Analysis of Modeling the Influence of Electromagnetic Fields Radiated by Industrial Static Converters and Impacts on Operators Using Maxwell’s Equations

The study of Electromagnetic Compatibility is essential to ensure the harmonious operation of electronic equipment in a shared environment. The basic principles of Electromagnetic Compatibility focus on the ability of devices to withstand electromagnetic disturbances and not produce disturbances that could affect other systems. Imperceptible in most work situations, electromagnetic fields can, beyond certain thresholds, have effects on human health. The objective of the present article is focused on the modeling analysis of the influence of geometric parameters of industrial static converters radiated electromagnetic fields using Maxwell’s equations. To do this we used the analytical formalism for calculating the electromagnetic field emitted by a filiform conductor, to model the electromagnetic radiation of this device in the spatio-temporal domain. The interactions of electromagnetic waves with human bodies are complex and depend on several factors linked to the characteristics of the incident wave. To model these interactions, we implemented the physical laws of electromagnetic wave propagation based on Maxwell’s and bio-heat equations to obtain consistent results. These obtained models allowed us to evaluate the spatial profile of induced current and temperature of biological tissue during exposure to electromagnetic waves generated by this system. The simulation 2D results obtained from computer tools show that the temperature variation and current induced by the electromagnetic field can have a very significant influence on the life of biological tissue. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis using advanced mathematical models to evaluate the influence of electromagnetic fields. The findings have direct implications for workplace safety, potentially influencing standards and regulations concerning electromagnetic exposure in industrial settings.

带支撑广义Maxwell粘弹性阻尼耗能结构风振响应分析

工程中粘弹性阻尼器的安装通过支撑与结构进行连接,但在安装粘弹性阻尼器的耗能结构随机响应分析中,为了简化计算过程,将支撑的刚度看作无穷大或者忽略支撑刚度的影响。实际上,对支撑刚度的影响加以考虑更能符合工程实际。针对考虑支撑刚度影响的粘弹性阻尼耗能结构风振响应分析过程复杂的问题,提出了一种求解考虑支撑影响的广义Maxwell粘弹性阻尼耗能结构基于Davenport谱风振响应的简明解析解法。在广义Maxwell粘弹性阻尼器微分型本构模型基础上,给出了考虑支撑刚度的粘弹性阻尼器等效本构关系。将粘弹性阻尼器等效本构关系与结构运动方程联立,采用复模态法将其解耦,获得结构风振响应的统一表达式。将耗能结构在Davenport风速谱下的系列响应功率谱密度函数分解为频域响应函数与Davenport功率谱密度函数的乘积形式,基于随机振动理论中谱矩的定义,对响应功率谱密度函数积分后获得无积分项的系列响应谱矩表达式。在算例中通过与虚拟激励法计算结果对比,验证了所提解法的准确性,并分析了支撑刚度在耗能系统中的影响。

Numerical Solution of the Upper-Convected Maxwell Model for Three-Dimensional Free Surface Flows

This work presents a finite difference technique for simulating three-dimensional free surface flows governed by the Upper-Convected Maxwell(UCM)constitutive equation.A Marker-and-Cell approach is employed to represent the fluid free surface and formulations for calculating the non-Newtonian stress tensor on solid boundaries are developed.The complete free surface stress conditions are employed.The momentum equation is solved by an implicit technique while the UCM constitutive equation is integrated by the explicit Euler method.The resulting equations are solved by the finite difference method on a 3D-staggered grid.By using an exact solution for fully developed flow inside a pipe,validation and convergence results are provided.Numerical results include the simulation of the transient extrudate swell and the comparison between jet buckling of UCM and Newtonian fluids.

基于Maxwell模型的压电驱动系统前馈控制方法

为了提高外腔可调谐半导体激光器的测量精度,基于Maxwell模型提出了用于消除其压电驱动系统迟滞非线性的前馈控制方法.基于经典Maxwell力学模型,建立了描述非凸、非对称迟滞环的静态迟滞模型;根据频率与位移幅值的关系建立了率相关系数矩阵,与静态迟滞模型耦合得到率相关迟滞模型,实现了不同频率下压电驱动系统迟滞非线性的精准预测;构建了迟滞逆模型,对压电驱动系统进行前馈补偿控制.实验结果表明,率相关迟滞模型具有较高的精度,1 Hz下模型均方根误差为0.049μm, 50 Hz下模型均方根误差为0.252μm.基于迟滞逆模型的前馈控制方法能够明显提高系统输出位移的线性度,增大线性度范围,线性相关系数R2由0.971 58提高到了0.999 77.

基于Maxwell-Wagner模型的含水绝缘油的介电性质分析

绝缘油的微水检测对保障电力变压器的安全运行具有重要意义,而含水绝缘油的介电性质分析能够为绝缘油的微水检测提供物性参考。将Maxwell-Wagner模型简化,得到混合介质复介电常数与离散相含量之间的关系式,基于Maxwell-Wagner模型探究了含水绝缘油在不同温度、不同微水体积分数下随电场频率变化的介电性质。结果表明:在0.5~20 GHz内,微水体积分数为0.0010%时,Maxwell-Wagner模型计算的含水绝缘油实部最大误差不超过0.0514%,虚部最大误差不超过1.0500%,因此该模型适用于研究含水绝缘油的介电性质。复介电常数实部变化量随微水体积分数升高而增大,随电场频率增加而变小;虚部变化量随微水体积分数增加而增大,随电场频率增加,先增大后减小。实部及虚部变化量均随温度的增加而增大。研究表明,微水体积分数、温度及频率能够显著影响含水绝缘油的介电性质。

Maxwell Equations and Magnetic Monopoles

The manuscript introduces an “ab initio” quantum model to deduce the Maxwell equations. After general considerations and laying out the model’s theoretical framework, these equations can be derived alongside a broad variety of other results. Specifically, a corollary of the present model proposes a possible mechanism underlying the formation of magnetic monopoles and allows estimating their formation energy in order of magnitude.

MHD flow of upper-convected Maxwell fluid over porous stretching sheet using successive Taylor series linearization method

This paper investigates the magnetohydrodynamic （MHD） boundary layer flow of an incompressible upper-convected Maxwell （UCM） fluid over a porous stretching surface. Similarity transformations are used to reduce the governing partial differential equations into a kind of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The nonlinear prob- lem is solved by using the successive Taylor series linearization method （STSLM）. The computations for velocity components are carried out for the emerging parameters. The numerical values of the skin friction coefficient are presented and analyzed for various parameters of interest in the problem.

Least-Squares Finite Element Method for the Steady Upper-Convected Maxwell Fluid

In this paper, a least-squares finite element method for the upper-convected Maxell (UCM) fluid is proposed. We first linearize the constitutive and momentum equations and then apply a least-squares method to the linearized version of the viscoelastic UCM model. The L2 least-squares functional involves the residuals of each equation multiplied by proper weights. The corresponding homogeneous functional is equivalent to a natural norm. The error estimates of the finite element solution are analyzed when the conforming piecewise polynomial elements are used for the unknowns.

PLANE SURFACE SUDDENLY SET IN MOTION IN A VISCOELASTIC FLUID WITH FRACTIONAL MAXWELL MODEL

The fractional calculus approach in the constitutive relationship model of viscoelastic fluid is introduced.The flow near a wall suddenly set in mo- tion is studied for a non-Newtonian viscoelastic fluid with the fractional Maxwell model.Exact solutions of velocity and stress are obtained by using the discrete in- verse Laplace transform of the sequential fractional derivatives.It is found that the effect of the fractional orders in the constitutive relationship on the flow field is signif- icant.The results show that for small times there are appreciable viscoelastic effects on the shear stress at the plate,for large times the viscoelastic effects become weak.

Unsteady rotating flows of a viscoelastic fluid with the fractional Maxwell model between coaxial cylinders

The fractional calculus is used in the constitutive relationship model of viscoelastic fluid. A generalized Maxwell model with fractional calculus is considered. Based on the flow conditions described, two flow cases are solved and the exact solutions are obtained by using the Weber transform and the Laplace transform for fractional calculus.

Study of Rheological Characterization of Fenugreek Gum with Modified Maxwell Model

Taking into account the viscoelasticity of the fenugreek gum, a modified Maxwell model in terms of fractional derivatives is developed. Using this model, it is observed that the fenugreek gums with at least two different concentrations obey the Cox-Merz rule.

Thermal stretching in two-phase porous media: Physical basis for Maxwell model

An alternate yet general form of the classical effective thermal conductivity model （Maxwell model） for two-phase porous materials is presented, serving an explicit thermo-physicM basis. It is demonstrated that the reduced effective thermal conductivity of the porous media due to non-conducting pore inclusions is caused by the mechanism of thermal stretching, which is a combi- nation of reduced effective heat flow area and elongated heat transfer distance （thermal tortuosity）.

(1+1)维Maxwell-Chern-Simons-Higgs系统解的整体存在性

通过降维(1+2)维Maxwell-Chern-Simons-Higgs系统得到了(1+1)维Maxwell-Chern-Simons-Higgs系统,并在Lorenz规范条件下研究了(1+1)维Maxwell-Chern-Simons-Higgs系统解的整体存在性.应用Sobolev空间相关理论,证明了(1+1)维Maxwell-Chern-Simons-Higgs系统的解在H^(2)×H^(1)上具有整体存在性,同时还验证了该系统所对应的能量函数是守恒的.

Heat Transfer in MHD Flow of Maxwell Fluid via Fractional Cattaneo-Friedrich Model:A Finite Difference Approach

The idea of fractional derivatives is applied to several problems of viscoelastic fluid.However,most of these problems(fluid problems),were studied analytically using different integral transform techniques,as most of these problems are linear.The idea of the above fractional derivatives is rarely applied to fluid problems governed by nonlinear partial differential equations.Most importantly,in the nonlinear problems,either the fractional models are developed by artificial replacement of the classical derivatives with fractional derivatives or simple classical problems(without developing the fractional model even using artificial replacement)are solved.These problems were mostly solved for steady-state fluid problems.In the present article,studied unsteady nonlinear non-Newtonian fluid problem(Cattaneo-Friedrich Maxwell(CFM)model)and the fractional model are developed starting from the fractional constitutive equations to the fractional governing equations;in other words,the artificial replacement of the classical derivatives with fractional derivatives is not done,but in details,the fractional problem is modeled from the fractional constitutive equations.More exactly two-dimensional magnetic resistive flow in a porous medium of fractional Maxwell fluid(FMF)over an inclined plate with variable velocity and the temperature is studied.The Caputo time-fractional derivative model(CFM)is used in the governing equations.The proposed model is numerically solved via finite difference method(FDM)along with L1-scheme for discretization.The numerical results are presented in various figures.These results indicated that the fractional parameters significantly affect the temperature and velocity fields.It is noticed that the temperature field increased with an increase in the fractional parameter.Whereas,the effect of fractional parameters is opposite on the velocity field near the plate.However,this trend became like that of the temperature profile,away from the plate.Moreover,the velocity field retarded with strengthening in the magnetic parameter due to enhancement in Lorentz force.However,this effect reverses in the case of the temperature profile.

A Simplified Nonlinear Generalized Maxwell Model for Predicting the Time Dependent Behavior of Viscoelastic Materials

In this paper, a simple nonlinear Maxwell model consisting of a nonlinear spring connected in series with a nonlinear dashpot obeying a power-law with constant material parameters, for representing successfully the time-dependent properties of a variety of viscoelastic materials, is proposed. Numerical examples are performed to illustrate the sensitivity of the model to material parameters.

黏弹性理论中广义Maxwell模型的教学法及其在非晶态固体中的应用

黏弹性力学是固体力学研究的重要组成部分,如何开展黏弹性力学教学对于学生理解相关知识至关重要。本文以黏弹性力学最为经典的Maxwell模型为例展示整个教学过程:首先从基本黏弹性元件出发,推导Maxwell模型及其广义表达式,然后结合非晶固体应力松弛实验曲线,从变形单元激活特征时间角度出发,将经典Maxwell模型应用于非晶固体变形,结合实际案例和计算练习来加深学生对于该模型的理解和应用。相比于传统黏弹性力学课程,本文考虑广义Maxwell模型中多个并联单元特征时间在对数时间尺度的Gauss分布形式,这对于非晶态固体的变形研究以及黏弹性理论的课程教学过程具有重要借鉴价值。

基于Maxwell分布的冻融砂岩本构模型研究

针对砂岩本构模型的冻融损伤问题,运用Maxwell分布理论,结合损伤力学原理推导砂岩的冻融受荷载耦合损伤模型,依据单轴压缩试验应力-应变曲线与本构模型进行拟合,基于有限元模拟软件,开展了不同冻融次数下砂岩的单轴压缩试验,并对本构模型进行验证。研究结果表明:岩石能量密度参数β由冻融0次的0.0069增加至50次冻融末的0.0096,与冻融之间呈现明显的非线性特征;砂岩总损伤曲线的起点由0逐渐上升至0.677,在峰值应变周围砂岩总损伤明显增加;对比云图可知,随着冻融次数的增加,砂岩破碎的程度越大。

Exact Solution of Unsteady Flow of Viscoelastic Fluid in a Pipe with Fractional Maxwell Model

The unsteady flow of viscoelastic fluid in a cylindrical pipe was investigated using the fractional Maxwell model. Two special cases of unsteady pipe flow were expressed. The first is start-up flow, and the second is oscillating flow. The exact solution of start-up flow under a constant pressure gradient was obtained by using the theories of Laplace transform and Fourier-Bessel series for fractional derivatives. The exact solution of oscillating flow was obtained by utilizing the separation of variables.

Fractional-order Maxwell model of seabed mud and its effect on surface-wave damping

A fractional-order Maxwell model is used to describe the viscoelastic seabed mud. The experimental data of the real mud well fit the results of the fractional-order Maxwell model that has fewer parameters than the traditional model. The model is then used to investigate the effect of the mud on the surface-wave damping. The damping rate of a linear monochromatic wave is obtained. The elastic resonance of the mud layer is observed, which leads to the peaks in the damping rate. The damping rate is a sum of the modal damping rates, which indicates the wave damping induced by the mud motion of particular modes. The analysis shows that near the resonance, the total damping rate is dominated by the damping rate of the corresponding mode.

A Maxwell Demon Model Connecting Information and Thermodynamics

In the past decades several theoretical Maxwell＇s demon models have been proposed to exhibit effects such as refrigerating, doing work at the cost of information, and some experiments have been carried out to realize these effects. We propose a model with a two-level demon, information represented by a sequence of bits, and two heat reservoirs. The reservoir that the demon is interacting with depends on the bit. When the temperature difference between the two heat reservoirs is large enough, the information can be erased. On the other hand, when the information is pure enough, heat transfer from one reservoir to the other can happen, resulting in the effect of refrigeration. Genuine examples of such a system are discussed.