别是对于水平地震力系数k_(h)和坡角β较大的情况,两者差异更加显著;随着水平地震力系数k_(h)、宽高比B/H、放大系数f的增加,加筋土边坡的稳定性明显降低;而随着平均加筋强度k_(0)增加,边坡稳定性显著提高;地震波周期T对边坡稳定性的影响较小;2种加筋模式对边坡稳定性的影响规律一致,且三角加筋模式效果更优。

加锚岩质边坡稳定性评价的极限分析上限法研究

基于极限分析上限法的基本原理,考虑岩石锚杆的支护效应、地震作用力和裂隙水压力的影响,提出加锚岩质边坡稳定分析计算模型。通过该岩质边坡极限分析上限法计算模型,可以将滑体按照滑裂面和侧向结构面离散为不同的滑体单元,并可构建一个机动许可的速度场。根据相关联流动法则和位移协调条件,相邻滑体单元的移动不能导致它们重叠或分离,进而可以得到应变速度场的数学表达式。应用该计算模型,不仅可以合理计算出由滑体自重、地震力、裂隙水压力和锚固力所做的外力功率,而且可以得到产生于滑体底滑裂面和侧向结构面的内能耗散。根据滑体处于极限状态时两功率相等(虚功率方程)的条件,可以推导得到加锚岩质边坡的极限分析上限法稳定系数计算公式。通过典型算例的稳定性分析计算表明,考虑裂隙水压力和地震作用力的边坡稳定系数将会减小,而合理加锚后稳定系数将会得到提高。

基于MATLAB的边坡稳定性极限上限分析程序开发

基于系统能耗最小原理的极限分析上限定理,利用MATLAB强大的数据处理功能,对边坡稳定系数Ncr采用序列二次规划法(SQP)进行优化计算,并与枚举法相结合,从而解决SQP算法求解优化解容易陷入局部最优解的问题。同时开发了一款简单实用的边坡稳定性分析软件,实现了计算结果与临界滑裂破坏面图形的可视化输出。与经典算例对比分析,计算结果具有较好的一致性,表明了程序的可靠性。分析了内摩擦角、边坡倾斜角、3个参数对边坡稳定系数Ncr的影响。计算结果表明:边坡稳定性系数Ncr对、较为敏感,而对的敏感次之。其次,当、比较接近或在小范围内波动时,对稳定性系数Ncr的影响特别敏感;当、值较小时,滑动面通过坡趾下方,而当值比较大时,滑动面通过坡趾。

土坡稳定性塑性极限分析条分法

从土塑性力学极限分析上限定理出发 ,建立了土坡条分法平移破坏机构。根据外部作用荷载和土体自重所做的外功率与塑性变形区的内部能量耗损率相等的条件 ,建立起虚功率方程 ,并由此得到了土坡稳定系数计算公式。该公式具有概念清楚、使用方便可靠等特点 ,对土坡稳定性分析具有一定实用意义。

地震效应和坡顶超载对均质土坡稳定性影响的拟静力分析

基于强度折减技术和极限分析上限定理,假定机动容许的速度场破坏面,考虑坡顶超载、水平和竖向地震效应影响推导了边坡稳定性安全系数的计算表达式。采用序列二次规划迭代方法(和内点迭代方法)对边坡安全系数目标函数进行能量耗散最小化意义上的优化计算,与多个算例的对比验证了其方法和程序计算的正确性;对影响土质边坡动态稳定性的一些因素进行了参数分析,分析表明:随着边坡倾角β、坡顶超载q、水平和竖向地震效应影响系数的增大,边坡稳定性安全系数显著下降;随着坡顶超载q、水平地震效应影响系数kh的增大、竖向地震效应影响系数kv的减小,边坡的潜在滑动面越来越深,潜在破坏范围越来越大。竖向地震效应对边坡稳定性也有一定影响,强震条件下的设计计算必须考虑竖向地震效应的影响。

基于非线性破坏准则的边坡稳定性极限分析

上限定理是求解岩土工程问题的有效工具。以上限定理为理论基础,分析边坡的稳定性问题,并考虑了岩土材料破坏准则的非线性特性。在非线性Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则下,采用条分法与极限分析上限法相结合的方法,对边坡稳定性进行分析。通过切线法引入非线性强度参数ct、?t,推导了岩土材料在非线性破坏准则下的相关联流动法则,建立功能方程,推导了边坡直线滑裂面、折线滑裂面和光滑曲线滑裂面安全系数F的计算方程。采用数学规划法计算后与工程实际中常用的边坡稳定性分析方法进行对比,并获得安全系数F=1.0时的稳定性系数Ns。与已有的研究成果进行比较分析,结果表明了该方法的正确性及优越性。

非均质边坡稳定性极限分析上限法

引入变异因子,推导土体黏聚力沿深度线性变化时的边坡极限分析上限法相关公式,研究成层土不同分布情况下的稳定性,并对极限分析法与极限平衡法中的评价指标进行对比。结果表明:对于刚体转动破坏,当坡脚土层黏聚力不变时,随着变异因子的增大,滑面对应的张角增大,但滑面位置变动微小,稳定系数近似线性增加。稳定系数和安全系数随变异因子的改变呈现相同的变化规律,但安全系数的大小与边坡坡高、土体重度和黏聚力有直接关系;考虑土体变形时,变形区内由黏聚力变化引起的损耗率是对数旋转面上的一半;坡脚土层黏聚力保持不变时,极限承载力随着变异因子的增加近似线性增加;当坡脚土层黏聚力大于坡肩时,边坡的稳定系数、安全系数和极限承载力均比土层相反分布时的要大。表明边坡坡脚土层黏聚力过小更容易造成失稳,建议采取"固脚强腰"的防护措施以确保边坡稳定。

基于双强度折减策略的边坡稳定性分析方法探讨

基于能耗分析理论,假定黏聚力和内摩擦角按不同折减系数进行强度折减,采用不同边坡综合安全系数定义方式,根据虚功原理推导了各自综合安全系数的目标函数表达式。采用序列二次规划法和内点法编制了非线性规划迭代程序,对综合安全系数目标函数进行优化求解。依据算例结果探讨了双强度折减技术评价方法对边坡安全系数计算的影响规律。研究结果表明,边坡稳定性影响因素众多,抗剪强度参数c与φ的折减系数之间不存在惟一确定的函数关系,现有预先假定黏聚力和内摩擦角按某一比例进行强度折减的处理方法尚难以完全合理解释;通过强度折减的最短路径来定义边坡综合安全系数的方法物理意义更为明确。研究结论可为工程技术人员加深采用强度折减技术进行边坡稳定性分析的认识提供有益参考。

地下水位变化对边坡稳定性影响的上限分析

坡体地下水水位变化引起坡内水力梯度的变化是导致边坡失稳的重要因素。通过将强度折减技术与极限上限定理结合,利用安全系数指标对地下水位变化影响下的均质边坡进行了稳定性分析,并进行了对比计算和参数分析。分析中将孔隙水压力当作外力,水位变化对边坡的影响作用通过虚功方程表现出来。对比计算表明:与已有结果的对比可以证明表明本文方法的正确性,且本文是较同类方法略好的上限解答;参数分析表明:坡内地下水位升降对边坡稳定性和潜在破坏面影响较大,地下水位上升引起孔隙水压力增大是坡体发生失稳的重要原因。

非关联流动准则对浅埋隧道稳定性影响的上限分析

基于非关联流动准则和极限分析上限理论,通过构建浅埋隧道的简单破坏模式,推导了非关联流动准则下浅埋隧道围岩压力的计算公式。基于内外能耗守恒原理,结合强度折减技术对一定围岩压力下浅埋隧道稳定性进行了分析,并应用非线性优化方法,得出了浅埋隧道围岩压力和一定围岩压力下浅埋隧道稳定性上限解析的优化解答。研究结果表明:岩土材料的剪胀特性和围岩侧压力系数均对浅埋隧道和稳定性有较大影响,且岩土侧压力相关系数对浅埋隧道稳定性的影响程度更为显著。