Climate change vulnerability assessment in the new urban planning process in Tanzania

Climate change vulnerability assessment is an essential tool for identifying regions that are most susceptible to the impacts of climate change and designing effective adaptation actions that can reduce vulnerability and enhance long-term resilience of these regions.This study explored a framework for climate change vulnerability assessment in the new urban planning process in Jangwani Ward,Tanzania.Specifically,taking flood as an example,this study highlighted the steps and methods for climate change vulnerability assessment in the new urban planning process.In the study area,95 households were selected and interviewed through purposeful sampling.Additionally,10 respondents(4 females and 6 males)were interviewed for Focus Group Discussion(FGD),and 3 respondents(1 female and 2 males)were selected for Key Informant Interviews(KII)at the Ministry of Lands,Housing and Human Settlements Development.This study indicated that climate change vulnerability assessment framework involves the assessment of climatic hazards,risk elements,and adaptive capacity,and the determination of vulnerability levels.The average hazard risk rating of flood was 2.3.Socioeconomic and livelihood activities and physical infrastructures both had the average risk element rating of 3.0,and ecosystems had the average risk element rating of 2.9.Adaptive capacity ratings of knowledge,technology,economy or finance,and institution were 1.6,1.9,1.4,and 2.2,respectively.The vulnerability levels of socioeconomic and livelihood activities and physical infrastructure were very high(4.0).Ecosystems had a high vulnerability level(3.8)to flood.The very high vulnerability level of socioeconomic and livelihood activities was driven by high exposure and sensitivity to risk elements and low adaptive capacity.The study recommends adoption of the new urban planning process including preparation,planning,implementation,and monitoring-evaluation-review phases that integrates climate change vulnerability assessment in all phases.

Spatial Pattern and Process of Urbanization in Karst Area——A Case Study in Guiyang City

ObjectiveKarst area is one of ecological fragile regions in China, where the economic and social development is lagged heavily. In recent years, with the constant development of the west regions, economy and society are developed rapidly and urbanization speed is accelerated. This study aims to investigate the spatial pattern and process of urbanization in karst area of Guiyang City, which has important significance for land management and urban planning in karst area. MethodBased on RS and GIS technologies, TM satellite images in 1986, 1995 and 2000 and CBERS-01 satellite image in 2006 were adopted to obtain the data of urban land utilization in Guiyang City in the four years. The spatial pattern and process of urbanization in Guiyang City were investigated using urbanization proportion index （UPI）, urbanization intensity index （UII） and absolute expansion intensity （AEI）. ResultThe urbanization process in Guiyang City was significant, exhibiting polygon-urbanization, line-urbanization and point-urbanization. From the perspective of spatial pattern, the urbanization in Guiyang City displayed the cluster development; from the perspective of urbanization process, the urbanization speed in some secondary central areas was higher than that of central areas. ConclusionThe spatial pattern and process of urbanization in karst area were unique and were mainly influenced by terrain, transportation, economy, society and so on.

Study on the Ecological Construction in the Process of Urbanization——A Case Study of Ecological Protection Green Belt Design for Shanghai A20 Out Ring (Changning Section)

With the further development of urbanization,the conflicts between human beings and the nature has been gradually aggravated;it is urgent to establish balanced natural ecology in the process of urbanization,and harmony between human beings and environment.This study took the ecological landscape project of Shanghai A20 Out Ring (Changning Section) for an example to research and rethink about the ecological construction in the process of urbanization.

The urbanization process of Bohai Rim in the 1990s by using DMSP/OLS data

This paper firstly derived urban information from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Linescan System （DMSP/OLS） data in 1992, 1996 and 1998 with the support of statistical data, and then developed three basic urban models of polygon-urbanization, line-urbanization and point-urbanization in urban agglomerations from viewpoint of spatial analysis. The conclusions are as follows： （1） Urban patch numbers in the Bohai Rim increased from 1659 to 2053 with an annual average increase number of about 66. Meanwhile, the small urban patches accounted for a larger proportion in the region and the patch density increased fast. In addition, the urban barycenter of the region showed a moving trend toward northwest from 1992 to 1998. Urbanization in the Bohai Rim in the 1990s is fast and obvious. （2） Urbanization in the Bohai Rim can be reflected by three basic processes, i.e., the polygon-urbanization around the big cities, the line-urbanization around the transportation lines and the point-urbanization emerging in large areas. Of them, the polygon-urbanization has been in dominance. It is obviously within an effective range of 3-4 km surrounding the urban patches. The line-urbanization and point-urbanization in the region was relatively small, both of which showed an obvious increasing trend.

China's Urbanization in 1949–2015: Processes and Driving Forces

The pace and scale of China＇s contemporary urbanization are stunning. This paper reviews process and the underlying driving forces of China＇s urbanization between 1949-2015. Contemporary China＇s urbanization has experienced four stages, and each has had different driving forces： 1） economic re-construction and industrialization-led urbanization 0949-1977）; 2） economic reform and mar- ket-led urbanization （1978-1995）; 3） economic globalization and the global-local urbanization （1996-2010）; and 4） the land-economy- led urbanization （2010-）. These urbanization processes and driving forces will undoubtedly provide scientific reference and have sig- nificant implications for developing countries, especially African countries, to formulate their urbanization public policies.

Spatial Process of Green Infrastructure Changes Associated with Rapid Urbanization in Shenzhen,China

Through a case study of Shenzhen City,China,this study focused on a quantitative method for analyzing the spatial processes involved in green infrastructure changes associated with rapid urbanization.Based on RS,GIS and SPSS statistics software,the approach includes selection of the square analysis units and representative landscape metrics,quantification of the change types of landscape metrics in all analysis units through two indices and hierarchical cluster analysis of the above analysis units with different landscape metric change types(i.e.spatial attributes).The analyses verify that there is a significant sequence of continuous changes in green infrastructure in Shenzhen.They are the perforation,the segmentation,the fragmentation,the evanescence and the filling-in processes,which have a good spatio-temporal correspondence with urbanization and reflect the synthetic influence of urban planning,government policies and landforms.Compared with other studies on quantifying the spatial pattern,this study provides an alternative probe into linking the spatial pattern to spatial processes and the corresponding ecological processes in the future.These spatio-temporal processes offer many opportunities for identifying,protecting and restoring key elements in an urban green infrastructure network for areas in the early stages of urbanization or for non-urbanized areas.

On the Process of Peasant Workers' Transformation to Urban Residents

The unique two-stage "Chinese path" of China’s ru-ral-urban migration, which cannot be fully explained by classical theories of economic development, makes us to give peasant workers’ transformation to urban residents a top priority. On the basis of fully explaining peasant workers’ transformation to urban residents, a method for measuring its process has been advanced and then confirmed with the data of March in 2005 from surveys to peasant workers in Wuhan. Finally, the suggestions of acceler-ating peasant workers’ transformation to urban residents to pro-mote the construction of a harmonious society have been drawn from the analysis.

Effects of Aeration on Nitrification Process in a Polluted Urban River

[Objective] The study aimed to discuss the effects of aeration on nitrification process in a polluted urban river, [Metbod] Through indoor simulation experiments, the effects of different aeration conditions （aerating water named Ew, aerating sediment named Es ） on nitrification process in a polluted urban river were studied.[ Result]The nitrification of the control group named Ec proceeded slowly, while two kinds of aeration promo- ted the process of nitrification, that is, the peak values of nitrate nitrogen of Ew and Es group were respectively 5.15 and 3.83 times that of Ec group. During aeration, NO2 --N accumulation in the overlying water of Ew and Es group lasted for 10 and 14 days separately, and the maximum concentrations reached 11.41 and 7.41 mg/L respectively. Nitrification process was not consistent during the two aeration conditions, that is, the rate of nitrite oxidation in Ew group was faster than that in Es group. Denitrification process was significant after aeration, and the concentration of nitrate nitrogen in Ew and Es group was 1.26 and 2.82 mg/L respectively at the end of the experiment. [ Conclusion]The research could provide scientific references for the restoration of polluted urban rivers.

An examination on several key problems inChina's urbanization process

Industrialization is the leading factor to urbanization which is the inexorable trend ofeconomic construction. In the future urbanization process three key problems are identified as I)relation between urban construction and cultivared land protetion, 2) how to take China's way tourbanization, and 3) China should take the Way of nd and urban coordination and forbid to occupyagricultural land for blind urbsn condtruction.

Study on the importance of the infrastructure construction in the process of urbanization

This paper analyses the composition, the overall importance of city infrastructure construction and promote the city in the process of meaning. Then analysis the importance of city traffic infrastructure construction, the vanity of the city infrastructure and social infrastructure in the process of city, and puts forward relying on infrastructure construction to promote the urbanization development strategy.

Study on the Evaluation of the New Line of Urban Rail Transit Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process

The basic conditions of Urban rail transit line test operation are mainly based on Basic condition for trial operation of urban rail transit （GB/T30013-2013） the basic conditions of the relevant provisions, but the status and standard of trial operation of the basic conditions for assessment of the operating departments are still inadequate, during the three mouth of trial running operations, the specific work of trial operation and exercise are not clear about what this study focuses. This study emphasizes on the methods of operation assessment, through the Analysis Hierarchy Process （AHP） to make the commissioning work carry out smoothly and effectively, making the running exercise Rally, and the emergency and safety follow-up operation process can be quickly handled properly, and it is also helpful to the sustainable development of urban raft transit.

城市医疗集团门诊质量管理指标体系构建研究

目的:构建城市医疗集团门诊质量管理指标体系,为规范和提高城市医疗集团整体的门诊质量提供循证管理依据。方法:以“结构-过程-结果”模型为理论框架,通过文献回顾形成初级指标池,采用德尔菲专家咨询法对20位专家开展两轮次函询,根据函询结果对指标体系进行修改完善。结果:两轮次函询问卷有效回收率100.0%,专家权威系数均大于0.75,KendallW协调系数为0.13~0.39,最终构建的城市医疗集团门诊质量管理指标体系共包括3个一级指标、15个二级指标、46个三级指标。结论:本研究构建的城市医疗集团门诊质量管理指标体系全面、科学、实用,为城市医疗集团门诊同质化管理、搭建连续性服务、医疗流程优化、质量考核评价提供循证依据。

城市地区场次降雨时空展布方法研究

受气候变化和城市规模不断扩张等因素影响,城市地区降雨过程的时空动态性愈发明显,通常采用的点、面雨量等表达方式难以体现这种时空动态性。随着降雨观测技术的进步,大多城市积累了长序列降雨观测数据,其中蕴含了丰富的降雨时空过程信息,为预报降雨或设计降雨的时空展布提供了可能。设计了一套降雨时空展布方法,包括数据收集、标准化处理、降雨场次划分、时空模式提取、标准网格插值、时空展布等环节,并提出每个环节的处理步骤和关键问题。以北京市为例,对该技术方法进行了验证,选择了12 h、24 h、72 h 3个历时的场次降雨,提取的时空模式和展布结果表达出了场次降雨的时空动态性,并与历史的降雨过程表现出很好的匹配性。表明该方法可用于城市地区降雨典型模式提取,以及降雨过程的时空展布。该方法利用历史降雨数据提取降雨展布模板,输入场次降雨(或预报降雨)的总雨量,得到该场次降雨的时空分布过程,展布结果可为洪水预报提供更为准确的降雨输入条件。

百年中国现代化进程的历史反思与时代性超越——兼论“三农”问题的历史累积与乡村振兴的实现

以洋务运动为始,中国走上以工业化为主导的现代化道路。但是,中国传统文明与西方式现代化取向之间形成历史“悖论”,这种悖论关系更突出体现在城乡背离化发展态势上。如何走出具有中国特色的现代化道路,并从根本上摆脱这一困境,一直是中国共产党的历史使命之一。在总结和汲取近代以来中国现代化发展经验和教训的基础上,中国共产党领导人民成功走出中国式现代化道路。中国共产党通过乡村振兴战略的全面实施,从根本上突破近代以来百余年的“三农”困境,从而解决了中国现代化发展中的“悖论”问题。

我国区域典型城市国际化水平的定量分析及对策思考

采用层次分析法,从经济开放、科技创新、国际影响和城市宜居四个层面构建准则层,选取18个指标评价14个区域典型城市的国际化水平,结果表明:(1)区域典型城市的国际化水平总体评分及经济开放指标评价呈现东部最优、西部次优,而中部最靠后;(2)科技创新上,东部科技创新实力强劲,中部城市的武汉处于第二位次城市组别,西部城市成都处于第一层次城市群里;(3)国际影响上,第一层次东部占据前三城市,中部4个城市均居于第三层次,西部城市成都处于第一层次里第四位次;(4)城市宜居上,东中西部典型城市分值差别不大。

Fe(Ⅱ)对CANON工艺处理城镇污水脱氮性能的影响

全程自养脱氮(CANON)工艺,作为新型脱氮工艺应用于城镇污水深度脱氮过程中,有望降低污水处理的运行费用。考察了亚铁离子[Fe(Ⅱ)]对CANON工艺启动及稳定运行时脱氮性能的影响。结果表明:15~23℃条件下投加6.3 mg/L Fe(Ⅱ)时,可有效启动并稳定运行CANON工艺处理城镇污水,该工艺氮去除负荷(NRR)、总氮去除率(TNRE)和氨氮去除率(ARE)分别为(4.8±1.1)g-N/(L^(3)·d)、(97±1)%和(44.2±9.3)%;相关性分析表明,通过调控Fe(Ⅱ)投加量可有效抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的活性;本次优化的Fe(Ⅱ)投加量为6.3 mg/L,其对CANON工艺脱氮性能的影响机制与CANON工艺中功能微生物活性的提高、Fe(Ⅱ)与进水氨氮及其他氮化合物的循环反应、铁型反硝化过程以及铁型厌氧氨氧化过程的耦合有关。

基于ISM和AHP的城乡结合部公众突发公共卫生事件风险感知关键影响因素分析

深入研究城乡结合部公众突发公共卫生事件风险感知关键影响因素,对政府调节公众风险感知、提升应急管理能力具有重要意义。首先构建城乡结合部公众突发公共卫生事件风险感知影响因素指标体系,然后利用解释结构模型(ISM)方法对影响因素进行层次分析,并采用层次分析(AHP)法对各层次影响因素的影响力大小进行分析,确定城乡结合部公众突发公共卫生事件风险感知的关键影响因素。结果表明:城乡结合部公众突发公共卫生事件风险感知的影响因素分为直接因素、间接因素和根本因素三个层次;应急决策指挥和感染死亡情况是关键直接影响因素,医疗救援能力和应急物资保障是关键间接影响因素,文化水平、技能水平和公共设施完善度是关键根本影响因素。针对关键影响因素,提出建立和完善预警系统、普及宣传应急知识和加大对城乡结合部地区医疗机构的投入等措施,为政府应急管理提供决策支持。

基于卡尔曼滤波的室内二次辐射噪声测量修正方法

地铁运营诱发的沿线建筑物二次辐射噪声已成为城市噪声投诉重要来源,大量的轨道减振措施因而得以应用。但是由于测试条件的原因,对减振轨道区间沿线的建筑物二次辐射噪声进行测试所获取的噪声信号往往与背景噪声信号差异较小,致使室内二次辐射噪声评估结果不稳定。为评估观测信号与背景噪声信号接近时的室内二次辐射噪声,提出一种基于卡尔曼滤波方法的楼板振动与室内噪声测试数据联合评估方法。首先,根据卡尔曼滤波器工作原理,提出室内观测噪声误差矩阵和经验公式预测方法误差矩阵的构造方法。而后采用向典型信号中掺入高斯白噪声的方法结合现场实测数据验证了该方法的可行性。最后基于该方法对比分析几种经验预测公式的效果。

湖南省城乡融合发展的时空格局与响应过程

城乡融合发展是城乡关系的高级形态和必然趋势,探究湖南省城乡融合发展的基本规律,对协调全省城乡关系、助推乡村振兴、实现高质量发展具有重要意义。采用主成分分析、聚类分析和地理信息系统(GIS)方法,探讨基于全省14个市州的城乡融合发展时空演变格局及响应模式。结明表明:全省各市州城乡融合发展水平普遍较低,其中城乡经济融合与城乡社会融合发展水平是城乡差距扩大的主要原因;全省不同地区城乡融合发展水平表现出一定的空间集聚性,可将湖南省内各市州城乡融合发展水平由高到低依次分为4类,Ⅰ类为益阳,Ⅱ类包括常德、永州,Ⅲ类包括株洲、邵阳、娄底、岳阳、张家界、湘西、湘潭、郴州、衡阳、长沙,Ⅳ类为怀化;2016—2022年,湖南全省各市州的城乡融合发展差距呈扩大趋势,且在湖南中北部地区与西部地区分别存在“高-高”“低-低”的空间集聚中心。