Geoctenologies Applied to Evolution in Urban Design in a City in Southern Brazil

The evolution process of urban design is the result of transformations due to population increase along the expansion of cities on a global scale.Geotechnologies applied to forms of mapping make it possible to understand the changes that have occurred in urban spaces in relation to temporal space.The general objective of this study is to analyze the change that occurred from the year 2010 to 2021,in the evolution of urban design,in the city of Marau(southern Brazil).The identification of urban evolution in the years 2010 and 2021 was carried out.These data were modeled using the QGIS software,in the SIRGAS(Geocentric Reference System for the Americas)database,related to the evolution of urban design in Marau.The results demonstrate the need to apply geotechnologies not only in the city of Marau,but in other cities worldwide,because city halls need precision maps,avoiding the fragmentation of the urban fabric,a result of population expansion not projected in the built environment.

Structure Model of Urban Traffic System Evolution

A structure model of urban traffic system evolution is built based on the analysis of the factors influencing the system evolution and the hierarchy between the factors. Then the influencing degrees of the factors are quantificationally analyzed by DEMATE （decision making trial and evaluation laboratory）. The analysis results indicate that the traffic mode structure which achieves the highest central degree is the dominant influencing factor of the urban traffic system evolution, and that economy development and the traffic policy are the second important factors that also affect the Waffle mode structures. Furthermore, physical geography is a basic restriction to the urban traffic system evolution.

Remote Sensing Applied to NDVI and LST in Urban Streets in Southern Brazil

Urban evolution becomes a space-transforming agent capable of changing Normalised Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)and Land Surface Temperature(LST)emissivity reflectance on the land surface.Therefore,this study identifies NDVI and LST variations locally,but it can also be applied in other cities on a global scale.In general,it aims to analyse NDVI and LST on surface areas of avenues and urban streets of Sector 1,located in downtown Passo Fundo,in the southern region of Brazil,from 2013 to 2020.Methodologically,treated Landsat 8 satellite images were used to obtain NDVI and LST variations in this study.Subsequently,data of 80 points in the avenues and streets of Sector 1 were collected over a distance of 100 meters spaced from each point.These data were statistically analysed concerning the dispersion of NDVI and LST from 2013 to 2020.The results revealed a strong interaction between NDVI and LST,demonstrating the need to conserve urban vegetation to improve temperature,which positively favours urban ambience indexes.

基于情景化分析的鼓浪屿在城市演变过程中的空间融合特征

The urban evolution of Gulangyu,a historic international settlement in the city of Xiamen on China’s southeast coast,has long attracted the attention of scholars working in the field of Chinese urban history.Until recently,however,few efforts have been made to theorize the spatial formation of Gulangyu.Drawing upon existing research on the island’s development,particularly since the early 1840s,this study aims to offer a critical reading of the modern transformation of Gulangyu.By retracing the urban evolution of Gulangyu on the basis of historical maps and fieldtrip data,its spatial restructuring up to the early 1940s has been reviewed and analyzed.With GIS and CAD-based tools,conflated results are presented to explain the island’s spatial mixity.The results show that from military fortification to village settlements,through the competition between local inhabitants and earlier imperialists,and then the coopetition of foreign residents and returned overseas Chinese,the making of Gulangyu as a historic international settlement was hardly a Western-dominant process.Instead,it should provide an entry point for a contextualized critique of current research on similar urban space in China’s modern history.

街道网络视角下北京旧城商业中心的演变过程和作用机制（英文）

The synergistic relationship between urban functions and street networks has al- ways been a focus in the field of urban research and practice. From the perspective of street networks, by adopting space syntax, this study analyzed the deep structural characteristics and potential evolution rules of commercial blocks attached to street networks in different periods, as well as the corresponding economic, political, and cultural characteristics of an- cient Beijing city over the past 800 years. By combining these with changes in the street network, we further explained the function mechanism of layout and level adjustment in commercial blocks, and the influence of the street network on commercial blocks in the process of historical change. The main conclusions included the following： （1） The urban centripetal-centrifugal siphon effect： the layout form, topological structure, and traffic mode changes in the street network had corresponding guidance for the layout and hierarchical system of commercial blocks, while the centripetal development of the street network could guide the agglomeration effect of commercial blocks, although centrifugal development caused commercial blocks to display outward evacuation. （2） Stage transformation from mu- tation node to smooth development： the layout of commercial blocks came to depend on the ability to cross the commuting flow center, which originally relied on the accessibility of transportation nodes as local centers. Changes in traffic modes mainly affected the adjust- ment of the first-level commercial blocks, which easily led to overall layout mutation. Traffic levels have an obvious positive hierarchical relation with the second- and third-level com- mercial blocks. （3） The adaptation of traditional commercial blocks to the needs of a modern city： affected by the different emerging times and unevenness of the original commercial foundation, commercial blocks have formed various developmental models that meet the needs of modernization, and reach a balance between cultural continuity and functional ad- aptation.

中国地理人的解决研究的概述和进步

Increasing Chinese urbanization and industrialization has prompted greater attention to the study of human settlement and the human-land relationship in the fields of geography, architecture, and urban planning. We used bibliometric methods and statistical software to review 180 articles on human settlement in 16 Chinese geographical journals. We found that Chinese geographical human settlement research is characterized by the following：（1） Most research focuses on human settlement extension, valuation indicators, models for urban and rural settlements, theoretical exploration and the planning practices of single-factor, human settlement and complex, geographical livability in macro-scale, urban settlement differentiation and ideal patterns in medium scale, the comprehensive evaluation of settlement environment, and the planning of community units in micro-scale, community settlements; socio-cultural investigation and warnings about advancing human settlement.（2） No progress has been made in synthesizing and integrating method systems. PSR models and DPSIR models are used for targeting mechanisms, while the standard settlement evaluation system was composed of physical ＆ economic indicators by questionnaire surveys. On the other hand, spatial clustering based on GIS has been a frequent focus in recent years. Pioneering research on human settlement and theoretical systems within the context of China＇s urbanization and industrialization will provide guidance on the sustainability of Chinese cities and regions. The following five aspects require greater attention：（1） Natural suitability research on human settlement, and a survey of human settlement demands to reflect the range of different demands concerning ecologically suitable settlements in urban environments, the corresponding valuation indicators, systems, and evolution, and the impact of the residents＇ socio-economic attributes.（2） Spatial-temporal evaluation and sustainability research on urban and rural human settlement at various scales, focusing on evolution and spatial differen-tiation at various scales such as city clusters and comparisons between cities, within the cities and communities.（3） Development of theory and technology for human settlement evolution research, including detection technology and methods, data mining measures, and forecasting and emulation of regional and urban human settlement evolution processes, mechanisms and patterns.（4） Research on the control of human settlement that focuses on optimization, patterns, and policies for effective management and development.（5） Estimating the human settlement system service value and establishing suitable human settlement systems, including social, economic, cultural and ecological service values.

A review on anthropogenic geomorphology

With the continuous development of man＇s ability to reshape naturehuman activities have become the third geomorphologic agent in the modern geomorphological process. Man-made landform is a landform unit characterized by human activities and is a result of synergizing human and nature geomorphologic agents under the physical geographical background. This article provides an overview on the major progresses in research on anthropogenic geomorphology from aspects like the origin of anthropogenic geomorphologyman-made landform agents and classificationman-made landform evolution and its influencing mechanismmap presentation of man-made landformand environmental impact of man-made landforms. In additionin the articlethe future development of anthropogenic geomorphology is forecasted. It is pointed out that future studies on anthropogenic geomorphology should pay more attention to the following directions： construction of discipline system of anthropogenic geomorphologymaterial composition and morphological features of man-made landformsspatial expansion process and development laws of man-made landformsregional disparity and accumulative environmental effects of man-made landformsand environmental management on man-made landforms and comparative analyses of relevant international management policies.