Nutritional Status of Under-five Children from Urban Low-income Families in Xiangtan and Jilin in China

There have been many studies on the nutrition and the growth status of children from rural and remote western regions of China, whereas researches on children from urban low-income families are scarce. This study aimed to investigate the growth and nutritional status of children under five years of age from urban low-income families in China. There were 169 children aged 25–60 months recruited from Xiangtan and Jilin, two cities with a population of 2.81 million and 4.26 million respectively, in China in this cluster cross-sectional study. Data were collected on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, the feeding practices and the incidence of anemia and diarrhea. The results showed that the prevalence of low birth weight and macrosomia was 7.1% and 9.5% for the two cities, respectively, which was higher than that for other cities in China（1.5% and 5.9%）. Of all the sampled children, 14.6% and 8.2% suffered anemia and diarrhea, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that legumes or nuts fed in a 24-h recall increased the risk of anemia（OR=4.9）. Children whose caregivers began to introduce complementary foods relatively late would have high diarrhea prevalence（OR=1.4）. In conclusion, the prevalence of anemia and diarrhea in under-five children from urban low-income families in China is relatively high. The growth and nutritional status of these children is greatly affected by feeding practices. A series of measures should be taken by relevant government departments to improve the health of these children.

Economic and Social Impact Assessment of Chronic Diseases Among the Low-Income Population in Southern Punjab,Pakistan

Introduction:Chronic diseases are becoming more prevalent worldwide.The effects of chronic illnesses are disastrous not only for the diagnosed person but also for their entire family.This study explores chronic diseases’social and economic impact on low-income families.The study aims to determine the economic and social implications of various chronic diseases and the loss of income due to these conditions among low-income individuals in Southern Punjab,Pakistan.Methodology:A sample of 424 patients was selected from different areas of Southern Punjab.Data were collected using a questionnaire that included questions about economic status,self-reported health status,social status,management strategies,and health insurance,among other factors.Results:The mean monthly income of the respondents was found to be 57,097.6 Pakistani rupee(PKR),and the mean monthly expenses for treatment were 8,256.1 PKR.The loss of income was calculated at 15%.Additionally,62%of patients spent more than 10%of their monthly income on managing their disease.Approximately 85%of the respondents reported that chronic diseases affected their social life.Furthermore,80%of patients lacked health insurance.Conclusion:Chronic diseases impose significant economic and social burdens on patients and their families in Southern Punjab.To reduce the burden of chronic diseases,the government should enhance healthcare services in this region and provide health insurance to low-income families.

Are Personal Exemptions Succeeded to Protect Low-Income Families in Egypt From the Negative Effects of COVID-19?

This paper attempts to investigate the negative effects of the spread of COVID-19 on low-income families in Egypt.Coronavirus spread is measured by"Coronavirus cases"and"Coronavirus deaths"on a daily basis.Besides,it is measured by both"new Coronavirus cases"and"new deaths from Coronavirus",in relation to the population of Egypt.The Egyptian government is taking some measures to reduce the negative effects of COVID-19,including increasing personal exemptions by amending some provisions of the Egyptian Income Tax Law promulgated by Law No.91 of 2005 to protect low-income families.Of the negative effects of COVID-19,it is one of the most important tax policies to achieve social justice in distributing the tax burden,according to income levels,in a manner that achieves justice and equality.We find that Personal exemptions did not succeed in achieving tax justice by easing the tax burden on the low-income people in society.

Contraceptive behaviors and awareness in an urban slum community of south India

Objective:To assess the factors associated with knowledge,attitude and behavior of contraception use among urban slum population in Chennai.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted in the urban slum of Anakaputhur,Chennai.Married couples between ages of 19-49 years and living in slum areas were taken up for the study by simple random sampling.Pregnant women,postnatal and postmenopausal women were excluded from the study.Data collection was done using a pretested structured questionnaire focusing on details regarding contraception knowledge,attitude,and practices.Data analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 22.Analytical test like Chi square and odds ratio(OR)were used to identify association between knowledge,attitude,and behavior of contraception with the associated variables and enter method of logistic regression analysis was done.Results:Out of the 360 respondents,228 were females,with a mean age of(34±5)years.Approximately 43%demonstrated adequate knowledge of contraception use,and 91%were aware of at least one contraceptive method.Notably,72%exhibited a positive attitude towards contraceptive use.Nevertheless,43%(155 individuals)did not utilize any contraceptive method.Among contraceptive users,intrauterine devices were the most commonly adopted,followed by barrier methods and female sterilization.There was significant association between knowledge of contraception and education(aOR 7.29,95%CI 2.93-18.10,P<0.05),age(aOR 2.04,95%CI 1.19-3.50,P<0.05)and socioeconomic class(aOR 3.66,95%CI 1.71-7.85,P<0.05;aOR 3.97,95%CI 2.12-7.49,P<0.05).Regarding attitude towards contraception use,education(aOR 8.54,95%CI 2.35-31.03,P<0.05),sex(aOR 0.15,95%CI 0.06-0.37,P<0.05),age(aOR 0.53,95%CI 0.28-0.99,P<0.05),socio-economic class(aOR 4.42,95%CI 1.97-9.92,P<0.05;aOR 9.83,95%CI 3.63-26.58,P<0.05)and number of children(aOR 10.04,95%CI 4.26-23.66,P<0.05)were the variables that had a significant association.Conclusions:These findings underscore the imperative for enhanced dissemination of health education pertaining to contraception use within the slum population.The health sectors of the area and other stakeholders need to make sure to extend penetration of family planning related services to the urban slum population.

Application of Containers to Low-Income Housing in Context of New Urbanization

This paper explores how to use container buildings to resolve the housing problem of migrant workers in the context of urbanization, and ascertains the characteristics of the container housing and public space through the analysis of excellent examples of the container recycling project at home and abroad. In terms of the material, economic benefits, environmental protection and industrialization, those characteristics are summarized as follows.(1) Being sturdy, corrosion-resisting, waterproof and insulated, building materials are able to resist bad weather.(2) Their economic results lie in the short constructive cycle so that the cost of reinforced concrete per unit area reduces 20% on year-on-year basis.(3) Their environmental protection rests with the recyclability of materials, less construction waste and less noise in the construction process.(4) Their industrialization is embedded in their modular design and standardized specifications as well as the flexibility and replaceability.

The Influence of Displacement to the Success of Sustainable Multi-Storey Housing Development for Low-Income Society in Urban Area： Case Study- Multi-Storey Housing in Jakarta

Multi-storey housing for low income society is a concept of redevelopment from many alternatives of housing development for slum in Jakarta. However, redevelopment directly or indirectly leads to displacement of low-income residents. The new residents would be of a higher socio-economic status than the previous occupants. For controlling this phenomenon, a study about the influence of displacement to the successful of sustainable multi-storey housing development for low-income society has been done with descriptive method, observation and literature study. The result of this study give knowledge that displacement always happened when the quality of building and environment is increase, the location of multi-storey housing is near city center and commercial area. Low income society voluntary displaced their units to middle or high income society, because they are not affordable for paying operational and maintenance costs. The government has to make regulations for controlling displacement on multi-storey housing for low-income society and for the successful of sustainable multi-storey housing development in urban area.

The Impact of Urban and Rural Education Gap on Student Achievement Differences

With our country’s social development,the gap between urban and rural education has become increasingly obvious,especially the difference in student achievement.This study aims to explore the impact of the urban-rural education gap on student achievement.The study adopts a quantitative analysis method to collect and analyze the academic performance,learning resources,and social resources of urban and rural students.The results show that the unbalanced distribution of educational resources in urban and rural areas is the key factor leading to the gap in students’achievement.For example,urban education resources are abundant while rural education resources are relatively scarce.At the same time,the difference in social environment and family economic status also have a significant impact on student achievement.The differences between urban and rural areas,particularly in terms of family economic conditions and their ability to invest in education,further widen the gap between urban and rural education.The results of this study can provide a reference for reducing the gap between urban and rural education and improving the academic performance of rural students.A fair education policy is essential to narrow the gap between urban and rural education resources distribution,so as to improve the equality of education in society.

An empirical study of everyday life information seeking behavior of urban low-income residents in the Haizhu District of Guangzhou, China

This paper reports an investigation on everyday life information seeking behavior of urban low-income group in the Haizhu District of Guangzhou City. Empirical data were collected via in-depth interviews with low-income urban residents and were analyzed using qualitative methods. This paper discusses the research findings based on the more noticeable results of information seeking behavior among these people. Our approach touches on a focused study of such issues as what the role of information seeking in their everyday life is, what information they care about, which information channels they prefer to use, which factors influence their information seeking behavior, how difficult it is to seek the information they need, and how they use public libraries. Based on our research findings, we propose that public libraries should provide customized information services for urban low-income residents according to the unique characteristics of their information seeking behavior in everyday life.

Factors Associated with Unmet Need for Family Planning among Couples Living in Urban and Rural Areas of Guinea in 2019

Introduction: Unmet need for family planning (UNFP) is defined as women with unmet needs who want to stop or delay childbearing but are not using any method of contraception. The objective of this study was to analyze the factors associated with unmet needs for family planning among couples living in rural and urban areas of Guinea in 2019. Methodology: This was a prospective, analytical cross-sectional, multicenter study of a six-month period from August 1, 2018 to January 31, 2019, focusing on couples with unmet needs for family planning. Result: Among 189 couples interviewed, 567 had UNFP (33.3%), the reasons for not using modern contraceptive methods were desire for pregnancy (AOR = 2.74, 95% CI: 1.74, 4.31), husband’s refusal (AOR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.06, 0.81), spousal attitude (AOR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.130, 30), birth spacing (AOR = 2.10% to 95%: 1.16, 3.82), difficulty with a new pregnancy (AOR = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.74), and spousal attitude (AOR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.30). Conclusion: The involvement of spouses, especially in rural communities, would help achieve family planning objectives and reduce unmet needs for family planning.

母职回归:农村家庭抚育模式变迁及其生成机制——基于鄂东J村的经验调查

家庭抚育是家庭再生产的重要过程,是塑造地方社会文化的重要方式。基于鄂东农村的经验调查发现,当地农民家庭形成了同代照料、隔代抚养以及亲职教养等不同的家庭抚育模式;在家计模式“全工化”、家庭结构少子化以及城镇化的家庭现代转型过程中,越来越多的年轻母亲开始在家全职抚养子女。大量年轻女性劳动力的市场闲置是家庭为实现发展目标并应对教育转型的策略化结果。研究发现,集体供养、情感满足、角色转化与舆论支持构成了农村打工母亲回归家庭抚育的生成机制;而母亲亲职回归不仅缓和了农村家庭隔代抚养的困境,满足了教育模式转型对家庭抚育主体的要求,还有利于家庭关系的稳定。

“双减”政策实施对城市低收入家庭教育投入的影响——基于西安市509个家庭的调查数据

“双减”政策的实施对转变家庭教育投入观念、优化社会教育生态发挥了重要作用。对陕西省西安市低收入家庭家长的问卷调查发现,“双减”政策切实减轻了城市低收入家庭教育投入负担,为其子女接受更加优质、公平的教育提供了保障,但校内课后服务供给质量与学生需求之间不平衡、部分家庭校外素质类培训支出负担较重、亲子情感交流方式单一且深度不够、家校共育效果不明显等问题依然存在。建议提升薄弱学校办学质量,促进课后服务优质均衡发展;对低收入家庭子女提供经济支持,提高其获取优质教育资源的能力;营造良好社会氛围,引导低收入家庭优化教育投资观念与行为;完善家校合作机制,提升低收入家庭与学校协同育人质量。

城乡居民养老保险对家庭双代经济流动的影响——基于中国健康与养老追踪调查数据

利用“中国健康与养老追踪调查”(CHARLS)数据,通过构建多元线性模型,实证分析城乡居民养老保险对家庭内部亲子代经济流动的影响。结果发现,“经济面向”的城乡居民养老保险挤出了子代向亲代提供的经济支持,但对亲代的经济“逆反哺”并无显著影响;双代婚姻状况、受教育水平和亲代家庭资产均正向显著影响家庭代际经济的双向流动;子女之间存在“攀比效应”和“示范效应”;子代家庭收入正向影响向上代际经济支持。因此,老年人养老水平的提高需要从国家、社会和家庭层面共同着力:国家提高城乡居民养老保险的保障水平,鼓励老年人隔代照料孙子女;市场进一步完善养老服务;家庭发挥情感保障作用,关照独子女失能老人。

凡是过去,皆为序曲:企业家农村成长经历与家族控制权偏好

企业家成长经历会对企业家个人及企业行为产生重要影响。本文基于烙印理论,着重考察了企业家农村成长经历对其家族控制权偏好的影响,并以2002~2014年全国民营企业抽样调查数据为样本进行了实证检验。研究发现:(1)具有农村成长经历的企业家对企业有更强的家族控制权偏好。(2)企业家的高等教育经历和体制内工作经历会显著削弱农村成长经历与家族控制权偏好之间的正向关系。(3)企业家农村成长经历与家族控制权偏好之间的正向关系在市场经济体制确立前创办的企业和产权保护情况较差地区的企业中更显著。(4)企业家农村成长经历对家族所有权偏好影响较大,对家族管理权偏好的影响相对较小。本文为中国民营企业家偏好家族化控制的动因研究提供了新的解构逻辑,也进一步丰富了烙印理论的研究。

城镇家庭债务对居民幸福感的影响——基于CHFS面板数据的实证分析

目前,我国呈现出家庭各项贷款余额增速攀升而居民幸福感增速缓慢的背离局面。作为缓解居民收入约束、平滑消费的重要手段,家庭债务究竟是促进还是抑制了居民幸福感的提升?为了对该问题进行深入探究,论文采用多年度中国家庭金融调查数据(CHFS)对城镇家庭债务与居民幸福感之间的关系进行实证分析。首先,基于全样本,发现与无债务家庭相比,负债家庭居民的幸福感更低。其次,对于负债家庭而言,债务主要通过降低居民婚姻可能性、恶化居民健康水平、加剧家庭财务脆弱性三个方面降低了负债家庭居民的幸福感。最后,从户主特征的角度看,债务规模的增加更多地降低了户主年龄为31-55岁阶段、学历为本科以下家庭居民的幸福感;从家庭特征来看,债务规模的增加更多地降低了中等收入以及小型化家庭居民的幸福感。根据实证研究结果,从优化负债结构、提升居民幸福感的角度提出可参考的政策优化思路。

新生代农民工举家迁移对教育支出的影响研究

基于中国家庭追踪调查数据和实地调研发现:存在子女随迁现象的新生代农民工家庭均为举家迁移。举家迁移显著增加家庭教育支出,随迁子女数与家庭教育支出显著正相关。家中既有男孩又有女孩的举家迁移家庭教育支出显著增加,家中只有男孩的家庭教育支出显著高于家中只有女孩的家庭。相比中部和东部,西部新生代农民工举家迁移显著增加家庭教育支出。建议积极落实“两为主”“两纳入”“两统一”“同城化”等随迁子女教育政策,切实减轻农民工家庭教育负担;统筹义务教育资源均衡配置,努力缩小教育区域化差异;完善户籍制度和流动人口服务体系,衔接城乡有关社会保障与福利政策,促进农民工随迁家庭整体市民化。

城市更新中一个村集体的转型

对T市一个城中村社区改造历时六年的跟踪调查,呈现了在城市更新和土地使用权转换中,一个城中村集体是如何变形的。研究发现,面临征地改造的城中村村民主动托庇于村集体,期望集体能够保障自己的利益;在更新改造完成之后,仍然把原本可以分割的集体物业和个人物业交给村集体管理。这使村集体能够以不同的新形式保存下来,完成从村委会、合作社到村股份公司的转变。同时村集体原有的土地权转换没有彻底完成,村集体仍然以股份有限公司的形式代管集体用地及其上的物业,并主持这些物业的收益分配。对应中国社会学家曾经提出城市更新使村落终结的论断,文章提出,村集体依然是村民观念中赖以抵抗外来冲击的最重要屏障,这种信任来源于家族同地而居构成的复杂关系与历史经验,只要这个复杂关系网在某种程度上仍然存在,村落就不会随城市更新式现代化改造而消失。

宅基地禀赋与乡城家庭化迁移——基于分期动态家庭迁移决策机制分析

家庭化迁移已成为中国乡城迁移的主要模式,具有分期性和动态性的特征。以往的研究主要集中于土地对个体迁移决策的影响,对家庭化迁移的关注较少,也很少有研究考察土地在家庭化迁移不同阶段的影响。基于新迁移经济学理论的视角,在托达罗模型的基础上构建分期动态的家庭化迁移决策机制,将家庭化迁移分为两个阶段:家庭离散阶段和家庭聚合阶段,并利用2017年流动人口动态监测调查数据进行实证分析。研究结果表明:(1)拥有宅基地对家庭化迁移有显著的负向影响;(2)对于拥有宅基地的家庭,宅基地面积对家庭化迁移的影响为显著的“正U型”;(3)相比于家庭离散阶段,宅基地禀赋在家庭聚合阶段的影响更大。据此建议进一步保障农民土地产权的稳定性、探索构建农村宅基地流转制度、制定满足迁移家庭基本生活需求的公共服务和户籍制度。

互联网使用对老年人抑郁症状的影响:社会网络的中介作用与城乡因素的调节作用

本研究采用两时点的纵向研究设计,基于6764名老年人被试,探究互联网使用对老年人抑郁症状的影响以及社会网络(朋友网络和家庭网络)的中介作用和城乡因素的调节作用。研究发现:(1)互联网使用显著负向预测老年人的抑郁症状;(2)朋友网络在两者之间发挥中介作用,且朋友网络与家庭网络还在其间发挥链式中介作用;(3)城乡因素显著调节互联网使用对朋友网络的影响。在城市老年人中,朋友网络的独立中介效应以及朋友网络和家庭网络的链式中介效应成立;农村老年人无法通过互联网使用改善社会网络,进而减轻其抑郁症状。研究结论对于老年人抑郁症状的早期预防和心理干预具有积极意义。

家庭视角下中西部地区就近城镇化的形成逻辑及其影响

近年农民家庭在家乡县城购房已经成为中西部地区的普遍趋势,极大加速了这一区域就近城镇化进程。从农民生活世界出发,这主要缘于有限的家庭支付能力、家庭本位与乡土之根、区域婚备竞赛、子女教育需求、县级政府引导等多重因素。进城之后,农民家庭总体目标的转变塑造出了新的“一家三制”家庭形态,包括撑开在城-县-乡之间的家庭结构、半工-半耕-伴读的家计分工及积累性-保障性-发展性并行的家庭秩序。“一家三制”是中西部地区农民家庭应对现代性压力产生的新实践,也使得进城农民成为了兼具县城和乡村两种要素的“县乡两栖者”。县乡两栖打破了“城”与“乡”的地域边界,具有助推更高质量城乡融合发展的潜力,但也蕴藏着一定的家庭和社会危机。据此,建议将县乡两栖者作为推进新型城镇化和乡村振兴的政策重点对象,通过渐进式城镇化政策、合理确定县域产业建设定位和目标、统筹县域公共服务空间布局等手段,为其发挥积极功能创造更加有利的条件。

何以为家:分而不散的农民家庭

本文以云南省弥村四个农民家庭为例,分析了农民家庭“分而不散”的现象,进而回应“何以为家”的问题,在经验层面对家庭结构固定化的划分和家庭边界进行反思和拓展。研究发现,变化万千的家庭形态只是顺应社会变迁的方式,即当下的家庭形态是“权宜之计”。一旦农民家庭遭遇重大变故,家庭内部情境或外部条件的突变迫使具有责任的家庭成员在个人生活与经济功能的维度上妥协与改变,矛盾解决的过程表现为个人与家庭关系重新调试以达至新的平衡的过程。本文认为,家庭纵向主轴结构的存续和兴旺始终是目的,构成每个家庭成员最为根本的行动逻辑,这是将农民家庭凝聚在一起而“不散”的力量;而在当前城乡关系下,分散的家庭形态是农民迫于生计不得已而为之。家庭的核心意涵驱动了家庭形态上的分散,而家庭责任伦理跨越空间对分散在各地的家庭成员产生约束性力量。