Urban underground space(UUS)development has been acknowledged as a positive contribution to urban resilience(UR).Such contribution has been qualitatively addressed in recent years,but only quantitatively discussed in ...Urban underground space(UUS)development has been acknowledged as a positive contribution to urban resilience(UR).Such contribution has been qualitatively addressed in recent years,but only quantitatively discussed in few studies.Quantitative evaluation methods for UR are widely used in China and around the world,but the role of underground space is barely included.This paper provides a way to bridge this gap on the city scale.A UR evaluation framework was carefully constructed that covers the basic aspects and elements of UR.The contributions of UUS to UR were identified and integrated into the UR evaluation framework,and the measurement methods for each indicator related to UUS were determined.A case study of 19 sample cities in China were conducted using the integrated evaluation model.Correlation analysis and clustering analysis were further adopted to interpret the evaluation results,mainly with three indicators reflecting the level of UUS development,namely UUS area(m^(2)),UUS density(104 m^(2)/km^(2))and UUS area per capita(m^(2)/person).The results showed a strong correlation between UUS area and UR.The average proportion of UR provided by UUS in the 19 sample cities was 16.46%,while the maximum figure reached 29.20%.The sample cities were clustered into four categories based on the relationship between the proportion of UR provided by UUS,UUS area,and GDP per capita,where both high and low UUS area tend to provide less proportion of resilience than the medium UUS area.Corresponding suggestions for UUS utilization were proposed to assist cities in achieving urban resilience.展开更多
The necessity to recognize the subsurface or underground and all its current and potential uses as part of our urban environment,to integrate this into urban planning and governance,and to foster conscious allocation ...The necessity to recognize the subsurface or underground and all its current and potential uses as part of our urban environment,to integrate this into urban planning and governance,and to foster conscious allocation of subsurface space has been increasingly recognized over the last century.At the same time,systems thinking as a‘buzz-word’has gained relevance for approaching complex problem areas in all kinds of disciplines including those preoccupied with the subsurface.This paper reviews the literature about urban underground planning through a systems-lens.To set this in context,it is outlined how organizational principles for the urban subsurface have evolved,and the main aspects of systems thinking are introduced followed by a discussion of how this thinking could be applied to the urban underground.Strategies and tools presented in the recent literature in the field are then reviewed based on this perspective,asking how systemic the proposed strategies and tools are when the local geology,as well as legal and institutional settings are accepted as a baseline for analysis or intervention.Systemic approaches built on this premise have the potential to capture existing and evolving complexities,foster a better understanding of the value of subsurface space for a city and ultimately enable an efficient and fair allocation of underground space.However,propositions for holistic solutions remain dispersed,interventions often remain based in an engineering mindset,and a shift in mind-set remains a challenge.More research in collaboration with local and regional administrations or authorities based on systems thinking frameworks could help to facilitate this shift.展开更多
The utilization of urban underground space(UUS)offers an effective solution to urban problems but may also negatively affect urban development.Therefore,UUS development needs better concerted guidelines to coordinate ...The utilization of urban underground space(UUS)offers an effective solution to urban problems but may also negatively affect urban development.Therefore,UUS development needs better concerted guidelines to coordinate various urban systems and the multiple components of the underground world.Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs),which should be viewed as important yardsticks for UUS development,do not explicitly mention urban underground space,although many of them are affected by both the positive and negative consequences of its development.To fill this gap,this review lays the foundations of relevant UUS concepts and uses exemplary cases to reveal that 11 out of 17 SDGs can be linked with UUS uses.These linkages also manifest that land administration,integrated planning,architectural design,and construction technology are critical dimensions for increasing the contributions of UUS to the realization of SDGs.To achieve multi-disciplinary synergies among these four critical dimensions,a collaborative approach framework based on spatial data infrastructure is required.Thus,this work provides academics and practitioners with a holistic view of sustainable UUS development.展开更多
The need for future cities to be resilient stems from the fact that now more than ever in history,both natural and human-made hazards are threatening cities in the forms of shocks and stresses.The ability of cities to...The need for future cities to be resilient stems from the fact that now more than ever in history,both natural and human-made hazards are threatening cities in the forms of shocks and stresses.The ability of cities to resist or restore themselves following these events is dependent on their resilience.As we now firmly enter the Anthropocene,the geological epoch in which human activity,for the first time in history is directly influencing the Earth’s systems,we need to develop resilient cities that can cope with the increase in hazards.Although climate change is one factor influencing urban resilience,it is not the only one.A lack of understanding of the subsurface can also influence a city’s resilience,as can the unplanned use of its underground spaces.In planning and developing our cities of the future,a deep understanding of the geology that supports the city is required not only to be able to determine the possibilities of future use but also to determine whether there are natural processes that could threaten human existence over time.The destruction of ecosystem services through unchecked human activities could be one of these activities.In this paper,the authors will investigate how the subsurface and use of underground spaces can influence urban resilience.The role that underground spaces can play in achieving urban resilience for our future cities will be described.展开更多
Subways,underground logistics systems and underground parking,as the primary facilities types of underground,contribute significantly to the achievement of carbon–neutral cities by moving surface transportation to un...Subways,underground logistics systems and underground parking,as the primary facilities types of underground,contribute significantly to the achievement of carbon–neutral cities by moving surface transportation to underground,thereby releasing surface space for the creation of more urban blue-green space for carbon sink.Therefore,in-depth studies on carbon neutrality strategies as well as reliable layout optimization solutions of these three types of underground facilities are required.This study proposes a spatial layout optimization strategy for carbon neutrality using underground hydrogen storage and geothermal energy for these three types of underground facilities employing a multi-agent system model.First,three spatial layout relationships,competition,coordination,and followership,between five underground facilities that contribute to emission reduction were investigated.Second,the implementation steps for optimizing the spatial layout of underground facilities were determined by defining the behavioral guidelines for spatial environment,underground facility,and synergistic agent.Finally,using the Tianfu New District in Chengdu City,China,as a case study,layouts of underground facilities under three different underground space development scenarios were simulated to verify the model.The findings of this study address the gap in the research on underground spatial facilities and their layout optimization in response to emission reduction.This study provided a significant reference for the study of underground space and underground resources at the planning level to aid in achieving carbon–neutral cities.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52090083 and 42071251).
文摘Urban underground space(UUS)development has been acknowledged as a positive contribution to urban resilience(UR).Such contribution has been qualitatively addressed in recent years,but only quantitatively discussed in few studies.Quantitative evaluation methods for UR are widely used in China and around the world,but the role of underground space is barely included.This paper provides a way to bridge this gap on the city scale.A UR evaluation framework was carefully constructed that covers the basic aspects and elements of UR.The contributions of UUS to UR were identified and integrated into the UR evaluation framework,and the measurement methods for each indicator related to UUS were determined.A case study of 19 sample cities in China were conducted using the integrated evaluation model.Correlation analysis and clustering analysis were further adopted to interpret the evaluation results,mainly with three indicators reflecting the level of UUS development,namely UUS area(m^(2)),UUS density(104 m^(2)/km^(2))and UUS area per capita(m^(2)/person).The results showed a strong correlation between UUS area and UR.The average proportion of UR provided by UUS in the 19 sample cities was 16.46%,while the maximum figure reached 29.20%.The sample cities were clustered into four categories based on the relationship between the proportion of UR provided by UUS,UUS area,and GDP per capita,where both high and low UUS area tend to provide less proportion of resilience than the medium UUS area.Corresponding suggestions for UUS utilization were proposed to assist cities in achieving urban resilience.
基金This work was supported by the EPSRC,UK funded Centre for Urban Sustainability and Resilience(Grant EP/G037698/1).
文摘The necessity to recognize the subsurface or underground and all its current and potential uses as part of our urban environment,to integrate this into urban planning and governance,and to foster conscious allocation of subsurface space has been increasingly recognized over the last century.At the same time,systems thinking as a‘buzz-word’has gained relevance for approaching complex problem areas in all kinds of disciplines including those preoccupied with the subsurface.This paper reviews the literature about urban underground planning through a systems-lens.To set this in context,it is outlined how organizational principles for the urban subsurface have evolved,and the main aspects of systems thinking are introduced followed by a discussion of how this thinking could be applied to the urban underground.Strategies and tools presented in the recent literature in the field are then reviewed based on this perspective,asking how systemic the proposed strategies and tools are when the local geology,as well as legal and institutional settings are accepted as a baseline for analysis or intervention.Systemic approaches built on this premise have the potential to capture existing and evolving complexities,foster a better understanding of the value of subsurface space for a city and ultimately enable an efficient and fair allocation of underground space.However,propositions for holistic solutions remain dispersed,interventions often remain based in an engineering mindset,and a shift in mind-set remains a challenge.More research in collaboration with local and regional administrations or authorities based on systems thinking frameworks could help to facilitate this shift.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program(No.2012BAJ01B04)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42071251)the China Scholarship Council(File No.201806260167)。
文摘The utilization of urban underground space(UUS)offers an effective solution to urban problems but may also negatively affect urban development.Therefore,UUS development needs better concerted guidelines to coordinate various urban systems and the multiple components of the underground world.Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs),which should be viewed as important yardsticks for UUS development,do not explicitly mention urban underground space,although many of them are affected by both the positive and negative consequences of its development.To fill this gap,this review lays the foundations of relevant UUS concepts and uses exemplary cases to reveal that 11 out of 17 SDGs can be linked with UUS uses.These linkages also manifest that land administration,integrated planning,architectural design,and construction technology are critical dimensions for increasing the contributions of UUS to the realization of SDGs.To achieve multi-disciplinary synergies among these four critical dimensions,a collaborative approach framework based on spatial data infrastructure is required.Thus,this work provides academics and practitioners with a holistic view of sustainable UUS development.
基金The authors would like to acknowledge the continuing support of the International Tunnelling and Underground Space Association(ITA).The authors would also like to recognize the work of the ITA Committee on Underground Space and the recently launched Activity Group on Urban Resilience.
文摘The need for future cities to be resilient stems from the fact that now more than ever in history,both natural and human-made hazards are threatening cities in the forms of shocks and stresses.The ability of cities to resist or restore themselves following these events is dependent on their resilience.As we now firmly enter the Anthropocene,the geological epoch in which human activity,for the first time in history is directly influencing the Earth’s systems,we need to develop resilient cities that can cope with the increase in hazards.Although climate change is one factor influencing urban resilience,it is not the only one.A lack of understanding of the subsurface can also influence a city’s resilience,as can the unplanned use of its underground spaces.In planning and developing our cities of the future,a deep understanding of the geology that supports the city is required not only to be able to determine the possibilities of future use but also to determine whether there are natural processes that could threaten human existence over time.The destruction of ecosystem services through unchecked human activities could be one of these activities.In this paper,the authors will investigate how the subsurface and use of underground spaces can influence urban resilience.The role that underground spaces can play in achieving urban resilience for our future cities will be described.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52378083 and 52078481)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BK20231488).
文摘Subways,underground logistics systems and underground parking,as the primary facilities types of underground,contribute significantly to the achievement of carbon–neutral cities by moving surface transportation to underground,thereby releasing surface space for the creation of more urban blue-green space for carbon sink.Therefore,in-depth studies on carbon neutrality strategies as well as reliable layout optimization solutions of these three types of underground facilities are required.This study proposes a spatial layout optimization strategy for carbon neutrality using underground hydrogen storage and geothermal energy for these three types of underground facilities employing a multi-agent system model.First,three spatial layout relationships,competition,coordination,and followership,between five underground facilities that contribute to emission reduction were investigated.Second,the implementation steps for optimizing the spatial layout of underground facilities were determined by defining the behavioral guidelines for spatial environment,underground facility,and synergistic agent.Finally,using the Tianfu New District in Chengdu City,China,as a case study,layouts of underground facilities under three different underground space development scenarios were simulated to verify the model.The findings of this study address the gap in the research on underground spatial facilities and their layout optimization in response to emission reduction.This study provided a significant reference for the study of underground space and underground resources at the planning level to aid in achieving carbon–neutral cities.
