CO_2 Emission Induced by Urban Household Consumption in China

Household consumption is one of the important factors that induce COL emission. Based on input-output model, this article calculated the intensity of CO2 emission of different income groups and seven provinces in China, and then estimated total CO2 emission induced by urban household consumption from 1995 to 2004 in China based on statistic data of household living expenditure. The results show that CO2 emission per capita induced by household consumption had increased from 1583 to 2498 kg CO2 during 1995-2004. The ratio of consumption-induced CO2 emission to total CO2 emission had risen from 19% to 30% in the past decade. Indirect CO2 emission accounted for an important part of the consumption-induced emission, the ratio of indirect emission to consumption-induced emission had risen from 69% to 79% during the same period. A significant difference in consumption-induced CO2 emission across different income groups and different regions has been observed. COs emission per capita of higher income groups and developed regions increased faster than that of lower income groups and developing regions. Changing lifestyle has driven significant increase in CO2 emission. Especially, increases in private transport expenditure （for example, vehicle expenditure） and house building expenditure are key driving factors of growth in consumption-induced COL emission. There are big differences in the amount of CO2 emission induced by change in lifestyle across different income groups and provinces. It can be expected that lower income households and developing regions will increase consumption to improve their livings with income growth in the future, which may induce much more CO2 emission. A reasonable level of CO2 emission is necessary to satisfy human needs and to improve living standard, but a noticeable fact is that CO2 emission per capita induced by household consumption in developed areas of China had reached a quite high level. Adjustment in lifestyle towards a low-carbon society is in urgent need.

An Evaluation of Standby Losses Effect in Power Demand in Greek Urban Households

Standby consumption is a global phenomenon because the largest ＂leakers＂ are internationally-traded appliances usually line-powered electronic equipment. Currently, it represents 5%-11% （depending on the region and related estimations） of the total electricity demand in European households, mostly concentrated in entertainment and office equipments. This paper is focused on the evaluation of the standby losses in typical urban areas of Greece. The results of an analytical survey in urban households located in different areas of region of Attica-Greece are presented and analyzed. This survey is taking under consideration the type and the quantity of electric/electronic devices used, power consumption measurements concerning different standby modes of operation as well as people＇s habits in relation to the way they used the devices. Furthermore, recent and old detailed power consumption measurements of the most common modes of operation （on, offand standby）, in other member states of Europe are presented and analyzed giving the opportunity to compare the situation in a typical urban Greek area and the respective in other parts of Europe. The presented data reveal the magnitude of the standby losses problem in Greece and the potential benefits gained by the enforcement of recent EU （European Union） policies.

Comparative Analysis of Disparity in Demand for Fresh Fish between Rural and Urban Households in Cameroon

The past decades have exhibited changes in the consumption of fresh fish. In developing countries, factors affecting fish consumption are different between urban and rural households. This study comparatively analyses the disparity in demand for fresh fish between rural and urban households in Cameroon. Using random sampling, data on the weekly consumption of fresh fish were collected between April and May 2015;30 households lived in rural localities while 30 lived in urban areas of Buea Municipality. Consumer’s income, the price of fresh fish, family size, gender and age of consumers represented parameters of interest. These were analyzed using the independent sample t-test. Results revealed that the availability, the income level and price affected fish consumption of rural dwellers while price, taste, income and affordability determined the consumption patterns of urban dwellers. The study equally revealed that the higher the price of fresh fish, the higher the demand for its closed substitutes and the higher the size of the household, the higher the quantity demanded. Gender, education and marital status did not affect the quantity demanded;family size and age negatively influenced consumers’ decision to buy while consumers’ income and price of fresh fish positively influenced consumers’ weekly and monthly expenditure on fresh fish. The study proposes that more information be provided to consumers regarding the numerous nutritional benefits of fresh fish for both rural and urban dwellers. Also, policy makers and marketers need to improve the availability of fresh fish in rural and semi-urban settings.

The Impact of Poverty Alleviation Policy on Urban Household Demand

Many policies and measures for poverty alleviation have been undertaken by the Chinese government, but few researchers have explored its experience and lessons. This research focuses on household needs like food, clothing, housing, household equipment and supplies, transportation and communication, education and entertainment, healthcare;and also focuses on food items such as grains, meat, eggs, milk, vegetables, fruits and others in urban China. In poor households, the average disposable income per capita is less than or near per capita expenditure;and the Engels coefficient is often over 40%. The data from 1997-2012 in this research is in the provincial level from the Information Website of Development Research Center of the State Council (or “DRCnet”). The authors used the two stage ELES-AIDS (Almost Ideal Demand System) to estimate the price elasticity and expenditure elasticity of the household’s expenditures. According to the results, it is recommended that the government should follow economic law and improves policy efficiency, especially its food policy to alleviate the poverty of low income residents.

Calculation and decomposition of regional household energy consumption in China:based on perspectives of urbanization and residents' consumption

Demographic urbanization caused great changes in scale of residents' consumption and residents' lifestyle and then impacted changes of regional household energy consumption. This paper expanded Logarithmic Mean Decomposition Index method through introducing variables of urbanization and residential consumption into the model. It also analyzed the influences of six factors as energy structure, energy intensity, population scale, urbanization, residential consumption, and consumption inhibit on regional household energy consumption. Results showed that in 2003-2012, impact of urbanization on regional household energy consumption of Chinese three areas was significantly higher than population size. The "population gathered in eastern region" phenomenon caused eastern region getting the largest population scale effect. Driving force of residential consumption on regional household energy consumption was much higher than the other five effects. Due to the comparative advantage of residential consumption compared with government consumption, investment, and net export, the decrease of consumption ratio promoted the growth of regional household energy consumption. Energy intensity in Chinese three regions kept reducing in 2003-2012. The progress of energy utilization technology slowed the growth of regional household energy consumption, and energy intensity effect was most significant in the central region.

Multi-Actor Geo-Collaborative Device for Collecting Household Waste in Urban Areas: A Case Study of Lamkansa District, Casablanca, Morocco

The aim of this paper is to develop a Multi-Actor Geo-Collaborative Device to improve the processes of household waste collect (HWC) in urban areas. The proposed device will be tested in the Lamkansa district, in the southwestern part of Casablanca city, Morocco. The approach used is a systemic analysis of communication in order to act on a territory. We have been inspired by several methodological developments concerning multi-actor processes of land use planning. We focused our work on the involvement of the inhabitants in the process of household waste collect. The results show that the urban population can help and contribute to the development of complementary solutions to improve the urban environment and their living environment. Moreover, by integrating citizens in HWC processes, as well as decision communication, we can reduce household waste management costs and make it faster and more efficient, through a geo-collaborative, participatory and incentive logic. The approach described in this article is original, not only considering the technologies used to present and share the collected information, but also regarding the concept of integrating several actors in a collaborative/incentive mode. It arouses great interest by combining geomatics with communication and information sciences. It contributes to improve the participation of the inhabitants in the life of their urban environment in order to establish a reinforced dialogue on the future of their city and public health. Also, it involves the development and testing of new devices and tools for multi-actor collaboration.

New Path for Integrated Reform of Urban and Rural Household Registration System in the Context of Informationization

In China, household registration system has the problems of unreasonable standard setting and relevant supporting measures failure to keep pace with the development trend. From analysis of current problems and situations, it is believed that household registration system should undertake reform and take a new road by means of informationization. Strengthening informationization management in land, population, education and labor market can better perform urban and rural integration.

The Rural Households in the Process of Rapid Urbanization:Unwilling to Move,Floating and Migratory

I divide the rural households into three types:the rural households unwilling to move;the floating rural households;the migratory rural households.Through questionnaire survey of the married housewives in Anhui Province and Zhejiang Province,I conduct comparative analysis of income and expenditure,change in the status of family members,the couple's housework time,the wives' will to settle in the city and attitude towards life,related to these three types of rural households.Results show that promoting wives' educational level and monthly family income will significantly make the wives in households unwilling to move,have stronger desire to make their children settle in the city;the housework time of the wives in the floating households is 3.4 times that of their husbands,the monthly income of the husbands in the floating households is significantly lower than that of the husbands in the migratory households,with heavy family burden assessed by themselves;the age of the wives in the migratory households is the smallest,and the educational level and income of them are the highest,but the monthly expenditure has not yet significantly expanded,and at the same time,the migratory households have the weakest desire to settle in the city.The recommendations concerning these three types of rural households are put forward as follows:promoting the skills of the members in the households unwilling to move,in agricultural cultivation,development of agricultural products and circulation of agricultural products;paying close attention to the floating rural households;promoting the government,enterprise,households to work together to stabilize the migratory households.

城市生活垃圾处理技术在市政环卫工程中的应用

随着城市化进程的不断加快,城市生活垃圾的产生量逐年增加,给市政环卫工程带来了严峻的挑战。文章将从城市生活垃圾处理技术的概述出发,对城市生活垃圾回收利用、焚烧处理、填埋处理和堆肥处理等技术进行了分析,并提出了优化城市生活垃圾处理的建议,以期为实现城市环境的可持续发展提供理论依据和技术支持。

农村成长经历会影响城镇家庭储蓄率吗?——来自CHFS 2019的经验证据

由于城市与农村的经济金融环境存在显著差异,成年前在农村成长的城镇居民比在城市成长的城镇居民具有较高的风险厌恶程度和较低的金融知识水平,从而更加偏向低消费和高储蓄。采用中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)2019年数据,将“目前居住在城市地区且拥有非农业户口、18岁之前为农业户口”作为“拥有农村成长经历”的界定标准,实证检验城镇家庭户主的农村成长经历对其家庭储蓄率的影响,结果表明:户主拥有农村成长经历的城镇家庭比户主没有农村成长经历的城镇家庭有更高的储蓄率,风险态度和金融素养在其中发挥了中介作用,即拥有农村成长经历的户主会因较高的风险厌恶程度和较低的金融知识水平而导致其家庭储蓄率较高;农村成长经历对储蓄率的正向影响在户主受教育水平较高、家庭资产较少、经济发展水平较低地区(中西部地区)的家庭中更为显著。因此,需要从改善城市的经济金融状况(降低生活成本、增强社会保障、减少不确定性等)入手来释放城镇居民的消费需求,并通过改善风险态度、加强金融教育、缩小城乡差距等渠道来降低农村成长经历对城镇家庭储蓄率的正向影响。

New-Type Urbanization will be Advanced in Five Aspects in 2016

On the afternoon of April 19,National Development and Reform Commission（NDRC）held a press briefing.Xu Lin,Head of Planning Department,introduced major tasks for advancing new-type urbanization in2016.

Breakthrough and New Projects for Reform of Household Registration System

Under the comprehensive deepening reform and promoting new urbanization,China launched a new round of reform of household registration system.Reform has a major breakthrough in five areas:to implement new urbanization strategy of human-centric,to achieve equalization of basic public services gradually,to break up land rights and rural migrants,to provide protection for family migrants,and to increase financial support by governments.But the reform still faces many difficulties,how to determine the conditions settled by city size is difficult to implement effectively,financial transfer payment system reform is facing enormous diffi culties,as well as the size of the urban population is diffi cult to determine etc.

中国城市家庭多维相对贫困特征及返贫风险实证研究——基于随机森林和Logistic回归模型分析

脱贫攻坚任务完成后,城市相对贫困成为减贫的主要挑战。本研究基于随机森林和Logistic回归模型,依据2020年中国家庭追踪调查数据,构建城市家庭多维相对贫困指标体系,探究中国城市家庭多维相对贫困特征及返贫风险。随机森林模型分析显示,中国城市家庭多维相对贫困系数存在显著差异,其中家庭收入和家庭资产维度对中国城市家庭多维相对贫困影响较大,而生活水平维度的影响相对较小。Logistic回归结果显示,处于低返贫风险的家庭占比最多,中度风险家庭最少,高风险家庭居中。基于以上分析,本文提出以下建议:加强贫困监测,制定合理发展规划;推动就业创业,增强脱贫内生动力;强化企业支持,构建贫困家庭互助网络;激发扶贫活力,推动可持续发展。

构建嵌套于城市碳账户下的可计算城乡家庭碳账户框架

家庭作为社会最小单元,是消费端的主要参与主体。在消费端基础上确立碳排放责任,有助于厘清基于利益相关者降低碳排放的动力机制。目前个人碳普惠管理实践过程中仍存在消费引发的碳排放边界难以说清、个人负碳市场交易逻辑复杂、个人减排逻辑道义纠结、缺乏稳定的管理体系等问题。若以家庭端作为制度安排和市场交易的基础,建立城乡家庭碳账户就是核心基石。本研究目标为初步构建家庭碳账户框架,明确其账户范围、边界、计算方法和与城市碳账户和个人碳捕获衔接的可扩展逻辑。综述了现有个人碳账户和家庭碳账户的研究现状,基于我国碳排放管理特色,构建城乡家庭碳账户体系,包含资产、权益、负债三大子账户,确定了家庭碳账户核算边界、抽样方式和计算方法。并进一步解释了城乡家庭碳账户与城市碳账户的链接嵌套逻辑,设计了城乡家庭碳账户参与城市碳配额管理的方式,以及区别了城乡家庭碳账户与个人碳普惠。从账户的角度出发,将家庭碳账户与碳市场相结合,“有形的手”碳配额市场与“无形的手”碳减排权益市场相结合,共同为家庭消费端碳减排提供了新的思路,并在一定程度避免了不同核算边界下的责任重叠问题,易于与我国碳管理体系衔接。本文提出的城乡家庭碳账户可作为适应中国碳管理特色的精细化深度减排的重要工具,对以家庭为单元的碳排放额度分配、减排及交易,深度推进碳普惠的激励机制设计,调动城市多级嵌套的碳减体系等具有基础支撑作用。

城市居民生活碳排放及影响因素的时空异质性

基于地图可视化、空间自相关、标准差椭圆和空间马尔科夫链探究中国2006~2020年城市居民生活碳排放的时空特征,并采用时空地理加权模型(GTWR)实证考察城市居民生活碳排放影响因素的时空异质性.结果显示:中国城市居民生活碳排放逐年增长,年均增长率为10.12%,但增速逐渐放缓;呈现东高西低的空间差异特征,且在样本后期呈现逐渐收敛态势.城市居民生活碳排放水平的空间分布呈现显著的空间聚集特征;标准差椭圆呈现向心集聚的趋势,且分布重心逐渐向西南移动,累计迁移了68.97km;居民生活碳排放的动态演进受到邻地城市碳排放水平的影响.各影响因素存在明显的时空异质性.时间趋势上,人口密度、经济发展、对外开放和产业结构在大部分城市促进碳排放,但影响力逐年减弱;技术投入和环境规制则降低碳排放,且影响力逐年增强;空间分布上,人口密度、经济发展和对外开放在南部的影响力更强,而技术投入、产业结构和环境规制的影响力在东部更强.

城乡基本医疗保险制度实施对家庭消费的影响效应及作用机制

基于1988—2018年中国家庭收入调查数据,以城乡基本医疗保险制度实施为准自然实验,采用双重差分法考察了城镇基本医疗保险与新型农村合作医疗保险(即新农合)对家庭消费率的影响及其机制。结果显示:相较于未参保家庭,参加城镇医保的家庭消费率显著高出1.01%,但新农合的影响不显著;机制分析发现,城镇医保促进了参保家庭的总消费和分项消费支出,但新农合对消费支出无显著影响,同时,城镇医保和新农合对总收入和大部分分项收入无显著影响,这与基准回归结果一致;异质性分析表明,城镇医保更多地提升了中老年、非富裕、不健康群体,以及西部地区的家庭消费率。对此,应当充分发挥基本医疗保险制度对提振家庭消费率的积极作用,对“大水漫灌”式的财政补助应进行反思;改变基本医保“户保分离”“业保分离”的现状;加强针对特定人群的医保政策;注重提高参保青年和健康群体的获得感。

大型城镇集中安置区搬迁移民生计资本组合对家庭收入影响机理的实证研究

易地搬迁移民已成为防止规模性返贫的重要群体。当前,搬迁移民面临着就业市场风险增大,生计资本存量减少以及家庭增收困难等现实问题,优化移民生计资本内部结构,发挥生计资本间的组合效应,提升生计资本组合对移民家庭收入的贡献作用是解决上述问题的重要途径。学界当前与易地搬迁相关的研究多聚焦分析移民生计资本对家庭总收入的作用机制,较少基于结构功能理论视角,从实证层面探讨生计资本组合对家庭不同收入来源的影响及其相互作用机制。本文以贵州省大型城镇集中安置区移民为研究对象,首先测算移民家庭生计资本,分别采用OLS和分位数回归分析生计资本与家庭收入之间的作用机理,然后采用多元线性回归模型测算生计资本间的互补效应和替代效应,构建了移民家庭收入与生计资本组合之间的矩阵分析模型,分别应用tobit和logit回归进行实证检验,并剖析了不同维度下不同生计资本组合对不同类型收入的影响。研究结果表明:(1)移民生计资本总量有助于提升家庭收入水平。在后搬迁时代,自然资本对家庭收入的边际贡献最小,而社会资本对家庭收入呈现负向影响。(2)五大资本中的人力资本与自然资本、物质资本、社会资本以及金融资本之间存在着普适性互补效应,金融资本与社会资本间存在替代效应。(3)互补性生计资本值越大,移民家庭工资收入和财产收入越高;互补性和替代性资本量均较低的家庭主要以获得转移性收入维持生计。

基于空间-社会视角的城市居住能耗碳排放影响因素研究——以天津中心城区为例

厘清城市居住能耗碳排放的“空间-社会”共同影响作用机理,有助于为社区低碳更新规划提供针对性空间识别方法和政策支撑。借鉴居住分异理论中“空间-社会”二维属性的社区居住空间刻画逻辑,对天津市中心城区市民进行社会问卷调查,采用路径分析模型建立“空间-社会”复合作用下的影响关系模型,并对空间性和社会性影响总效益进行系统比较分析。研究结果表明:①空间性因素和社会性因素对大城市居住能耗碳排放的间接影响效应普遍存在,对直接效应起到一定修正作用;②社会性因素影响总效应远高于空间性因素,关键影响指标分别为人口数量和住房总价;③住区价值对家庭居住能耗碳排放的正向影响关系被证实显著存在。高价格大户型住宅通过吸引高收入群体购买和自身设施水平较高两方面锁定高碳排放行为特征。据此,提出差异化住区碳排放特征识别方法及低碳规划审查要点,为城市更新提供政策参考。

土地流转与农村家庭收入差距:家庭发展视角下的经验探讨

土地是农村家庭重要的生产生活资料,土地流转是农村家庭在城镇化进程中生计转型的重要标识,直接影响其收入。基于产权调整逻辑与家庭发展理论,利用课题组2018年全国农村调查数据,以及中国城市统计年鉴数据,采用倾向值得分匹配、多元线性回归模型检验了土地流转对农村家庭收入差距的影响。结果表明,整体而言土地流转的制度设计对缩小农村家庭收入差距具有积极作用,土地转出显著缩小了农村家庭收入差距。同时,土地流转对家庭收入差距的作用受到家庭发展特征的影响。家庭发展目标、代际联系与家庭生命周期从不同的路径影响了土地流转缩小收入差距的积极作用。探讨土地流转对农村家庭收入差距的影响,需要结合自上而下的产权路径与自下而上的家庭发展路径进行综合考量。