Synthesis of Nanometer Cobalt Blue Pigment by Microemulsion Method and Control of Diameter of Particle

The nanometer cobalt blue pigments were prepared by microemulsion method. Using dynamic light scattering(DLS) test method, the influences of water content on the size of liquid drop of microemulsion and the liquid drop of microemulsion on the final diameter of nanometer particle were studied in the course of preparation. Accordingly, the method to control the diameter of nanometer particle by changing water content was established. The nanometer cobalt blue particles were confirmed by XRD and TEM. Color parameters of pigments were determined. The quantum size effect of the pigments was discussed.

Droplets diameter distribution using maximum entropy formulation combined with a new energy-based sub-model

The maximum entropy principle(MEP) is one of the first methods which have been used to predict droplet size and velocity distributions of liquid sprays. This method needs a mean droplets diameter as an input to predict the droplet size distribution. This paper presents a new sub-model based on the deterministic aspects of liquid atomization process independent of the experimental data to provide the mean droplets diameter for using in the maximum entropy formulation(MEF). For this purpose, a theoretical model based on the approach of energy conservation law entitled energy-based model(EBM) is presented. Based on this approach, atomization occurs due to the kinetic energy loss. Prediction of the combined model(MEF/EBM) is in good agreement with the available experimental data. The energy-based model can be used as a fast and reliable enough model to obtain a good estimation of the mean droplets diameter of a spray and the combined model(MEF/EBM) can be used to well predict the droplet size distribution at the primary breakup.

Mode-Field-Diameter and the Coupling Loss between Inner and Outer Segment of Photoreceptors

The characteristics of optical waveguide of human photoreceptors play important roles in vision. The mode-field-diameter (MFD) is a very important parameter of a single-mode waveguide, and it is related to many important optical characteristics of a single-mode waveguide. Here we show that MFDs of outer segments of human foveal cones are close to the minimum values at their geometric diameter for outer segments of foveal cones. Small MFD of outer segment is important for eyes to have high spatial resolution and low interaction between neighboring cones. We propose that the ellipsoids of foveal cones act as spot size converters to reduce the coupling losses between myoids and outer segments.

Effect of TiO2 Crystallite Diameter on Photocatalytic Water Splitting Rate

The effect of (Pt-loaded)TiO2 crystallite diameter (i.e. Scherrer size) on the photocatalytic water splitting rate was investigated. (Pt-loaded)TiO2 powders with a wide range of crystallite diameters from about 16 to 45 nm with a blank region between about 23 and 41 nm were prepared by various annealing processes from an identical TiO2 powder. Water splitting experiments with these powders were carried out with methanol as an oxidizing sacrificial agent. It was found that the photocatalytic water splitting rate was sensitively affected by the crystallite diameter of the (Pt-loaded)TiO2 powder. More concretely, similar steep improvements of photocatalytic water splitting rates from around 15 and a little over 2 to about 30 μmol·m-2hr-1?were obtained in the two (Pt-loaded)TiO2 crystallite diameters ranging from 16 to 23 and from 41 to 45 nm, respectively.

New indices to balanceα-diversity against tree size inequality

The number and composition of species in a community can be quantified withα-diversity indices,including species richness(R),Simpson’s index(D),and the Shannon-Wiener index(H΄).In forest communities,there are large variations in tree size among species and individu-als of the same species,which result in differences in eco-logical processes and ecosystem functions.However,tree size inequality(TSI)has been largely neglected in studies using the available diversity indices.The TSI in the diameter at breast height(DBH)data for each of 99920 m×20 m forest census quadrats was quantified using the Gini index(GI),a measure of the inequality of size distribution.The generalized performance equation was used to describe the rotated and right-shifted Lorenz curve of the cumulative proportion of DBH and the cumulative proportion of number of trees per quadrat.We also examined the relationships ofα-diversity indices with the GI using correlation tests.The generalized performance equation effectively described the rotated and right-shifted Lorenz curve of DBH distributions,with most root-mean-square errors(990 out of 999 quadrats)being<0.0030.There were significant positive correlations between each of threeα-diversity indices(i.e.,R,D,and H’)and the GI.Nevertheless,the total abundance of trees in each quadrat did not significantly influence the GI.This means that the TSI increased with increasing spe-cies diversity.Thus,two new indices are proposed that can balanceα-diversity against the extent of TSI in the com-munity:(1−GI)×D,and(1−GI)×H’.These new indices were significantly correlated with the original D and H΄,and did not increase the extent of variation within each group of indices.This study presents a useful tool for quantifying both species diversity and the variation in tree sizes in forest communities,especially in the face of cumulative species loss under global climate change.

Effects of initial bubble size on geometric and motion characteristics of bubble released in water

To seek and describe the influence of bubble size on geometric and motion characteristics of the bubble,six nozzles with different outlet diameters were selected to inject air into water and to produce different bubble sizes.High-speed photography in conjunction with an in-house bubble image processing code was used.During the evolution of the bubble,bubble shape,traveling trajectory and the variation of bubble velocity were obtained.Bubble sizes acquired varied from0.25to8.69mm.The results show that after the bubble is separated from the nozzle,bubble shape sequentially experiences ellipsoidal shape,hat shape,mushroom shape and eventually the stable ellipsoidal shape.As the bubble size increases,the oscillation of the bubble surface is intensified.At the stabilization stage of bubble motion,bubble trajectories conform approximately to the sinusoidal function.Meanwhile,with the increase in bubble size,the bubble trajectory tends to be straightened and the influence of the horizontal bubble velocity component on the bubble trajectory attenuates.The present results explain the phenomena related to relatively large bubble size,which extends the existing relationship between the bubble terminal velocity and the equivalent bubble diameter.

Advances in determining abdominal aortic aneurysm size and growth

Abdominal aortic aneurysm is a common pathology in the aging population of the developed world which carries a significant mortality in excess of 80% in case of rupture. Aneurysmal disease probably represents the only surgical condition in which size is such a critical determinant of the need for intervention and therefore the ability to accurately and reproducibly record aneurysm size and growth over time is of outmost importance. In the same time that imaging techniques may be limited by intra- and inter-observer variability and there may be inconsistencies due to different modalities [ultrasound, computed tomography(CT)], rapid technologic advancement have taken aortic imaging to the next level. Digital imaging, multidetector scanners, thin slice CT and most- importantly the ability to perform 3-dimensional reconstruction and image post-processing have currently become widely available rendering most of the imaging modalities used in the past out of date. The aim of the current article is to report on various imaging methods and current state of the art techniques used to record aneurysm size and growth. Moreover we aim to emphasize on the future research directions and report on techniques which probably will be widely used and incorporated in clinical practice in the near future.

Effect of Velocity Ratio,Viscosity Ratio,Contact Angle,and Channel Size Ratio on Droplet Formation

This study uses a T-junction to examine the effects of different parameters(velocity ratio,viscosity,contact angle,and channel size ratio)on the generation of microdroplets,related rate,and size.More specifically,numerical simulations are exploited to investigate situations with a velocity varying from 0.004 to 1.6 m/s for the continuous phase and from 0.004 to 0.8 m/s for the dispersed phase,viscosity ratios(0.668,1,6.689,10,66.899),contact angle 80°<θ<270°and four different canal size ratios(1,1.5,2 and 4).The results show that canal size influences droplet size and the generation rate.The contact angle has an impact on the form and the quality of generated droplets.Moreover,the relationship between velocity and viscosity ratios,droplet size,and generation rate is non-monotonic.

Understanding the Variability of Z-R Relationships Caused by Natural Variations in Raindrop Size Distributions(DSD):Implication of Drop Size and Number

In the issue of rainfall estimation by radar through the necessary relationship between radar reflectivity Z and rain rate R (Z-R), the main limitation is attributed to the variability of this relationship. Indeed, several pre-vious studies have shown the great variability of this relationship in space and time, from a rainfall event to another and even within a single rainfall event. Recent studies have shown that the variability of raindrop size distributions and thereby Z-R relationships is therefore, more the result of complex dynamic, thermody-namic and microphysical processes within rainfall systems than a convective/stratiform classification of the ground rainfall signature. The raindrop number and size at ground being the resultant of various processes mentioned above, a suitable approach would be to analyze their variability in relation to that of Z-R relation-ship. In this study, we investigated the total raindrop concentration number NT and the median volume di-ameter D0 used in numerous studies, and have shown that the combination of these two ‘observed’ parame-ters appears to be an interesting approach to better understand the variability of the Z-R relationships in the rainfall events, without assuming a certain analytical raindrop size distribution model (exponential, gamma, or log-normal). The present study is based on the analysis of disdrometer data collected at different seasons and places in Africa, and aims to show the degree of the raindrop size and number implication in regard to the Z-R relationships variability.

Particle Size and Shape of On-road Suspended Coarse Dust in the Shijiazhuang City, China

The particle size and shape measured by image analysis is helpful to discuss the human health effects of particulate beside the aerodynamic scale. To explore the size and shape features of particle suspended in the road environment, this research selected 12 bus stations as the sampling sites along the main road in the air polluted city Shijiazhuang, China, where a Car-Free Campaign had been carried out. We hung 2 slides covered with a layer of petroleum jelly to collect suspending particles for 24 hours at each sampling site, and measured the particles size and shape parameters with the Particle Size Analyzer of CIS-50. The results show that the average particle size by the equivalent area diameter is around 10 μm, the size distributions are multi-modal with wide span, demonstrating that coarse dust suspended on road derived from several particle sources. Most of the particles suspended are square or square-like in shape with rugged border. Compared the samples of ordinary days and of the Car-Free day, the size and shape features vary little, inferring the ineffective results for the particle control of the Campaign. There is certain relationship between particle size and shape. The number percent of PMs-E （particulate matter with equivalent area diameter beneath 5 pro） is positively correlative with the number percent of particles of square or square-like shape, and negatively correlative with that of round or round-like shape. This relationship pattern in the road environment is contrary to the situations in the upper atmosphere, inferring different transportation and source emission mechanism influences.

气体流量和喷嘴直径对鼓泡塔内气泡大小和形状分布的影响

通过高速摄影结合图像处理算法,研究气体流量和喷嘴直径对气泡尺寸和纵横比分布的影响。结果表明,在所有喷嘴直径下,气泡当量直径的概率密度呈现双峰分布,其中第一个峰值接近直径为1.5~2 mm的小气泡区域,另一个峰值位于较大的气泡区域。将气体流量从0.1 L/min增加到0.2 L/min会导致大气泡的概率密度更高,表明气泡聚并现象普遍存在。当气体流量增加至1.2L/min时,峰值对应的气泡直径变小,并且气泡破裂占主导地位。对于直径为1~2 mm的气泡,形状受气体流量的影响较小,而3~9 mm的气泡在所有气体流量下气泡纵横比概率密度分布的峰值均位于纵横比E=0.5处。Iguchi和Chihara提出的模型能更好地预测气泡脱离直径随气体流量的增大的变化。

前混合水射流喷丸单丸粒冲击特性研究

单丸粒冲击特性是研究混合射流表面喷丸强度和覆盖率的基础指标,丸粒特性与靶材特性均会对冲击后的弹坑形态产生影响。以不同热处理后的18CrNiMo7-6低碳合金钢为靶材,研究了不同丸粒冲击条件下的弹坑特性。从弹坑形成机理出发,建立了单丸粒冲击弹坑尺寸模型,并通过试验研究,修正了高硬度靶材弹坑的误差,使弹坑深度预测误差降低到30%以下。在此基础上,研究了弹坑相关特征参数(深径比、坑深坑直径占比、脊高)的规律。结果表明,丸粒硬度和靶材硬度对深径比以及坑深直径占比影响最为显著,而弹坑周边的脊状结构只存在于低硬度靶材中。各参数对脊高的影响由大到小分别为丸粒直径、丸粒硬度和丸粒速度。

岩石类材料直接拉伸破坏的FDEM数值模拟

有限元-离散元耦合算法(FDEM)在岩石裂纹扩展模拟中广泛应用,尤其在直接拉伸模拟中用于参数校核。然而,模拟结果通常受到拉伸速率和网格尺寸的影响。本文首先阐述FDEM基本原理;然后,建立直接拉伸数值计算模型,探究拉伸速率、网格尺寸及高径比对破坏模式和力学参数的影响;最后,给出直接拉伸模拟中建议采用的拉伸速率和网格尺寸。研究结果表明:随着拉伸速率增加,试样抗拉强度、破坏程度和峰值应变率增加,而平均弹性模量减小;在较低拉伸速率下(v≤0.01 m/s),试样仅产生1条主拉伸裂缝;当拉伸速率较高时,有分支裂缝出现在主拉伸裂缝上侧。网格尺寸对抗拉强度、峰值应变率和平均弹性模量的影响较小,但对破坏模式和破坏程度的影响较显著。随着高径比增加,试样的抗拉强度、破坏程度和峰值应变率增大,但平均弹性模量呈相反趋势,并且高径比对破坏程度的影响较为显著。建议在直接拉伸模拟中使用0.01 m/s的拉伸速率,并将网格尺寸限制在1.5 mm以内。

基于图像分析的掘进工作面粉尘颗粒检测方法

基于光散射原理测定粉尘质量浓度只能定时定点手动检测,实时性差,且只能检测出粉尘质量浓度,并不能给出粒径分布范围。目前基于图像分析的粉尘颗粒检测研究主要是针对粉尘质量浓度或粒径分布进行单方面研究,并不能实现粉尘质量浓度和粒径分布范围的同时检测。针对上述问题,提出了一种基于图像分析的掘进工作面粉尘颗粒检测方法,探究图像特征与粉尘质量浓度、粒径分布间的关系。通过粉尘样本收集及图像采集装置,采集粉尘颗粒图像并获取采集图像时的粉尘质量浓度。编写粉尘样本图像处理算法,提取图像的灰度特征、纹理特征、几何特征相关参数。对提取的图像特征与实测粉尘质量浓度进行相关性分析,选取相关性较大的图像特征作为参数建立回归数学模型。提取粉尘颗粒对象像素点个数,结合转换系数,基于几何当量等效面积径计算粉尘粒径大小及分布范围。实验结果表明:实测粉尘质量浓度与建立的图像特征多元非线性回归模型数学模型计算值间的平均相对误差为12.37%,标准实测粒径与几何当量等效面积径得到的粒径分布间的最大相对误差为8.63%,平均相对误差为6.37%,验证了基于图像特征的粉尘质量浓度回归数学模型和基于几何当量等效面积径分布数学模型的准确性。

轴承套圈整径机用活动挡料装置的结构设计

本设计旨在提供一种轴承套圈内径整径机上料用的活动挡料装置,本装置的设计实现了内径整径机按序上料、防止工件随意滚落的目的,有助于提高加工产品的材料利用率和精度。

不同结构参数对喷头雾化特性的影响规律

针对目前雾化喷嘴存在的雾化压力高、雾化范围小等问题,设计了一种雾化喷头,并分析了该喷头的雾化特性.利用激光粒度测试仪探究压力为0.15~0.30 MPa、出口直径为0.3~0.9 mm等条件下对喷头雾化锥角、速度场和液滴粒径的影响,获取了不同试验条件下流场流动特性的变化规律:在低压力下,雾化锥角受喷头出口直径的影响较大,出口收缩角越大则雾化特性越优良;出口直径为0.9 mm的喷头,喷腔长孔比为1、出口收缩角为75°时更能实现大范围的作业;随着喷雾压力增大,水滴速度最大值也显著增大,但压力对雾化流场整体速度分布趋势的影响不大.水滴直径也随着喷头出口直径增大而增大,且喷头出口直径对水滴直径影响显著,但水滴直径相同时,出口直径越大,水滴速度越小.该结果为雾化喷头在中低压范围内的应用提供了理论参考.

刚性弹侵彻缩比实验尺寸效应分析

侵彻缩比实验的弹体尺寸效应是影响实验结果应用的重要因素。为提高缩比实验结果换算至原型的准确性,通过刚性弹对岩石介质侵彻深度理论公式的分析,阐明了引起尺寸效应的主要因素,给出了侵彻深度公式中弹径系数等关键参数的实验确定方法,进一步给出了模型弹实验结果换算至原型弹的理论与方法。结果表明,对于率相关材料,应变率会导致尺寸效应;对于率无关材料,缩比本身也会导致尺寸效应,其本质是由于介质破坏发展存在尺寸效应。缩比越小,尺寸效应越明显。尺寸效应还与靶体材料本身性质以及原型弹口径有关。对于缩比为0.1的实验,安全起见可取弹径系数为1.3。控制尺寸效应的材料参数可通过2组不同缩比的侵彻实验得到。

某催化裂化装置催化剂破碎跑损诊断分析

某1.0 Mt/a催化裂化装置正常运行中突然出现催化剂跑损(跑剂)故障,且无减小趋势,过程中工艺操作参数无异常,外排烟气颗粒物浓度和油浆固含量超标。通过分析系统内催化剂的粒度分布、APS(平均粒径)、形貌等变化,发现催化剂发生了严重的破碎,产生了大量细粉。核算发现,该装置主风分布器喷嘴和进料喷嘴气速均未发生变化,汽提蒸汽管的压力降发生了较大的变化,蒸汽喷出线速度远超设计值,达到75 m/s以上,故推测催化剂跑损原因为汽提蒸汽管断裂导致的催化剂冲击破碎和热崩破碎。采取降低装置加工负荷、减少两器通入蒸汽量、加大平衡剂置换量等措施,在满足装置不停工的前提下有效地降低了催化剂跑损量。

基于碎磨参数的介质优化及降低半自磨顽石积累实验研究

针对某大型钼矿存在半自磨机顽石积累、产能提升幅度有限等问题,在综合考虑不同测试方法下的碎磨参数及通过压载实验获得顽石粒级的基础上,运用修正后的Azzaroni公式进行钢球直径精确计算,并通过实验室实验进行合理性验证。研究结果表明:(1)三种测试方法获得的碎磨参数结果均表明了该矿石的难磨剥特性但在描述矿石抗冲击性能上仍有区别;(2)该矿石的顽石粒级为-80+20 mm;(3)半自磨机的最佳钢球方案为m(Φ130 mm)∶m(Φ110 mm)=1∶1。单一球径Φ130mm中+100 mm充当自磨介质的矿石磨矿产品较选厂Φ120 mm钢球方案提高了11.17百分点,顽石含量降低了1.67百分点;混合球径m(Φ130 mm)∶m(Φ110 mm)=1∶1的+100 mm含量较单一球径Φ130 mm提高了1百分点,顽石含量降低了3.41百分点,验证了所计算的最大钢球直径方案的合理性,并采用混合球径方案获得了更优的磨矿效果。

扫描电镜法对测量碳纤维直径的影响

使用两台扫描电镜——KYKY-2800B和Hitachi Regulus 8100分别放大倍率1 000倍和2 000倍,对神鹰、晓星、光威、恒神、东丽公司共计5种碳纤维的直径进行了测量,通过纤维根数计算,判定最接近真实值的测量仪器为Hitachi Regulus 8100扫描电镜。在此基础上,以日本东丽碳纤维为试样,优化KYKY-2800B扫描电镜的放大倍率,得出其测量纤维直径放大倍率至少为1 500倍时,可将同一碳纤维试样直径测量的相对误差由4.35%降低至1.68%以下。此外,试验还证实了碳纤维上浆剂对直径测量结果影响不大。