The Chinese Urban-rural Dual Economic Structure Model and Analysis

Based on the characteristics of urban-rural dual economic structure in China,we build a dynamic endogenous urban-rural dual economic model closely linked to China's reality,and carry out mathematical economics analysis of optimized conditions for urban and rural sectors. The main results show that:(i) The labor growth rate of urban-rural sectors must be greater than the time discount rate,or else there would be a vicious cycle of diminishing returns in the sectors;(ii) The accumulation rate of physical capital and human capital of urban-rural sectors,and the rate of technological progress,need to be greater than the corresponding depreciation rate plus the time discount rate,otherwise there would be a vicious cycle of diminishing returns in the sectors;(iii) The low accumulation rate in the rural sector,and the occurrence of labor outflow,human capital loss and lack of investment,will expand income gap between urban and rural areas,which is a reason for solidification of urban-rural dual economic structure.

Look from the empty nester problem of urban and rural dual structure of society

More and more empty nest has become a social problem that couldn＇t ignore. The problem of empty nester is the essence of urban and rural dual structure social changing. The emergence of empty-nesters is a serious problem in China＇s social development process, with the aging of the population increasing, urban-rural divide more and more obvious. The condition of the human society has gradually formed the rural and the division of labor and the dual structure of the city. This paper expounds the connotation, significance and characteristics of empty nest elderly, analyzes on the problems existing in current urban and rural society and the problem of empty nest elderly in the new situation puts forward the suggestions and countermeasures.

Study on Factors Influencing Urban-rural Dual Economic Structure of Chongqing Based on the State Space Variable Parameter Method

Firstly,this paper reviews and analyzes historic background of urban-rural integration of Chongqing,and the evolution and trend of urban and rural dual economic structure.On the basis of previous researches,it selects factors and variables influencing urban and rural dual economic structure,and establishes an econometric model.By state space Kalman filtering method,it analyzes dynamic influence of factors upon urban-rural dual economic intensity.According to empirical conclusion,it puts forward corresponding policy recommendations for promoting integrated urban and rural economic development of Chongqing.

An Empirical Study of the Relationship between the Fixed Assets Investment and Urban-rural Income Gap during the Transition Period

As the gap in income between urban and rural residents bigger and bigger,based on the data from 1978 to 2007,this paper makes an empirical study of the dynamic relation between the fixed assets investment and the difference in income between urban and rural residents. The outcome from the study indicates a long-term balance exists between the investment rate of the fixed assets and the difference in income between urban and rural residents. A short-term deviation from the balance can be adjusted through long time. To a certain extent,city-oriented fixed assets investment policy is the main cause of the big gap in income between urban and rural residents. The big gap in income between urban and rural residents in turn reinforces their social status,thus further strengthening the city-oriented instead of countryside-oriented fixed assets investment policy. Based on that,this paper puts forward some suggestions on adjusting the fixed assets investment policy so as to shorten the difference in income between urban and rural residents and realize the goal of harmonious development between city and countryside.

Gap between Urban and Rural Economic Development in Less Developed Areas——A Case of Northern Jiangsu Area,China

Taking northern Jiangsu area as an example,economic disparity between urban and rural areas is described according to the data in 2000-2009 Jiangsu Statistical Yearbook.Result shows that there are significant differences in the rural and urban economic development in less developed areas,which are mainly reflected in the differences in per capita income,living standard,and Engel coefficient.Reasons for urban and rural economic disparity in less developed areas are analyzed.The asymmetry and immobility of rural and urban resources have objectively caused the income gap between urban and rural residents;urban industrial development,which is faster than agricultural development,has widened the income gap between urban and rural residents;and the differences in comparative labor productivity in rural and urban areas have enlarged their income gap.Countermeasures to minimize the urban and rural economic development gap are put forward,such as deepening the reform,realizing the free flow of economic resources between urban and rural areas,developing rural areas through urban development,exerting the function of urban areas in the coordinated development of urban and rural areas,paying attention to the agriculture and rural areas,and improving the comparative labor productivity of agriculture.

Development Path of Urban-rural Integration

The urban and rural areas are regarded as two major components of the regional economic system. Only through joint balanced development of the two can we achieve overall economic optimization and social welfare maximization. But the great social division of labor has separated urban areas from rural areas,which casts the shadow of city-oriented theory on cooperative relations between urban and rural areas. Mutual separation between urban and rural settlements and independent development trigger off a range of social problems. We must undertake guidance through rational development path of urban-rural integration,to eliminate the phenomenon of urban-rural dual structure,and promote the sustainable development of population,resources and environment in urban and rural areas as soon as possible.

Opportunities and challenges for development of urbanization in Western China

Urban and rural dual structure in Western China is obvious.The economic development of the central cities is relatively quick while that of the rural areas is lagging behind.The speeding up of urbanization contributes to the intensively uncoordinated development of urban and rural areas.Besides,the eco-fragile environment,shortage of available water resources,adverse geographic location,and relatively backward social economy restrict the development of urbanization in Western China.However,Western China also has the advantages of backwardness.This paper analyzes the present situation and development trend of urbanization in Western China.The results show that Western China has basically formed a development pattern with"industry promotes agriculture and urban leads to village".Therefore,combined with the present situation of Western China,this paper describes and analyzes the opportunities and challenges that may appear in the process of urbanization in Western China,puts forward the development pattern in which urban and rural areas can gain mutual support and co-development,and provides related recommendations.

乡村收缩的内涵界定与测度研究

乡村收缩是我国城乡结构转化进程中呈现的新现象。文章首先从概念层面阐释了乡村收缩的内涵,梳理了我国乡村收缩需要重点把握的逻辑线索,进而通过文献调查和实地调研,以甘肃省为例从县域尺度对乡村收缩程度进行测度,从乡村人口、经济和社会三个维度揭示其形成机理。研究发现:(1)乡村收缩在不同语境其内涵可能存在差异,但其本质均是青壮年劳动力的过度流失;(2)2000年、2010年、2020年甘肃省乡村收缩指数均值呈现动态大幅度上升趋势,分别为26.11%、38.97%、49.98%,且上升趋势具有比较显著的空间差异性;(3)城乡二元结构下,资源禀赋和地理区位、经济发展与要素流动、历史基础与社会文化、政策安排与治理能力都对乡村收缩有影响。新时代我国应从振兴县域经济出发,依靠产业聚集、人才引进、资金筹措、城乡融合的政策组合来回应乡村收缩现象。

海南省城乡冷链物流一体化发展现状与对策研究

大力推动城乡冷链物流一体化,是巩固和增强农村经济发展的重要手段之一,有利于打破城乡二元格局。本文以海南城乡冷链物流为研究对象,分析城乡冷链物流一体化必要性,通过实地调研海南省城乡冷链物流发展现状,发现存在冷链供应链尚未建立、城乡冷链资源分布不均、专业冷链物流人才匮乏、农村冷链信息化水平低、“最先一公里”冷链认知不足等问题,并针对存在的问题提出了相应对策,以期促进海南省城乡冷链物流一体化健康发展。

农村劳动力流动、经济增长对城乡二元结构的影响——基于动态面板与门槛效应模型的实证分析

城乡一体化发展是破解新时代社会主要矛盾的关键抓手。近年来,我国经济不断发展,农村劳动力流动规模不断扩大。但城乡二元结构并没有随着经济增长和劳动力流动而同步转化,存在着严重的滞后性。城乡二元结构成为掣肘经济持续发展的重要因素。文章基于2006—2020年我国31省份面板数据,运用系统动态面板模型(SYS-GMM)分析劳动力流动与经济增长对城乡二元结构的影响;运用门槛效应模型,以劳动力流动为门槛变量,分析经济增长对城乡二元结构的非线性影响。结果表明,劳动力流动促进城乡二元结构转化,而经济增长抑制城乡二元结构转化;经济增长对城乡二元结构的作用受到劳动力流动的影响,表现出门槛效应:当劳动力流动规模超过一定限度后,经济增长对城乡二元结构转化的抑制作用将得到缓解。

数字经济对城乡融合发展的影响研究——基于劳动力错配视角

城乡融合发展是应对城乡发展不平衡难题的关键所在,迫切需要引入当前经济体系中最活跃的数字经济来打破城乡融合发展中的困境。基于2011—2021年省级面板数据,建立熵值法指标体系,构建面板回归、门槛效应等模型,研究数字经济、城乡劳动力错配与城乡融合发展之间的关系。结果表明:数字经济能显著促进城乡融合发展;数字经济通过改善我国城乡劳动力错配现状,对城乡融合发展产生促进作用;而劳动力错配会带来效率损失,因此在数字经济促进城乡融合发展的过程中表现出遮掩效应。数字经济对城乡融合发展的作用程度受城乡劳动力错配门槛效应影响,当城乡劳动力错配程度较高时,数字经济的促进效应会被大幅抑制,造成资源浪费且不利于城乡融合发展。基于此,提出优化布局数字新基建,利用数字赋能调节城乡要素配置,完善要素市场体系,深化城乡分割体制改革,建设全国统一大市场等建议。

从城乡二元到城乡融合发展——中国式现代化进程中的城乡关系发展

城乡实现融合发展的关键在于消除制度性、历史性因素所造成的区域、城乡资源配置被边缘化的问题,从而推进国民经济结构的转型升级,继而实现现代化。回顾我国发展进程发现:中国城乡关系是从分离、对立到融合,从非均衡向均衡发展转变的过程,此过程把握了中国式现代化道路的生成逻辑,实现了城乡融合发展的新境界,开辟了马克思主义现代化理论的新道路。现阶段,我国乡村振兴与新型城镇化融合发展仍存在体制机制不健全,城乡基本公共服务体系包容性较差,乡村基础设施建设分布不均衡,城乡空间结构关系不协调等问题。文章认为需要从物质、文化、制度等层面进行战略统筹,树立科学的城乡融合理念,不断完善乡村治理体制;发挥有效市场和有为政府的合力,推进城乡要素市场一体化;以数字科技赋能城乡产业,孕育更多有利于城乡融合发展的新型产业。

国土空间规划视角下城乡融合发展实施路径研究——以南充高坪城乡融合片为例

国土空间规划成为当前推进城乡融合发展的重要举措。以南充高坪城乡融合片为例,通过梳理其现状特征,并剖析其目前面临的主要问题,在此基础上契合相关规划、政策关于城乡融合、乡村振兴等发展要求,提出城乡融合片的发展目标、定位以及实现城乡融合的实施路径,为其它地区城乡融合发展提供参考。

乡村振兴背景下基于城乡社会结构对比的乡村广场优化研究

随着乡村振兴战略的提出,我国乡村发展建设进入新阶段。乡村发展已不只是停留在产业转型和经济发展的层面,而是在保证乡村整体经济发展的同时,加强乡村环境的建设。乡村广场是展现乡村面貌的重要公共空间。在乡村振兴战略的推进下,乡村广场建设迎来了新的发展契机,乡村居民对乡村广场的隐性需求亟待解决。文章首先对比城市与乡村社会结构之间的区别,明确乡村居民与城市居民对广场需求的区别,并以荷花山镇万亿村美丽乡村建设为例,总结当下乡村广场建设的问题。最后,从乡村广场的配置、选址、规模、服务半径以及基础设施建设等方面提出优化策略,为之后的乡村广场建设提供一定的参考。

“兼容型城镇化”与“新三元结构”——一种解释和分析中国新阶段城镇化的新视角与新框架

随着中国经济社会发展进入新阶段,农业转移人口正在经历从远距离迁徙向近域流动转变,从满足家庭生计需要向更高质量发展转变,从公共服务不足向城乡公共服务兼容共享转变。从“人的城镇化”出发,提出“兼容型城镇化”的概念,即动态生活于城市和乡村之间,生产生活方式具有城乡双栖、工农兼业特征,同时享有城市和乡村公共服务的城镇化形态。兼容型城镇化还具有灵活就业、就地非农化、职住空间耦合等特征。这一现象受到城乡二元制度框架下的“推拉均衡”机制、以家庭分工合作为基础的城乡兼容型家庭机制、以文明素质提升和社会跃迁为表征的人的现代化机制的共同作用。案例分析表明,兼容型城镇化包括以特大城市功能外溢为基础的就地兼容型城镇化和以县城为载体的就近兼容型城镇化两种模式。当前,城乡之间呈现出以兼容型城镇化为特征的“新三元结构”,引导和促进这个“第三元”健康有序发展,有利于协同推动新型城镇化和乡村振兴,促进城乡融合发展,最终实现城乡一体化。

城乡融合发展进程中的民族乡治理——基于贵州省2个民族乡的调查

在中国的城乡二元结构中,民族乡属于乡村地区,造成民族乡发展面临诸多困境。乡村振兴战略强调走城乡融合发展之路,为破解民族乡面临的发展困境带来了可能性。本文选择贵州省位于城郊区域和城市周边区域的民族乡作为研究案例,论述民族乡在城乡二元结构下面临的发展困境和核心政策诉求。从在城乡融合发展中找回乡村的主体性、树立民族乡分类治理理念、推动民族乡各民族交往交流交融三个方面,构建在城乡融合发展进程中推进民族乡治理的分析框架。在此基础上,提出在城乡融合发展进程中推进民族乡治理的实践路径:推进城乡空间结构平等化、推进不同类型民族乡治理的精细化、充分利用好民族乡行政体制的政治属性、在民族乡治理中吸纳“流动性”治理。

城乡社会转型下新一代中坚农民的代际特征与再生产结构——基于华北J镇的田野调查

城乡社会转型的时代背景下,城乡二元的市场、村庄社会与农民家庭共同促成了新一代中坚农民的再生产结构。不同于上一代中坚农民高度在地化特征,新一代中坚农民群体以县域—乡村为生活单元,依靠产业行业的同乡同业模式走出地方市场,在“上一代中坚农民+小农户”社区性农业现代化的基础上,进入新的农业产业化和现代化模式。新一代中坚农民补充了空心化村庄的劳动力结构,促进县域社会中深化城乡双重发展要素进一步融通的同时,推动基层治理现代化和农民家庭生活现代化转型,成为乡村振兴实践进程中的中坚力量。

印度现代化进程中的城乡差别研究

工农互促、城乡互补是现代化建设的目标,印度现代化进程未能实现城乡融合发展,反而造成城乡差别日益扩大。本文梳理印度独立后工农业发展政策,分析造成印度现代化进程中城乡差别的政策原因、结构制约与政治影响。实际上,印度独立后,在工业与农业、城市化与乡村发展的关系方面发生过大量争论,在实践层面也经历了曲折与反复。印度的现代化进程没有从根本上改变印度的传统社会结构,各种工农业发展计划、惠民政策与民主实践,没能促进工农业协同进步与城乡融合发展。农村土地精英和富农阶级做大做强、阻碍农村农业现代化发展,城市地区贫富差距严重,难以实现以工促农、以城带乡的融合发展。

北京市农民工市民化水平及影响因素分析

加快实现农民工市民化不仅是城乡二元体制改革的需要,也是不断推动我国城镇化发展的需要。本文基于北京市农民工的居住条件、经济条件、社会融入、政治参与和心理适应五个维度的市民化水平,建立了北京市农民工市民化程度评价指标系统,并对影响北京市农民工市民化的主要因素进行了相关分析并提出了政策建议。

中国城市边缘区空间结构特征及其发展——以南京等城市为例

本文以南京和苏、锡、常等城市为例,探讨了我国城市边缘区发展当前存在的主要问题;分析了我国城市边缘区的发展过程和社会经济特征;揭示了影响边缘区发展变化的社会、经济、文化因素以及内在机制;并对南京等城市边缘区土地利用结构进行了分析,着重探讨了我国城市边缘区用地形态和空间结构的基本特征及其变化。